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Rahimzadeh Oskuei S, Mirzaei S, Reza Jafari-Nik M, Hadizadeh F, Eisvand F, Mosaffa F, Ghodsi R. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel imidazole-chalcone derivatives as potential anticancer agents and tubulin polymerization inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2021; 112:104904. [PMID: 33933802 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Novel imidazole-chalcone derivatives were designed and synthesized as tubulin polymerization inhibitors and anticancer agents. The antiproliferative activity of the imidazole-chalcone was assessed on some human cancer cell lines including A549 (adenocarcinoma human alveolar basal epithelial cells), MCF-7 (human breast cancer cells), MCF-7/MX (mitoxantrone resistant human breast cancer cells), and HEPG2 (human hepatocellular carcinoma cells). Generally, the imidazole-chalcone derivatives exhibited more cytotoxicity on A549 cancer cells in comparison to the other three cell lines, among them compounds 9j' and 9g showed significant cytotoxicity with IC50 values ranging from 7.05 to 63.43 μM against all the four human cancer cells. The flow cytometry analysis of A549 cancer cells treated with 9g and 9j' displayed that these compounds induced cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase at low concentrations and increased the number of apoptotic cells (cells in subG1 phase) at higher concentrations. They have also inhibited tubulin polymerization similar to combretastatin A-4 (CA-4). Annexin V binding staining assay in A549 cancer cells revealed that compound 9j' induced apoptosis (early and late). Finally, molecular docking studies of 9j' into the colchicine-binding site of tubulin presented the probable interactions of these compounds with tubulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rahimzadeh Oskuei
- Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Salimeh Mirzaei
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Jafari-Nik
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farzin Hadizadeh
- Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farhad Eisvand
- Department of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mosaffa
- Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Razieh Ghodsi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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2
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Alarif WM, Abdel-Lateff A, Alorfi HS, Alburae NA. Alcyonacea: A Potential Source for Production of Nitrogen-Containing Metabolites. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24020286. [PMID: 30646584 PMCID: PMC6359195 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24020286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcyonacea (soft corals and gorgonia) are well known for their production of a wide array of unprecedented architecture of bioactive metabolites. This diversity of compounds reported from Alcyonacea confirms its productivity as a source of drug leads and, consequently, indicates requirement of further chemo-biological investigation. This review can be considered a roadmap to investigate the Alcyonacea, particularly those produce nitrogen-containing metabolites. It covers the era from the beginning of marine nitrogen-containing terpenoids isolation from Alcyonacea up to December 2018. One hundred twenty-one compounds with nitrogenous moiety are published from fifteen genera. Their prominent biological activity is evident in their antiproliferative effect, which makes them interesting as potential leads for antitumor agents. For instance, eleutherobin and sarcodictyins are in preclinical or clinical stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walied Mohamed Alarif
- Department of Marine Chemistry, Faculty of Marine Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, PO. Box 80207, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ahmed Abdel-Lateff
- Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, PO Box 80260, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt.
| | - Hajer Saeed Alorfi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, PO. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Najla Ali Alburae
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, PO. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
- Biology Department, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, PO. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia.
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3
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Sharipov BT, Pershin AA, Salikhov SM, Valeev FA. Eleuthesides and their analogs: VI. Synthesis of ten-membered eleutheside carbocycle fused to methylcyclohexene. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428014090048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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4
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Gao C, Yi X, Huang R, Yan F, He B, Chen B. Alkaloids from Corals. Chem Biodivers 2013; 10:1435-47. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201100276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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5
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YHHU0895, a novel synthetic small-molecule microtubule-destabilizing agent, effectively overcomes P-glycoprotein-mediated tumor multidrug resistance. Cancer Lett 2012; 314:54-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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6
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Ciupa A, Griffiths NJ, Light SK, Wood PJ, Caggiano L. Design, synthesis and antiproliferative activity of urocanic-chalcone hybrid derivatives. MEDCHEMCOMM 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1md00155h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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7
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Nicolaou KC, Chen JS, Dalby SM. From nature to the laboratory and into the clinic. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 17:2290-303. [PMID: 19028103 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.10.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2008] [Accepted: 10/31/2008] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Natural products possess a broad diversity of structure and function, and they provide inspiration for chemistry, biology, and medicine. In this review article, we highlight and place in context our laboratory's total syntheses of, and related studies on, complex secondary metabolites that were clinically important drugs, or have since been developed into useful medicines, namely amphotericin B (1), calicheamicin gamma(1)(I) (2), rapamycin (3), Taxol (4), the epothilones [e.g., epothilones A (5) and B (6)], and vancomycin (7). We also briefly highlight our research with other selected inspirational natural products possessing interesting biological activities [i.e., dynemicin A (8), uncialamycin (9), eleutherobin (10), sarcodictyin A (11), azaspiracid-1 (12), thiostrepton (13), abyssomicin C (14), platensimycin (15), platencin (16), and palmerolide A (17)].
