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Elucidation of terpenoid metabolism in Scoparia dulcis by RNA-seq analysis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43311. [PMID: 28266568 PMCID: PMC5339715 DOI: 10.1038/srep43311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Scoparia dulcis biosynthesize bioactive diterpenes, such as scopadulcic acid B (SDB), which are known for their unique molecular skeleton. Although the biosynthesis of bioactive diterpenes is catalyzed by a sequence of class II and class I diterpene synthases (diTPSs), the mechanisms underlying this process are yet to be fully identified. To elucidate these biosynthetic machinery, we performed a high-throughput RNA-seq analysis, and de novo assembly of clean reads revealed 46,332 unique transcripts and 40,503 two unigenes. We found diTPSs genes including a putative syn-copalyl diphosphate synthase (SdCPS2) and two kaurene synthase-like (SdKSLs) genes. Besides them, total 79 full-length of cytochrome P450 (CYP450) genes were also discovered. The expression analyses showed selected CYP450s associated with their expression pattern of SdCPS2 and SdKSL1, suggesting that CYP450 candidates involved diterpene modification. SdCPS2 represents the first predicted gene to produce syn-copalyl diphosphate in dicots. In addition, SdKSL1 potentially contributes to the SDB biosynthetic pathway. Therefore, these identified genes associated with diterpene biosynthesis lead to the development of genetic engineering focus on diterpene metabolism in S. dulcis.
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Chen W, He S, Liu D, Patil GB, Zhai H, Wang F, Stephenson TJ, Wang Y, Wang B, Valliyodan B, Nguyen HT, Liu Q. A Sweetpotato Geranylgeranyl Pyrophosphate Synthase Gene, IbGGPS, Increases Carotenoid Content and Enhances Osmotic Stress Tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137623. [PMID: 26376432 PMCID: PMC4574098 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sweetpotato highly produces carotenoids in storage roots. In this study, a cDNA encoding geranylgeranyl phyrophosphate synthase (GGPS), named IbGGPS, was isolated from sweetpotato storage roots. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) was fused to the C-terminus of IbGGPS to obtain an IbGGPS-GFP fusion protein that was transiently expressed in both epidermal cells of onion and leaves of tobacco. Confocal microscopic analysis determined that the IbGGPS-GFP protein was localized to specific areas of the plasma membrane of onion and chloroplasts in tobacco leaves. The coding region of IbGGPS was cloned into a binary vector under the control of 35S promoter and then transformed into Arabidopsis thaliana to obtain transgenic plants. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed a significant increase of total carotenoids in transgenic plants. The seeds of transgenic and wild-type plants were germinated on an agar medium supplemented with polyethylene glycol (PEG). Transgenic seedlings grew significantly longer roots than wild-type ones did. Further enzymatic analysis showed an increased activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in transgenic seedlings. In addition, the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) was reduced in transgenics. qRT-PCR analysis showed altered expressions of several genes involved in the carotenoid biosynthesis in transgenic plants. These data results indicate that IbGGPS is involved in the biosynthesis of carotenoids in sweetpotato storage roots and likely associated with tolerance to osmotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shaozhen He
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Degao Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Gunvant B. Patil
- Division of Plant Sciences and National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Hong Zhai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Feibing Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Troy J. Stephenson
- Division of Plant Sciences and National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Yannan Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Babu Valliyodan
- Division of Plant Sciences and National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Henry T. Nguyen
- Division of Plant Sciences and National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Qingchang Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Liang MH, Liang YJ, Jin HH, Jiang JG. Characterization and Functional Identification of a Gene Encoding Geranylgeranyl Diphosphate Synthase from Dunaliella bardawil. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:7805-7812. [PMID: 26289929 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGPS) catalyzes the biosynthesis of geranylgeranyl diphosphate, a key precursor for carotenoid biosynthesis. In this study, a full-length cDNA encoding GGPS from Dunaliella bardawil (DbGGPS) was isolated by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) for the first time. The full-length cDNA of DbGGPS was 1814 bp, containing a 1074 bp ORF encoding 357 amino acids with a calculated mass of 38.88 kDa. Analysis of DbGGPS genomic DNA revealed that it contained 10 exons and 9 introns. It was predicted that DbGGPS possessed a 48 amino acid transit peptide at its N terminus. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that DbGGPS was a member of a group of polyprenyltransferases with five conserved domains and two highly conserved aspartate-rich motifs. Using heterologous expression, carotenoid complementation assay, and gene deletion analysis, it was shown that the coding region of DbGGPS encodes a functional GGPS. This provides new gene sources for carotenoid genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hua Liang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Ying-Jie Liang
