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Elkins P, Coleman D, Burgess J, Gardner M, Hines J, Scott B, Kroenke M, Larson J, Lightner M, Turner G, White J, Liu P. Characterization of the isomeric configuration and impurities of (Z)-endoxifen by 2D NMR, high resolution LC⬜MS, and quantitative HPLC analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 88:174-9. [PMID: 24055701 PMCID: PMC4057282 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
(Z)-Endoxifen (4-hydroxy-N-desmethyltamoxifen), an active metabolite generated via actions of CYP3A4/5 and CYP2D6, is a more potent selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) than tamoxifen. In the MCF-7 human mammary tumor xenograft model with female athymic mice, (Z)-endoxifen, at an oral dose of 4⬜8 mg/kg, significantly inhibits tumor growth. (Z)-Endoxifen's potential as an alternative therapeutic agent independent of CYP2D6 activities, which can vary widely in ER+ breast cancer patients, is being actively evaluated. This paper describes confirmation of the configuration of the active (Z)-isomer through 2D NMR experiments, including NOE (ROESY) to establish spatial proton⬜proton correlations, and identification of the major impurity as the (E)-isomer in endoxifen drug substance by HPLC/HRMS (HPLC/MS-TOF). Stability of NMR solutions was confirmed by HPLC/UV analysis. For pre-clinical studies, a reverse-phase HPLC⬜UV method, with methanol/water mobile phases containing 10 mM ammonium formate at pH 4.3, was developed and validated for the accurate quantitation and impurity profiling of drug substance and drug product. Validation included demonstration of linearity, method precision, accuracy, and specificity in the presence of impurities, excipients (for the drug product), and degradation products. Ruggedness and reproducibility of the method were confirmed by collaborative studies between two independent laboratories. The method is being applied for quality control of the API and oral drug product. Kinetic parameters of Z- to E-isomerization were also delineated in drug substance and in aqueous formulation, showing conversion at temperatures above 25 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phyllis Elkins
- RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC
27709, USA
| | - Donna Coleman
- RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC
27709, USA
| | - Jason Burgess
- RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC
27709, USA
| | - Michael Gardner
- RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC
27709, USA
| | - John Hines
- RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC
27709, USA
| | - Brendan Scott
- MRIGlobal, 425 Volker Boulevard, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | | | - Jami Larson
- MRIGlobal, 425 Volker Boulevard, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | | | - Gregory Turner
- MRIGlobal, 425 Volker Boulevard, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Jonathan White
- MRIGlobal, 425 Volker Boulevard, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Paul Liu
- Pharmaceutical Resources Branch, DCTD, National Cancer Institute,
NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Fauq AH, Maharvi GM, Sinha D. A convenient synthesis of (Z)-4-hydroxy-N-desmethyltamoxifen (endoxifen). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:3036-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.03.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Revised: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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3
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Sun D, Sharma AK, Dellinger RW, Blevins-Primeau AS, Balliet RM, Chen G, Boyiri T, Amin S, Lazarus P. Glucuronidation of active tamoxifen metabolites by the human UDP glucuronosyltransferases. Drug Metab Dispos 2007; 35:2006-14. [PMID: 17664247 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.107.017145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tamoxifen (TAM) is an antiestrogen that has been widely used in the treatment and prevention of breast cancer in women. One of the major mechanisms of metabolism and elimination of TAM and its major active metabolites 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OH-TAM) and 4-OH-N-desmethyl-TAM (endoxifen; 4-hydroxy-N-desmethyl-tamoxifen) is via glucuronidation. Although limited studies have been performed characterizing the glucuronidation of 4-OH-TAM, no studies have been performed on endoxifen. In the present study, characterization of the glucuronidating activities of human UDP glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) against isomers of 4-OH-TAM and endoxifen was performed. Using homogenates of individual UGT-overexpressing cell lines, UGTs 2B7 approximately 1A8 > UGT1A10 exhibited the highest overall O-glucuronidating activity against trans-4-OH-TAM as determined by Vmax/K(M), with the hepatic enzyme UGT2B7 exhibiting the highest binding affinity and lowest K(M) (3.7 microM). As determined by Vmax/K(M), UGT1A10 exhibited the highest overall O-glucuronidating activity against cis-4-OH-TAM, 10-fold higher than the next-most active UGTs 1A1 and 2B7, but with UGT1A7 exhibiting the lowest K(M). Although both N- and O-glucuronidation occurred for 4-OH-TAM in human liver microsomes, only O-glucuronidating activity was observed for endoxifen; no endoxifen-N-glucuronidation was observed for any UGT tested. UGTs 1A10 approximately 1A8 > UGT2B7 exhibited the highest overall glucuronidating activities as determined by Vmax/K(M) for trans-endoxifen, with the extrahepatic enzyme UGT1A10 exhibiting the highest binding affinity and lowest K(M) (39.9 microM). Similar to that observed for cis-4-OH-TAM, UGT1A10 also exhibited the highest activity for cis-endoxifen. These data suggest that several UGTs, including UGTs 1A10, 2B7, and 1A8 play an important role in the metabolism of 4-OH-TAM and endoxifen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxiao Sun