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, BCC408, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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8
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Sandoval C, López-Pérez JL, Bermejo F. Synthesis of a 10-membered ring with eleutheside functionality by Nozaki–Hiyama–Kishi coupling. Tetrahedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.08.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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9
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Daniel PT, Koert U, Schuppan J. Apoptolidin: Induction of Apoptosis by a Natural Product. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:872-93. [PMID: 16404760 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200502698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Apoptolidin is a natural product that selectively induces apoptosis in several cancer cell lines. Apoptosis, programmed cell death, is a biological key pathway for regulating homeostasis and morphogenesis. Apoptotic misregulations are connected with several diseases, in particular cancer. The extrinsic way to apoptosis leads through death ligands and death receptors to the activiation of the caspase cascade, which results in proteolytic degradation of the cell architecture. The intrinsic pathway transmits signals of internal cellular damage to the mitochondrion, which loses its structural integrity, and forms an apoptosome that initiates the caspase cascade. Compounds which regulate apoptosis are of high medical significance. Many natural products regulate apoptotic pathways, and apoptolidin is one of them. The known synthetic routes to apoptolidin are described and compared in this Review. Selected further natural products which regulate apoptosis are introduced briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter T Daniel
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, University Medical Center Charité, Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany
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Daniel PT, Koert U, Schuppan J. Apoptolidin: Induktion von Apoptose durch einen Naturstoff. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200502698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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11
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Mahboobi S, Sellmer A, Beckers T. Development of Tubulin Inhibitors as Antimitotic Agents for Cancer Therapy. STUDIES IN NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-5995(06)80038-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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12
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Castoldi D, Caggiano L, Panigada L, Sharon O, Costa AM, Gennari C. A Formal Total Synthesis of Eleutherobin Using the Ring-Closing Metathesis (RCM) Reaction of a Densely Functionalized Diene as the Key Step: Investigation of the Unusual Kinetically Controlled RCM Stereochemistry. Chemistry 2006; 12:51-62. [PMID: 16173100 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200500749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric oxyallylation reactions and ring-closing metathesis have been used to synthesize compound 3, a key advanced intermediate used in the total synthesis of eleutherobin reported by Danishefsky and co-workers. The aldehyde 6, which is readily prepared from commercially available R-(-)-carvone in six steps in 30 % overall yield on multigram quantities, was converted into the diene 5 utilizing two stereoselective titanium-mediated Hafner-Duthaler oxyallylation reactions. The reactions gave the desired products (8 and 12) in high yields (73 and 83 %, respectively) as single diastereoisomers, with the allylic alcohol already protected as the p-methoxyphenyl (PMP) ether, which previous work has demonstrated actually aids ring-closing metathesis compared to other protective groups and the corresponding free alcohol. Cyclization under forcing conditions, using Grubbs' second-generation catalyst 13, gave the ten-membered carbocycle (E)-14 in 64 % yield. This result is in sharp contrast to similar, but less functionalized, dienes, which have all undergone cyclization to give the Z stereoisomers exclusively. A detailed investigation of this unusual cyclization stereochemistry by computational methods has shown that the E isomer of the ten-membered carbocycle is indeed less thermodynamically stable than the corresponding Z isomer. In fact, the selectivity is believed to be due to the dense functionality around the ruthenacyclobutane intermediate that favors the trans-ruthenacycle, which ultimately leads to the less stable E isomer of the ten-membered carbocycle under kinetic control. During the final synthetic manipulations the double bond of enedione (E)-16 isomerized to the more thermodynamically stable enedione (Z)-4, giving access to the advanced key-intermediate 3, which was spectroscopically and analytically identical to the data reported by Danishefsky and co-workers, and thereby completing the formal synthesis of eleutherobin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiano Castoldi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale, Centro di Eccellenza C.I.S.I. Università degli Studi di Milano, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari (ISTM) del CNR, Via G. Venezian, 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
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13
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Nicolaou KC. Joys of Molecules. 2. Endeavors in Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry. J Med Chem 2005; 48:5613-38. [PMID: 16134928 DOI: 10.1021/jm050524f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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14