- School of Biological Science & Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hong-Hao Jin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jian-Guo Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, China
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Singh B, Sharma RA. Plant terpenes: defense responses, phylogenetic analysis, regulation and clinical applications. 3 Biotech 2015; 5:129-151. [PMID: 28324581 PMCID: PMC4362742 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-014-0220-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The terpenoids constitute the largest class of natural products and many interesting products are extensively applied in the industrial sector as flavors, fragrances, spices and are also used in perfumery and cosmetics. Many terpenoids have biological activities and also used for medical purposes. In higher plants, the conventional acetate-mevalonic acid pathway operates mainly in the cytosol and mitochondria and synthesizes sterols, sesquiterpenes and ubiquinones mainly. In the plastid, the non-mevalonic acid pathway takes place and synthesizes hemi-, mono-, sesqui-, and diterpenes along with carotenoids and phytol tail of chlorophyll. In this review paper, recent developments in the biosynthesis of terpenoids, indepth description of terpene synthases and their phylogenetic analysis, regulation of terpene biosynthesis as well as updates of terpenes which have entered in the clinical studies are reviewed thoroughly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Singh
- AIB, Amity University Rajasthan, NH-11C, Kant Kalwar, Jaipur, 303 002, India.
| | - Ram A Sharma
- Department of Botany, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, 302 055, India
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Sintupachee S, Ngamrojanavanich N, Sitthithaworn W, De-Eknamkul W. Molecular cloning, bacterial expression and functional characterisation of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, CYP97C27, and NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase, CPR I, from Croton stellatopilosus Ohba. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 229:131-141. [PMID: 25443840 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The cDNAs for cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (designated as CYP97C27 by D. Nelson's group) and NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (designated as CPR I based on its classification) were isolated from Croton stellatopilosus leaves, which actively biosynthesise plaunotol (18-OH geranylgeraniol). CYP97C27 and CPR I contain open reading frames encoding proteins of 471 and 711 amino acids with predicted molecular masses of 53 and 79kDa, respectively. By aligning the deduced sequences of CYP97C27 and CPR I with other plant species, all functional domains of CYP97C27 (heme and oxygen binding) and CPR I (CYP- and FMN, FAD, and NADPH cofactor binding) were identified. Amino acid sequence comparison indicated that both CYP97C27 (85-93%) and CPR I (79-83%) share high sequence identities with homologous proteins in other plant species, suggesting that CYP97C27 belongs to the CYP97C subfamily and that CPR I belongs to class I of the dicotyledonous CPR. Functional characterisation of both enzymes, produced in Escherichia coli (pET32a/BL21(DE3)) as recombinant proteins, showed that simultaneous incubation of CYP97C27 and CPR I with the substrate geranylgeraniol (GGOH) and coenzyme NADPH led to formation of the product plaunotol. In C. stellatopilosus, the levels of the CYP97C27 and CPR I transcripts were highly correlated with those of several mRNAs involved in the plaunotol biosynthetic pathway, suggesting that CYP97C27 and CPR I are the enzymes that catalyse the last hydroxylation step of the pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siriluk Sintupachee
- Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Research Unit for Natural Product Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | | | - Worapan Sitthithaworn
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Srinakharinwirot University, Nakonnayok 26120, Thailand
| | - Wanchai De-Eknamkul
- Research Unit for Natural Product Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Department of Phamacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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6
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A prenyltransferase gene confirmed to be a carotenogenic CRTE gene from sweetpotato. J Genet Genomics 2014; 41:613-6. [PMID: 25434686 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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7
