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Ge X, Zhu S, Yang H, Wang X, Li J, Liu S, Xing R, Li P, Li K. Impact of O-acetylation on chitin oligosaccharides modulating inflammatory responses in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells and mice. Carbohydr Res 2024:109177. [PMID: 38880715 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2024.109177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Chitin oligosaccharides have garnered significant attention due to their biological activities, particularly their immunomodulatory properties. However, O-acetylation in chemically preparing chitin oligosaccharides seems inevitable and leads to some uncertainty on the bioactivity of chitin oligosaccharides. In this study, an O-acetyl-free chitin oligosaccharides and three different O-acetylated chitin oligosaccharides with degree of polymerization ranging from 2 to 6 were prepared using ammonia hydrolysis, and their structures and detailed components were further characterized with FTIR, NMR and MS. Subsequently, the effects of O-acetylation on the immunomodulatory activity of chitin oligosaccharides were investigated in vitro and in vivo. The results suggested that the chitin oligosaccharides with O-acetylation exhibited better inflammatory inhibition than pure chitin oligosaccharides, significantly reducing the expression of inflammatory factors, such as IL-6 and iNOS, in the LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophage. The chitin oligosaccharides with a degree of O-acetylation of 93 % was found to effectively alleviate LPS-induced endotoxemia in mice, including serum inflammation indices reduction and damage repairment of the intestinal liver, and kidney tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyun Ge
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China; Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Siqi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Haoyue Yang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China; Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Jingwen Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Song Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Ronge Xing
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Pengcheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Kecheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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Teramoto H, Hirashima N, Tanaka M. Calcineurin B1 Deficiency Reduces Proliferation, Increases Apoptosis, and Alters Secretion in Enteric Glial Cells of Mouse Small Intestine in Culture. Cells 2023; 12:1867. [PMID: 37508531 PMCID: PMC10378349 DOI: 10.3390/cells12141867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the roles of calcineurin (CN) in glial cells, we previously generated conditional knockout (CKO) mice lacking CNB1 in glial cells. Because these CKO mice showed dysfunction and inflammation of the small intestine in addition to growth impairment and postweaning death, we have focused on enteric glial cells (EGCs) in the small intestine. In this study, we examined the effects of CNB1 deficiency on the proliferation and survival of EGCs and the expression and secretion of EGC-derived substances in culture to reveal the mechanisms of how CNB1 deficiency leads to dysfunction and inflammation of the small intestine. In primary myenteric cultures of the small intestine, EGCs from the CKO mice showed reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis compared with EGCs from control mice. In purified EGC cultures from the CKO mice, Western blot analysis showed increased expression of S100B, iNOS, GFAP, and GDNF, and increased phosphorylation of NF-κB p65. In the supernatants of purified EGC cultures from the CKO mice, ELISA showed reduced secretion of TGF-β1. In contrast, GDNF secretion was not altered in purified EGC cultures from the CKO mice. Furthermore, treatment with an S100B inhibitor partially rescued the CKO mice from growth impairment and postweaning death in vivo. In conclusion, CNB1 deficiency leads to reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis of EGCs and abnormal expression and secretion of EGC-derived substances, which may contribute to dysfunction and inflammation of the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Teramoto
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Naohide Hirashima
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Masahiko Tanaka
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
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Ito M, Fujii N, Kohara S, Hori S, Tanaka M, Wittwer C, Kikuchi K, Iijima T, Kakimoto Y, Hirabayashi K, Kurotaki D, Jessen HJ, Saiardi A, Nagata E. Inositol pyrophosphate profiling reveals regulatory roles of IP6K2-dependent enhanced IP 7 metabolism in the enteric nervous system. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102928. [PMID: 36681123 PMCID: PMC9957762 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.102928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Inositol pyrophosphates regulate diverse physiological processes; to better understand their functional roles, assessing their tissue-specific distribution is important. Here, we profiled inositol pyrophosphate levels in mammalian organs using an originally designed liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) protocol and discovered that the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) contained the highest levels of diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate (IP7) and its precursor inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6). Although their absolute levels in the GIT are diet dependent, elevated IP7 metabolism still exists under dietary regimens devoid of exogenous IP7. Of the major GIT cells, enteric neurons selectively express the IP7-synthesizing enzyme IP6K2. We found that IP6K2-knockout mice exhibited significantly impaired IP7 metabolism in the various organs including the proximal GIT. In addition, our LC-MS analysis displayed that genetic ablation of IP6K2 significantly impaired IP7 metabolism in the gut and duodenal muscularis externa containing myenteric plexus. Whole transcriptome analysis of duodenal muscularis externa further suggested that IP6K2 inhibition significantly altered expression levels of the gene sets associated with mature neurons, neural progenitor/stem cells, and glial cells, as well as of certain genes modulating neuronal differentiation and functioning, implying critical roles of the IP6K2-IP7 axis in developmental and functional regulation of the enteric nervous system. These results collectively reveal an unexpected role of mammalian IP7-a highly active IP6K2-IP7 pathway is conducive to the enteric nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Ito
- Support Center for Medical Research and Education, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan.
| | - Natsuko Fujii
- Department of Neurology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Saori Kohara
- Department of Neurology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Shuho Hori
- Support Center for Medical Research and Education, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan
| | - Masayuki Tanaka
- Support Center for Medical Research and Education, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan
| | | | - Kenta Kikuchi
- Laboratory of Chromatin Organization in Immune Cell Development, International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Iijima
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Yu Kakimoto
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Kenichi Hirabayashi
- Department of Pathology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kurotaki
- Laboratory of Chromatin Organization in Immune Cell Development, International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Henning J Jessen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Adolfo Saiardi
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eiichiro Nagata
- Department of Neurology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan.