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Fortman JL, Sherman DH. Utilizing the Power of Microbial Genetics to Bridge the Gap Between the Promise and the Application of Marine Natural Products. Chembiochem 2005; 6:960-78. [PMID: 15880675 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200400428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Marine organisms are a rich source of secondary metabolites. They have yielded thousands of compounds with a broad range of biomedical applications. Thus far, samples required for preclinical and clinical studies have been obtained by collection from the wild, by mariculture, and by total chemical synthesis. However, for a number of complex marine metabolites, none of these options is feasible for either economic or environmental reasons. In order to proceed with the development of many of these promising therapeutic compounds, a reliable and renewable source must be found. Over the last twenty years, the study of microbial secondary metabolites has greatly advanced our understanding of how nature utilizes simple starting materials to yield complex small molecules. Much of this work has focused on polyketides and nonribosomal peptides, two classes of molecules that are prevalent in marine micro- and macroorganisms. The lessons learned from the study of terrestrial metabolite biosynthesis are now being applied to the marine world. As techniques for cloning and heterologous expression of biosynthetic pathways continue to improve, they may provide our greatest hope for bridging the gap between the promise and application of many marine natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Fortman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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15
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Castoldi D, Caggiano L, Bayón P, Costa AM, Cappella P, Sharon O, Gennari C. Synthesis of novel, simplified, C-7 substituted eleutheside analogues with potent microtubule-stabilizing activity. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2004.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Castoldi D, Caggiano L, Panigada L, Sharon O, Costa AM, Gennari C. A Formal Total Synthesis of Eleutherobin Through an Unprecedented Kinetically Controlled Ring-Closing-Metathesis Reaction of a Densely Functionalized Diene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005; 44:588-91. [PMID: 15597390 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200461767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Damiano Castoldi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale, Centro di Eccellenza C.I.S.I., Università degli Studi di Milano, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari del CNR, Via G. Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
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17
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Castoldi D, Caggiano L, Panigada L, Sharon O, Costa AM, Gennari C. A Formal Total Synthesis of Eleutherobin Through an Unprecedented Kinetically Controlled Ring-Closing-Metathesis Reaction of a Densely Functionalized Diene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200461767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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18
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Chandrasekhar S, Jagadeshwar V, Narsihmulu C, Sarangapani M, Krishna DR, Vidyasagar J, Vijay D, Sastry GN. Design, synthesis and cytotoxic studies on the simplified oxy analog of eleutherobin. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:3687-9. [PMID: 15203144 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2004] [Revised: 05/07/2004] [Accepted: 05/11/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A straight forward entry into nine membered B ring of eleutherobin as oxy analog and its cyctotoxic properties on HBL cell lines is described. Molecular modeling studies were carried out to ascertain the binding of the model compound to the active site of beta-tubulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chandrasekhar
- Organic Division-I, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India.
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19
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Khosla C, Keasling JD. Metabolic engineering for drug discovery and development. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2004; 2:1019-25. [PMID: 14654799 DOI: 10.1038/nrd1256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chaitan Khosla
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
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20
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Beumer R, Bayón P, Bugada P, Ducki S, Mongelli N, Sirtori FR, Telser J, Gennari C. Synthesis of novel simplified sarcodictyin/eleutherobin analogs with potent microtubule-stabilizing activity, using ring closing metathesis as the key-step. Tetrahedron 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2003.08.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Several lines of evidence indicate that diet and dietary behaviors can contribute to human cancer risk. One way that this occurs is through the ingestion of food mutagens. Sporadic cancers result from a gene-environment interactions where the environment includes endogenous and exogenous exposures. In this article, we define environment as dietary exposures in the context of gene-environment interactions. Food mutagens cause different types of DNA damage: nucleotide alterations and gross chromosomal aberrations. Most mutagens begin their action at the DNA level by forming carcinogen-DNA adducts, which result from the covalent binding of a carcinogen or part of a carcinogen to a nucleotide. However the effect of food mutagens in carcinogenesis can be modified by heritable traits, namely, low-penetrant genes that affect mutagen exposure of DNA through metabolic activation and detoxification or cellular responses to DNA damage through DNA repair mechanisms or cell death. There are some clearly identified (e.g., aflatoxin) and suspected (e.g., N-nitrosamines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons or heterocyclic amines) food mutagens. The target organs for these agents are numerous, but there is target-organ specificity for each. Mutagenesis however is not the only pathway that links dietary exposures and cancers. There is growing evidence that epigenetic factors, including changes in the DNA methylation pattern, are causing cancer and can be modified by dietary components. Also DNA damage may be indirect by triggering oxidative DNA damage. When considering the human diet, it should be recognized that foods contain both mutagens and components that decrease cancer risk such as antioxidants. Thus nutritionally related cancers ultimately develop from an imbalance of carcinogenesis and anticarcinogenesis. The best way to assess nutritional risks is through biomarkers, but there is no single biomarker that has been sufficiently validated. Although panels of biomarkers would be the most appropriate, their use as a reflection of target-organ risk remains to be determined. Also even when new biomarkers are developed, their application in target organs is problematic because tissues are not readily available. For now most biomarkers are used in surrogate tissues (e.g., blood, urine, oral cavity cells) that presumably reflect biological effects in target organs. This article reviews the role of food mutagens in mutagenesis and carcinogenesis and how their effects are modified by heritable traits and discusses how to identify and evaluate the effects of food mutagens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radoslav Goldman
- Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
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23
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Beumer R, Bayón P, Bugada P, Ducki S, Mongelli N, Sirtori FR, Telser J, Gennari C. Synthesis of novel simplified eleutheside analogues with potent microtubule-stabilizing activity, using ring-closing metathesis as the key-step. Tetrahedron Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(02)02646-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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24
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Sandoval C, Redero E, Mateos-Timoneda MA, Bermejo FA. Suitable entry to a 10-membered ring with eleutheside functionality through Nozaki–Hiyama condensation. Tetrahedron Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(02)01475-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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25
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Abstract
Natural products have served as an important source of medicinal compounds and pharmaceutical leads over the last century. Within the last 10 years, significant interest has developed in applying combinatorial chemistry techniques to the study of natural products and their biological activities. In this review, we examine several representative efforts wherein natural product skeletons have been constructed or immobilized on solid support and subsequently derivatized, giving rise to analog libraries useful in understanding the structure-activity relationships of the parent natural product. Issues such as target selection, library design, linker development, automation, and library characterization are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry, and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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26
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Kavallaris M, Verrills NM, Hill BT. Anticancer therapy with novel tubulin-interacting drugs. Drug Resist Updat 2001; 4:392-401. [PMID: 12030786 DOI: 10.1054/drup.2002.0230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Antimitotic agents that target tubulin, including the taxanes and vinca alkaloids, are important components of current anticancer therapy. Whilst these antimitotic drugs are highly effective in the treatment of a number of cancers, both acquired and intrinsic resistance to these agents is a major clinical problem. Furthermore, the systemic toxicity, and in some cases lack of oral availability, make these agents less than ideal. Recently much effort has been directed on the isolation and synthesis of new antimitotic drugs that target the tubulin/microtubule system and display efficacy against drug-refractory carcinomas. Newly described compounds include structurally diverse natural products, such as dolastatin, epothilones and discodermolide, derivatives and structural analogues of traditional antimitotics, and novel synthetic molecules. Additionally, new developments in drug targeting are improving efficacy and therapeutic indices of traditional agents. A number of promising 'new generation' antimitotics are now undergoing clinical testing. These new agents are reviewed here in terms of their mechanism(s) of action on microtubules, effectiveness against drug-resistant tumour cells and clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kavallaris
- Children's Cancer Institute for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia.
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Telser J, Beumer R, Bell AA, Ceccarelli SM, Monti D, Gennari C. Synthesis of a simplified sarcodictyin analogue which retains microtubule stabilising properties. Tetrahedron Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)02045-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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28
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Ceccarelli SM, Piarulli U, Gennari C. Synthetic studies on the sarcodictyins: synthesis of fully functionalized cyclization precursors. Tetrahedron 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)00739-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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29
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Ceccarelli SM, Piarulli U, Telser J, Gennari C. A carbonylative cross-coupling strategy to the total synthesis of the sarcodictyins: preliminary studies and synthesis of a cyclization precursor. Tetrahedron Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)01608-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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30
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Lawrence NJ, Rennison D, McGown AT, Ducki S, Gul LA, Hadfield JA, Khan N. Linked parallel synthesis and MTT bioassay screening of substituted chalcones. JOURNAL OF COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY 2001; 3:421-6. [PMID: 11549359 DOI: 10.1021/cc000075z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A 644-membered library of chalcones was prepared by parallel synthesis using the Claisen-Schmidt base-catalyzed aldol condensation of substituted acetophenones and benzaldehydes. The cytotoxicity of these chalcones was conveniently determined upon the crude products directly in 96-well microtiter test plates by the conventional MTT assay. This method revealed seven chalcones of IC(50) less than 1 microM of which 4'-hydroxy-2,4,6,3'-tetramethoxychalcone (5a) was the most active [IC(50) (K562), 30 nM]; it causes cell cycle arrest at the G(2)/M point and binds to tubulin at the colchicine binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Lawrence
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 88, Manchester, M60 1QD, UK.
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Effect of ligands and additives on the palladium-promoted carbonylative coupling of vinyl stannanes and electron-poor enol triflates. J Org Chem 2000; 65:6254-6. [PMID: 10987971 DOI: 10.1021/jo0004310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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