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Transcriptional activation of a geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase gene, GGPPS2, isolated from Scoparia dulcis by treatment with methyl jasmonate and yeast extract. J Nat Med 2014; 68:748-53. [PMID: 25027024 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-014-0855-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A cDNA clone, designated SdGGPPS2, was isolated from young seedlings of Scoparia dulcis. The putative amino acid sequence of the translate of the gene showed high homology with geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGPPS) from various plant sources, and the N-terminal residues exhibited the characteristics of chloroplast targeting sequence. An appreciable increase in the transcriptional level of SdGGPPS2 was observed by exposure of the leaf tissues of S. dulcis to methyl jasmonate, yeast extract or Ca(2+) ionophore A23187. In contrast, SdGGPPS1, a homologous GGPPS gene of the plant, showed no or only negligible change in the expression level upon treatment with these stimuli. The truncated protein heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli in which the putative targeting domain was deleted catalyzed the condensation of farnesyl diphosphate and isopentenyl diphosphate to liberate geranylgeranyl diphosphate. These results suggested that SdGGPPS2 plays physiological roles in methyl jasmonate and yeast extract-induced metabolism in the chloroplast of S. dulcis cells.
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8
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Alcaíno J, Romero I, Niklitschek M, Sepúlveda D, Rojas MC, Baeza M, Cifuentes V. Functional characterization of the Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase encoding genes that are involved in the synthesis of isoprenoid precursors. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96626. [PMID: 24796858 PMCID: PMC4010515 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous synthesizes the carotenoid astaxanthin, which has applications in biotechnology because of its antioxidant and pigmentation properties. However, wild-type strains produce too low amounts of carotenoids to be industrially competitive. Considering this background, it is indispensable to understand how the synthesis of astaxanthin is controlled and regulated in this yeast. In this work, the steps leading to the synthesis of the carotenoid precursor geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP, C20) in X. dendrorhous from isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP, C5) and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP, C5) was characterized. Two prenyl transferase encoding genes, FPS and crtE, were expressed in E. coli. The enzymatic assays using recombinant E. coli protein extracts demonstrated that FPS and crtE encode a farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP, C15) synthase and a GGPP-synthase, respectively. X. dendrorhous FPP-synthase produces geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP, C10) from IPP and DMAPP and FPP from IPP and GPP, while the X. dendrorhous GGPP-synthase utilizes only FPP and IPP as substrates to produce GGPP. Additionally, the FPS and crtE genes were over-expressed in X. dendrorhous, resulting in an increase of the total carotenoid production. Because the parental strain is diploid, the deletion of one of the alleles of these genes did not affect the total carotenoid production, but the composition was significantly altered. These results suggest that the over-expression of these genes might provoke a higher carbon flux towards carotenogenesis, most likely involving an earlier formation of a carotenogenic enzyme complex. Conversely, the lower carbon flux towards carotenogenesis in the deletion mutants might delay or lead to a partial formation of a carotenogenic enzyme complex, which could explain the accumulation of astaxanthin carotenoid precursors in these mutants. In conclusion, the FPS and the crtE genes represent good candidates to manipulate to favor carotenoid biosynthesis in X. dendrorhous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Alcaíno
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ignacio Romero
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauricio Niklitschek
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Dionisia Sepúlveda
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Cecilia Rojas
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcelo Baeza
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Víctor Cifuentes
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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9
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Lange BM, Ahkami A. Metabolic engineering of plant monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and diterpenes--current status and future opportunities. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2013; 11:169-96. [PMID: 23171352 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Terpenoids (a.k.a. isoprenoids) represent the most diverse class of natural products found in plants, with tens of thousands of reported structures. Plant-derived terpenoids have a multitude of pharmaceutical and industrial applications, but the natural resources for their extraction are often limited and, in many cases, synthetic routes are not commercially viable. Some of the most valuable terpenoids are not accumulated in model plants or crops, and genetic resources for breeding of terpenoid natural product traits are thus poorly developed. At present, metabolic engineering, either in the native producer or a heterologous host, is the only realistic alternative to improve yield and accessibility. In this review article, we will evaluate the state of the art of modulating the biosynthetic pathways for the production of mono-, sesqui- and diterpenes in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Markus Lange