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Teramoto H, Hirashima N, Tanaka M. A Simple Method for Purified Primary Culture of Enteric Glial Cells from Mouse Small Intestine. Biol Pharm Bull 2022; 45:547-551. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b22-00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Teramoto
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
| | - Naohide Hirashima
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
| | - Masahiko Tanaka
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
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Tapella L, Soda T, Mapelli L, Bortolotto V, Bondi H, Ruffinatti FA, Dematteis G, Stevano A, Dionisi M, Ummarino S, Di Ruscio A, Distasi C, Grilli M, Genazzani AA, D'Angelo E, Moccia F, Lim D. Deletion of calcineurin from GFAP‐expressing astrocytes impairs excitability of cerebellar and hippocampal neurons through astroglial Na+/K+ATPase. Glia 2019; 68:543-560. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Tapella
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversità del Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro” Novara Italy
| | - Teresa Soda
- Department of Brain and Behavioral SciencesUniversity of Pavia Pavia Italy
| | - Lisa Mapelli
- Department of Brain and Behavioral SciencesUniversity of Pavia Pavia Italy
| | - Valeria Bortolotto
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversità del Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro” Novara Italy
| | - Heather Bondi
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversità del Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro” Novara Italy
| | - Federico A. Ruffinatti
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversità del Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro” Novara Italy
| | - Giulia Dematteis
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversità del Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro” Novara Italy
| | - Alessio Stevano
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversità del Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro” Novara Italy
| | - Marianna Dionisi
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversità del Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro” Novara Italy
| | - Simone Ummarino
- Center of Life ScienceMedical School Initiative for RNA Medicine, Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts
- Department of Translational MedicineUniversità del Piemonte Orientale Novara Italy
| | - Annalisa Di Ruscio
- Center of Life ScienceMedical School Initiative for RNA Medicine, Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts
- Department of Translational MedicineUniversità del Piemonte Orientale Novara Italy
| | - Carla Distasi
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversità del Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro” Novara Italy
| | - Mariagrazia Grilli
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversità del Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro” Novara Italy
| | - Armando A. Genazzani
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversità del Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro” Novara Italy
| | - Egidio D'Angelo
- Department of Brain and Behavioral SciencesUniversity of Pavia Pavia Italy
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia Italy
| | - Francesco Moccia
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Lazzaro Spallanzani”University of Pavia Pavia Italy
| | - Dmitry Lim
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversità del Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro” Novara Italy
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Okura U, Hirashima N, Tanaka M. Calcineurin B1 Deficiency in Glial Cells Reduces Gastrointestinal Motility and Results in Maldigestion and/or Malabsorption in Mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2019; 42:1230-1235. [PMID: 31257299 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b19-00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Calcineurin is a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase abundantly expressed in the nervous system. To investigate the roles of calcineurin in glial cells, we previously generated glial calcineurin B1-conditional knockout (CKO) mice and found that these mice displayed dysfunction of enteric glial cells, mucosal degeneration and inflammation in the small intestine, and growth retardation and postweaning death, suggesting a novel role of calcineurin in enteric glial cells. Although these findings raised a possibility that abnormalities in calcineurin B1-deficient enteric glial cells may cause dysregulation of gastrointestinal motility and result in maldigestion and/or malabsorption in the CKO mice, these issues remain to be elucidated. In the present study, we showed that gastrointestinal motility was reduced in the CKO mice. Degeneration of mucosal epithelium was observed in the small intestine. Glucose levels were decreased in serum, whereas starch, glucose, and lipid levels were increased in feces. Thus, calcineurin B1 deficiency in glial cells reduces gastrointestinal motility, induces mucosal epithelium degeneration in the small intestine, and results in maldigestion and/or malabsorption in mice, further supporting the important role of calcineurin in enteric glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umi Okura
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
| | - Naohide Hirashima
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
| | - Masahiko Tanaka
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
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7
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Grundmann D, Loris E, Maas-Omlor S, Huang W, Scheller A, Kirchhoff F, Schäfer KH. Enteric Glia: S100, GFAP, and Beyond. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 302:1333-1344. [PMID: 30951262 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Since several years, the enteric nervous system (ENS) is getting more and more in the focus of gastrointestinal research. While the main interest was credited for years to the enteric neurons and their functional properties, less attention has been paid on the enteric glial cells (EGCs). Although the similarity of EGCs to central nervous system (CNS) astrocytes has been demonstrated a long time ago, EGCs were investigated in more detail only recently. Similar to the CNS, there is not "the" EGC, but also a broad range of diversity. Based on morphology and protein expression, such as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), S100, or Proteolipid-protein-1 (PLP1), several distinct glial types can be differentiated. Their heterogeneity in morphology, localization, and transcription as well as interaction with surrounding cells indicate versatile functional properties of these cells for gut function in health and disease. Although NG2 is found in a subset of CNS glial cells, it did not colocalize with the glial marker S100 or GFAP in the ENS. Instead, it in part colocalize with PDGFRα, as it does in the CNS, which do stain fibroblast-like cells in the gastrointestinal tract. Moreover, there seem to be species dependent differences. While GFAP is always found in the rodent ENS, this is completely different for the human gut. Only the compromised human ENS shows a significant amount of GFAP-positive glial cells. So, in general we can conclude that the EGC population is species specific and as complex as CNS glia. Anat Rec, 302:1333-1344, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Grundmann
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Zweibrücken, Germany
| | - Eva Loris
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Zweibrücken, Germany
| | - Silke Maas-Omlor
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Zweibrücken, Germany
| | - Wenhui Huang
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
| | - Anja Scheller
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
| | - Karl-Herbert Schäfer
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Zweibrücken, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Surgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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