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Griffiths WJ, Crick PJ, Wang Y, Ogundare M, Tuschl K, Morris AA, Bigger BW, Clayton PT, Wang Y. Analytical strategies for characterization of oxysterol lipidomes: liver X receptor ligands in plasma. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 59:69-84. [PMID: 22846477 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids, bile alcohols, and hormonal steroids represent the ultimate biologically active products of cholesterol metabolism in vertebrates. However, intermediates in their formation, including oxysterols and cholestenoic acids, also possess known, e.g., as ligands to nuclear and G-protein-coupled receptors, and unknown regulatory activities. The potential diversity of molecules originating from the cholesterol structure is very broad and their abundance in biological materials ranges over several orders of magnitude. Here we describe the application of enzyme-assisted derivatization for sterol analysis (EADSA) in combination with liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry to define the oxysterol and cholestenoic acid metabolomes of human plasma. Quantitative profiling of adult plasma using EADSA leads to the detection of over 30 metabolites derived from cholesterol, some of which are ligands to the nuclear receptors LXR, FXR, and pregnane X receptor or the G-protein-coupled receptor Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 2. The potential of the EADSA technique in screening for inborn errors of cholesterol metabolism and biosynthesis is demonstrated by the unique plasma profile of patients suffering from cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis. The analytical methods described are easily adapted to the analysis of other biological fluids, including cerebrospinal fluid, and also tissues, e.g., brain, in which nuclear and G-protein-coupled receptors may have important regulatory roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Griffiths
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
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Ogundare M, Theofilopoulos S, Lockhart A, Hall LJ, Arenas E, Sjövall J, Brenton AG, Wang Y, Griffiths WJ. Cerebrospinal fluid steroidomics: are bioactive bile acids present in brain? J Biol Chem 2009; 285:4666-79. [PMID: 19996111 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.086678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we have profiled the free sterol content of cerebrospinal fluid by a combination of charge tagging and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Surprisingly, the most abundant cholesterol metabolites were found to be C(27) and C(24) intermediates of the bile acid biosynthetic pathways with structures corresponding to 7alpha-hydroxy-3-oxocholest-4-en-26-oic acid (7.170 +/- 2.826 ng/ml, mean +/- S.D., six subjects), 3beta-hydroxycholest-5-en-26-oic acid (0.416 +/- 0.193 ng/ml), 7alpha,x-dihydroxy-3-oxocholest-4-en-26-oic acid (1.330 +/- 0.543 ng/ml), and 7alpha-hydroxy-3-oxochol-4-en-24-oic acid (0.172 +/- 0.085 ng/ml), and the C(26) sterol 7alpha-hydroxy-26-norcholest-4-ene-3,x-dione (0.204 +/- 0.083 ng/ml), where x is an oxygen atom either on the CD rings or more likely on the C-17 side chain. The ability of intermediates of the bile acid biosynthetic pathways to activate the liver X receptors (LXRs) and the farnesoid X receptor was also evaluated. The acidic cholesterol metabolites 3beta-hydroxycholest-5-en-26-oic acid and 3beta,7alpha-dihydroxycholest-5-en-26-oic acid were found to activate LXR in a luciferase assay, but the major metabolite identified in this study, i.e. 7alpha-hydroxy-3-oxocholest-4-en-26-oic acid, was not an LXR ligand. 7Alpha-hydroxy-3-oxocholest-4-en-26-oic acid is formed from 3beta,7alpha-dihydroxycholest-5-en-26-oic acid in a reaction catalyzed by 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-C(27)-steroid dehydrogenase (HSD3B7), which may thus represent a deactivation pathway of LXR ligands in brain. Significantly, LXR activation has been found to reduce the symptoms of Alzheimer disease (Fan, J., Donkin, J., and Wellington C. (2009) Biofactors 35, 239-248); thus, cholesterol metabolites may play an important role in the etiology of Alzheimer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ogundare
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Medicine, Grove Building, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
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Kurosawa T, Fujiwara M, Nakano H, Sato M, Yoshimura T, Murai T. Synthesis of coenzyme A esters of 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy- and 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-24-oxo-5beta-cholestan-26-oic acids for the study of beta-oxidation in bile acid biosynthesis. Steroids 2001; 66:499-504. [PMID: 11182138 DOI: 10.1016/s0039-128x(00)00209-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-Trihydroxy- and 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-24-oxo-5beta-cholestan-26-oyl CoAs were chemically synthesized by the conventional method for the study of side chain cleavage in bile acid biosynthesis. 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-Triformyloxy- and 3alpha,7alpha-diformyloxy-5beta-cholan-24-als were initially subjected to the Reformatsky reaction with methyl alpha-bromopropionate, and the products were then converted into methyl 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-triformyloxy- and 3alpha,7alpha-diformyloxy-24-oxo-5beta-cholestan-26-oates. Protection by acetalization of the 24-oxo-group of these methyl esters with ethylene glycol, followed by alkaline hydrolysis, gave 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy- and 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-24,24-ethylenedioxy-5beta-cholestan-26-oic acids. These acids were condensed with coenzyme A by a mixed anhydride method, and the resulting CoA esters were treated with 4M-hydrocholic acid to remove the protecting group to give 24-oxo-5beta-cholestanoic acid CoA esters. The chromatographic behaviors of these CoA esters were also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kurosawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, 061-0293, Hokkaido, Japan.