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and MJ Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
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10
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Hua W, Song J, Li C, Wang Z. Molecular cloning and characterization of the promoter of SmGGPPs and its expression pattern in Salvia miltiorrhiza. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:5775-83. [PMID: 22203482 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-1388-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) synthase is an important branch point enzyme in terpenoid biosynthesis. It regulates the formation of diterpenoid, such as tanshinones. We cloned a gene for GGPP synthase SmGGPPs involved in diterpenoid biosynthesis from Salvia miltiorrhiza. At 2,767 bp long, this gene comprises an intron and two exons that encode a polypeptide of 364 amino acid residues. Then the 5' flanking sequence of SmGGPPs was characterized by bioinformatics method. Deletion analysis of the promoter of SmGGPPs using tobacco plant displayed that the promoter was induced by heat and cold. To further search these cis-elements involved in induction regulation in the 5' flanking sequence of SmGGPPs, many putative cis-elements were predicted with the PlantCARE and PLACE databases. A group of putative cis-acting elements are involved in induction regulation, including G-Box, WRKY, MYC and ATCT motifs. Real-time PCR analysis revealed that SmGGPPs is mainly expressed in the leaves and can also be induced by various factors, such as NaCl, wounding, high temperature, darkness, pathogen, methyl jasmonate, abscisic acid, salicylic acid, and gibberellins. This study provides useful information for further study of SmGGPPs and its regulator effect on the biosynthetic process of tanshinones so that researchers can improve the tanshinone contents in S. miltiorrhiza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenping Hua
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
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Vranová E, Coman D, Gruissem W. Structure and dynamics of the isoprenoid pathway network. MOLECULAR PLANT 2012; 5:318-33. [PMID: 22442388 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sss015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Isoprenoids are functionally and structurally the most diverse group of plant metabolites reported to date. They can function as primary metabolites, participating in essential plant cellular processes, and as secondary metabolites, of which many have substantial commercial, pharmacological, and agricultural value. Isoprenoid end products participate in plants in a wide range of physiological processes acting in them both synergistically, such as chlorophyll and carotenoids during photosynthesis, or antagonistically, such as gibberellic acid and abscisic acid during seed germination. It is therefore expected that fluxes via isoprenoid metabolic network are tightly controlled both temporally and spatially, and that this control occurs at different levels of regulation and in an orchestrated manner over the entire isoprenoid metabolic network. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of the topology of the plant isoprenoid pathway network and its regulation at the gene expression level following diverse stimuli. We conclude by discussing agronomical and biotechnological applications emerging from the plant isoprenoid metabolism and provide an outlook on future directions in the systems analysis of the plant isoprenoid pathway network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Vranová
- Department of Biology, Plant Biotechnology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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12
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Thabet I, Guirimand G, Guihur A, Lanoue A, Courdavault V, Papon N, Bouzid S, Giglioli-Guivarc'h N, Simkin AJ, Clastre M. Characterization and subcellular localization of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase from Catharanthus roseus. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:3235-43. [PMID: 21706164 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-1091-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGPS: EC 2.5.1.1, EC 2.5.1.10, EC 2.5.1.29) catalyses the formation of geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) from isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate via three successive condensation reactions. A full-length nucleotide sequence of GGPS (named CrGGPS) was cloned from the medicinal plant Catharanthus roseus. The deduced polypeptide has 383 amino acids with a calculated mass of 41.6 kDa and possesses prenyltransferase signatures characteristic of plant type II GGPS. The enzyme was characterized by functional complementation in carotenoid accumulating strains of Escherichia coli. When cultures of Catharanthus cell lines were treated with methyljasmonate, no specific increase in transcript levels were observed. In plants, GGPS are encoded by a small multigene family and the isoforms have been shown to be localized in three different subcellular compartments: chloroplast, endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. We investigated the subcellular distribution of CrGGPS through transient transformations of C. roseus cells with a yellow fluorescent protein-fused construct. Our results clearly indicate that CrGGPS is located to plastids within stroma and stromules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insaf Thabet
- EA2106, Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université François-Rabelais, 31 avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France
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Characterization, expression profiling, and functional identification of a gene encoding geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase from Salvia miltiorrhiza. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-009-0123-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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14
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Sitthithaworn W, Wungsintaweekul J, Sirisuntipong T, Charoonratana T, Ebizuka Y, De-Eknamkul W. Cloning and expression of 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase cDNA from Croton stellatopilosus and expression of 2C-methyl-d-erythritol 4-phosphate synthase and geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase, key enzymes of plaunotol biosynthesis. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 167:292-300. [PMID: 19782428 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2009.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Revised: 08/31/2009] [Accepted: 09/01/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
1-Deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS, EC: 4.1.3.37), the first enzyme in the 2C-methyl-d-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway, is known to be responsible for the rate-limiting step of isoprenoid biosynthesis in Escherichia coli and Arabidopsis thaliana. In this study, the dxs gene from Croton stellatopilosus, designated csdxs, was cloned from leaf tissue using the rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) technique. Leaves of C. stellatopilosus contain plaunotol, an acyclic diterpene alcohol. The csdxs cDNA containing the open reading frame of 2163 base pairs appeared to encode a polypeptide of 720 amino acids. Analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence revealed that the NH(2)-terminus of CSDXS carried a chloroplast transit peptide, a thiamine diphosphate binding site, and a transketolase motif, which are the important characteristics of DXS enzymes in higher plants. Multiple alignments of CSDXS with other plant DXSs have indicated that CSDXS has identity ranging between 68% and 89%. Expression levels of csdxs and genes encoding key enzymes in the plaunotol biosynthetic pathway, namely 2C-methyl-d-erythritol 4-phosphate synthase (meps) and geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (ggpps), were analysed by measuring transcript levels in leaves of different developmental stages. The results showed that dxs, meps, and ggpps are all active in young leaves prior to full expansion when plaunotol is synthesised from the DXP precursor in chloroplasts. The dense presence of chloroplasts and oil globules in the palisade cells of these leaves support the view that these genes are involved in plaunotol biosynthesis in chloroplast-containing tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Worapan Sitthithaworn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Srinakharinwirot University, Nakonnayok 26120, Thailand
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Liao Z, Chen M, Gong Y, Guo L, Tan Q, Feng X, Sun X, Tan F, Tang K. A New Geranylgeranyl Diphosphate Synthase Gene fromGinkgo biloba, which Intermediates the Biosynthesis of the Key Precursor for Ginkgolides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 15:153-8. [PMID: 15352294 DOI: 10.1080/10425170410001667348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGPPS, EC: 2.5.1.29) catalyzes the biosynthesis of geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP), which is a key precursor for ginkgolide biosynthesis. Here we reported for the first time the cloning of a new full-length cDNA encoding GGPPS from the living fossil plant Ginkgo biloba. The full-length cDNA encoding G. biloba GGPPS (designated as GbGGPPS) was 1657bp long and contained a 1176bp open reading frame encoding a 391 amino acid protein. Comparative analysis showed that GbGGPPS possessed a 79 amino acid transit peptide at its N-terminal, which directed GbGGPPS to target to the plastids. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that GbGGPPS was a member of polyprenyltransferases with two highly conserved aspartate-rich motifs like other plant GGPPSs. Phylogenetic tree analysis indicated that plant GGPPSs could be classified into two groups, angiosperm and gymnosperm GGPPSs, while GbGGPPS had closer relationship with gymnosperm plant GGPPSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Liao
- Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Morgan-Tan International Center for Life Sciences, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
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Saikia S, Scott B. Functional analysis and subcellular localization of two geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthases from Penicillium paxilli. Mol Genet Genomics 2009; 282:257-71. [PMID: 19529962 PMCID: PMC2729982 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-009-0463-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The filamentous fungus Penicillium paxilli contains two distinct geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) synthases, GgsA and GgsB (PaxG). PaxG and its homologues in Neotyphodium lolii and Fusarium fujikuroi are associated with diterpene secondary metabolite gene clusters. The genomes of other filamentous fungi including Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae and Fusarium graminearum also contain two or more copies of GGPP synthase genes, although the diterpene metabolite capability of these fungi is not known. The objective of this study was to understand the biological significance of the presence of two copies of GGPP synthases in P. paxilli by investigating their subcellular localization. Using a carotenoid complementation assay and gene deletion analysis, we show that P. paxilli GgsA and PaxG have GGPP synthase activities and that paxG is required for paxilline biosynthesis, respectively. In the DeltapaxG mutant background ggsA was unable to complement paxilline biosynthesis. A GgsA-EGFP fusion protein was localized to punctuate organelles and the EGFP-GRV fusion protein, containing the C-terminus tripeptide GRV of PaxG, was localized to peroxisomes. A truncated PaxG mutant lacking the C-terminus tripeptide GRV was unable to complement a DeltapaxG mutant demonstrating that the tripeptide is functionally important for paxilline biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Saikia
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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Saikia S, Nicholson MJ, Young C, Parker EJ, Scott B. The genetic basis for indole-diterpene chemical diversity in filamentous fungi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 112:184-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mycres.2007.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2007] [Revised: 05/24/2007] [Accepted: 06/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Schmidt A, Gershenzon J. Cloning and characterization of two different types of geranyl diphosphate synthases from Norway spruce (Picea abies). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2008; 69:49-57. [PMID: 17673268 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2007] [Revised: 06/07/2007] [Accepted: 06/08/2007] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Geranyl diphosphate (GPP), the universal precursor of monoterpenes, is formed from isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate by the action of geranyl diphosphate synthase, one of the key branchpoint enzymes of terpene biosynthesis. Three types of GPP synthase can be distinguished in plants based on sequence similarity and subunit architecture, but until now individual species have been reported to contain only one of these types. Here we show that the conifer, Norway spruce (Picea abies), contains two different types of GPP synthase belonging to two separate groups of homodimeric proteins. One enzyme, designated PaIDS2 (P. abies isoprenyl diphosphate synthase 2), has high sequence similarity to other gymnosperm GPP synthases. It produces solely GPP in in vitro assays after expression in Escherichia coli and likely participates in monoterpene biosynthesis accompanying induced oleoresin formation, based on dramatic increases in transcript level after methyl jasmonate application. The other enzyme, designated PaIDS3, has highest similarity to the previously reported Arabidopsis thaliana GPP synthase and several other angiosperm sequences, and is not associated with induced oleoresin formation in Norway spruce. In vitro assay of this protein and one encoded by a similar gene sequence from Quercus robur gave substantial amounts of the larger prenyl diphosphates, FPP and GGPP, in addition to GPP. Hence these proteins may not be involved in monoterpene formation and could conceivably form products in addition to GPP in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Schmidt
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Biochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