- Cancer Prevention and Control, Penn State Cancer Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Lee KH, Ward BA, Desta Z, Flockhart DA, Jones DR. Quantification of tamoxifen and three metabolites in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection: application to a clinical trial. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2003; 791:245-53. [PMID: 12798184 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(03)00218-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and reproducible assay employing liquid-liquid extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection for the quantification of tamoxifen, N-desmethyltamoxifen, 4-hydroxytamoxifen, and Z-4-hydroxy-N-desmethyltamoxifen in human plasma is described. The compounds and internal standard, propranolol, were separated with a cyano column and a mobile phase of acetonitrile-20 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 3; 35:65, v/v) then detected with fluorescence using a modified version of a method originally described by Fried and Wainer [J. Chromatogr. B 655 (1994) 261]. The coefficients of variation for the midpoint of the standard curve for each compound were less than 10%. This method was applied to a pharmacokinetic study of tamoxifen disposition in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Hoon Lee
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Wishard Memorial Hospital, 1001 West Tenth Street, Myers Building W7123, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Croisy-Delcey M, Croisy A, Carrez D, Huel C, Chiaroni A, Ducrot P, Bisagni E, Jin L, Leclercq G. Diphenyl quinolines and isoquinolines: synthesis and primary biological evaluation. Bioorg Med Chem 2000; 8:2629-41. [PMID: 11092548 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(00)00194-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a series of 35 substituted 3,4-diphenyl quinolines and isoquinolines is described. The majority of these molecules differ from all other triphenylethylene based antiestrogens by a different spatial location of the aminoalkyl side chain. The binding affinity of the most representative molecules (8, 9, 19, 20, 21, 23 and 25), including analogues 8 and 21 without the side chain, for the estrogen receptor alpha (ER) was determined. The ability of these molecules to induce the progesterone receptor was also studied. Antiproliferative activity was evaluated on MCF-7 human breast cancer cells, while intrinsic cytotoxic/cytostatic properties resulting from interaction with other targets than ER were assayed on L1210 murine leukemia cells. Introduction of an aminoalkylamino side chain at carbon 2 confers strong cytotoxic properties to diphenylquinolines 9 and 10 as well as pure antiestrogenic activities. However, cytotoxicity is so high with respect to antiestrogenicity that the latter was clearly observable only in one case (9b). The structure of compound 9b was determined by X-ray crystallography. Molecular modeling of its docking within the hormone-binding domain of the receptor was subsequently undertaken. According to our results, the design of molecules with the side chain bound to the ethylene part of the triphenyl ethylene skeleton might generate compounds of potential pharmacological interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Croisy-Delcey
- UAMR 176 CNRS lnstitut Curie-Recherche, Laboratoire Raymond Latarjet, Centre Universitaire, Orsay, France.
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Olier-Reuchet C, Aitken DJ, Bucourt R, Husson HP. Synthesis of tamoxifen and 4-hydroxytamoxifen using super-base-metalated propylbenzene. Tetrahedron Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4039(95)01759-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Toko T, Shibata J, Sugimoto Y, Yamaya H, Yoshida M, Ogawa K, Matsushima E. Comparative pharmacodynamic analysis of TAT-59 and tamoxifen in rats bearing DMBA-induced mammary carcinoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1995; 37:7-13. [PMID: 7497599 DOI: 10.1007/bf00685623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
TAT-59 suppressed the growth of DMBA-induced mammary tumors in rats earlier and more strongly than tamoxifen (TAM). After oral administration of the drugs, DP-TAT-59, one of the main metabolites of TAT-59, was found in 10- to 15-fold higher concentrations in both the tumor and blood compared to 4-OH-TAM, an active metabolite of TAM. In a 3-day antiuterotrophic test, every detected metabolite of TAT-59 showed stronger antiestrogenic activity than did TAM. In a competition assay, the affinity of the metabolites for estrogen receptors ranged from that of estradiol to that of TAM. These results suggest that the superior antiestrogenic activity of TAT-59 compared to TAM was either due to its higher penetration into tumor tissue or to the stronger antiestrogenic activity of its metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Toko
- Tokushima Research Center, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Japan
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