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Kurosawa T, Sato M, Nakano H, Fujiwara M, Murai T, Yoshimura T, Hashimoto T. Conjugation reactions catalyzed by bifunctional proteins related to beta-oxidation in bile acid biosynthesis. Steroids 2001; 66:107-14. [PMID: 11146090 DOI: 10.1016/s0039-128x(00)00217-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The conjugation reactions of hydration and dehydrogenation catalyzed by the dehydratase and dehydrogenase activities of D-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydratase/D-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase bifunctional protein (DBP) and enoyl-CoA hydratase/3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase bifunctional protein (LBP) in the side chain degradation step of bile acid biosynthesis were investigated using chemically synthesized C27-bile acid CoA esters as substrates. The hydration catalyzed by DBP showed high diastereoselectivity for (24E)-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy- and (24E)-3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholest-24-en-26-oyl CoA to give (24R,25R)-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24-tetrahydroxy- and (24R,25R)-3alpha,7alpha,24-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-oyl CoAs, respectively, and the dehydrogenation catalyzed by DBP also showed high stereospecificity for the above (24R,25R)-isomers to give 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy- and 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-24-oxo-5beta-cholestan-26-oyl CoAs, respectively. On the other hand, the dehydratase activity of LBP displayed a different diastereoselectivity producing the (24S,25S)-isomer, and dehydrogenase activity of LBP was stereospecific for the (24S,25R)-isomer to give the above 24-oxo-derivative. The hydration and dehydrogenation reactions catalyzed by DBP were effectively conjugated to convert (24E)-5beta-cholestenoyl CoA to 24-oxo-5beta-cholestanoyl CoA. However, the reactions catalyzed by LBP were not conjugated. These results indicate that DBP plays an important role in the biosynthesis of bile acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kurosawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, 061-0293, Hokkaido, Japan.
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Une M, Takenaka S, Kuramoto T, Fujimura K, Hoshita T, Kihira K. Structural and biosynthetic studies of a principal bile alcohol, 27-nor-5β-cholestane-3α,7α,12α,24,25-pentol, in human urine. J Lipid Res 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)31988-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Starchenkov I, Trapencieris P, Kauss V, Jas G, Kalvinsh I. A convenient synthesis of 5beta-cholestan-26-oic and 5beta-cholestan-26,27-dioic acids. Steroids 2000; 65:143-7. [PMID: 10699593 DOI: 10.1016/s0039-128x(99)00099-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A new method for the preparation of 5beta-cholestan-26-oic acids 7 and their analogs is described. The key steps in the synthesis are: iodination of bis- and tris-formyloxy-5beta-cholan-24-ols 3; nucleophilic substitution of iodides 4 with diethyl sodiomalonate; complete alkaline hydrolysis of esters 5; and subsequent decarboxylation of geminal diacids 6 in DMSO.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Starchenkov
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles iela 21, Riga, Latvia
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Kannenberg F, Ellinghaus P, Assmann G, Seedorf U. Aberrant oxidation of the cholesterol side chain in bile acid synthesis of sterol carrier protein-2/sterol carrier protein-x knockout mice. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:35455-60. [PMID: 10585416 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.50.35455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomal beta-oxidation plays an important role in the metabolism of a wide range of substrates, including various fatty acids and the steroid side chain in bile acid synthesis. Two distinct thiolases have been implicated to function in peroxisomal beta-oxidation: the long known 41-kDa beta-ketothiolase identified by Hashimoto and co-workers (Hijikata, M., Ishii, N., Kagamiyama, H., Osumi, T., and Hashimoto, T. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 8151-8158) and the recently discovered 60-kDa SCPx thiolase, that consists of an N-terminal domain with beta-ketothiolase activity and a C-terminal moiety of sterol carrier protein-2 (SCP2, a lipid carrier or transfer protein). Recently, gene targeting of the SCP2/SCPx gene has shown in mice that the SCPx beta-ketothiolase is involved in peroxisomal beta-oxidation of 2-methyl-branched chain fatty acids like pristanic acid. In our present work we have investigated bile acid synthesis in the SCP2/SCPx knockout mice. Specific inhibition of beta-oxidation at the thiolytic cleavage step in bile acid synthesis is supported by our finding of pronounced accumulation in bile and serum from the knockout mice of 3alpha,7alpha, 12alpha-trihydroxy-27-nor-5beta-cholestane-24-one (which is a known bile alcohol derivative of the cholic acid synthetic intermediate 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-24-keto-cholestano yl-coenzyme A). Moreover, these mice have elevated concentrations of bile acids with shortened side chains (i.e. 23-norcholic acid and 23-norchenodeoxycholic acid), which may be produced via alpha- rather than beta-oxidation. Our results demonstrate that the SCPx thiolase is critical for beta-oxidation of the steroid side chain in conversion of cholesterol into bile acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Kannenberg
- Institut für Arterioskleroseforschung and the Institut für Klinische Chemie und Laboratoriumsmedizin (Zentrallaboratorium) der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48129 Münster, Germany
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Effect of the side-chain structure on the specificity of beta-oxidation in bile acid biosynthesis in rat liver homogenates. J Lipid Res 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)30043-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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