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Nualkaew N, De-Eknamkul W, Kutchan TM, Zenk MH. Geranylgeraniol formation in Croton stellatopilosus proceeds via successive monodephosphorylations of geranylgeranyl diphosphate. Tetrahedron Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Isoprenoids represent the oldest class of known low molecular-mass natural products synthesized by plants. Their biogenesis in plastids, mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum-cytosol proceed invariably from the C5 building blocks, isopentenyl diphosphate and/or dimethylallyl diphosphate according to complex and reiterated mechanisms. Compounds derived from the pathway exhibit a diverse spectrum of biological functions. This review centers on advances obtained in the field based on combined use of biochemical, molecular biology and genetic approaches. The function and evolutionary implications of this metabolism are discussed in relation with seminal informations gathered from distantly but related organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Bouvier
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS (UPR2357) et Université Louis Pasteur, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
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Wungsintaweekul J, De-Eknamkul W. Biosynthesis of plaunotol in Croton stellatopilosus proceeds via the deoxyxylulose phosphate pathway. Tetrahedron Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.01.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kotsikorou E, Oldfield E. A quantitative structure-activity relationship and pharmacophore modeling investigation of aryl-X and heterocyclic bisphosphonates as bone resorption agents. J Med Chem 2003; 46:2932-44. [PMID: 12825934 DOI: 10.1021/jm030054u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have used quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) techniques, together with pharmacophore modeling, to investigate the relationships between the structures of a wide variety of geminal bisphosphonates and their activity in inhibiting osteoclastic bone resorption. For aryl-X (X = alkyl, oxyalkyl, and sulfanylalkyl) derivatives of pamidronate and one alendronate, a molecular field analysis (MFA) yielded an R(2) value of 0.900 and an F-test of 54 for a training set of 29 compounds. Using reduced training sets, the activities of 20 such compounds were predicted with an average error of 2.1 over a 4000x range in activity. Such good results were only obtained when using the X-ray crystallographic structure of farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) bound to the target enzyme, farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPP synthase), to guide the initial molecular alignment. For a series of heterocyclic bisphosphonates, use of the MFA method yielded an R(2) of 0.873 and an F-test of 36 for a training set of 26 compounds. Using a reduced training set, the activities of 20 compounds were predicted with an average error of 2.5 over a 2000x range in activity. With the heterocyclic compounds, test calculations indicated the importance of correct choice of protonation of the heterocyclic rings. For example, thiazoles, pyrazoles, and triazoles have low ( approximately 2-3) pK(a) values and the derived bisphosphonates are inactive in bone resorption since they cannot readily be side chain protonated and are thus poor carbocation reactive intermediate analogues. On the other hand, aminothiazoles, imidazoles, pyridyl, and aminopyridyl species typically have pK(a) values in the range approximately 5-9 and, in the absence of unfavorable steric interactions, the corresponding bisphosphonates are generally good inhibitors. However, aminoimidazole bisphosphonates are generally less active, since their pK(a)s ( approximately 11) are so high, due to guanidinium-like resonance, that they cannot readily be deprotonated, which we propose results in poor cellular uptake. The results of pharmacophore modeling using the Catalyst program revealed the importance of two negative ionizable and one positive charge feature for both aryl-X and heterocyclic pharmacophores, together with the presence of a distal hydrophobic feature in the aryl bisphosphonate and a more proximal aromatic feature in the heterocyclic bisphosphonate pharmacophores. When taken together, these results show that it is now possible to predict the activity, within a factor of about 2.3, of a wide range of aryl-X and heterocyclic bisphosphonates. The results emphasize the importance of utilizing crystallographic structural information to guide the initial alignment of extended bisphosphonates, and in the case of heterocyclic bisphosphonates, the importance of side chain protonation state. These simple ideas may facilitate the design of other, novel bisphosphonates, of use in bone resorption therapy, and as antiparasitic and immunotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Kotsikorou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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Takaya A, Zhang YW, Asawatreratanakul K, Wititsuwannakul D, Wititsuwannakul R, Takahashi S, Koyama T. Cloning, expression and characterization of a functional cDNA clone encoding geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase of Hevea brasiliensis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2003; 1625:214-20. [PMID: 12531482 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4781(02)00602-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) synthase catalyzes the condensation of isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) with allylic diphosphates to give (all-E)-GGPP. GGPP is one of the key precursors in the biosynthesis of biologically significant isoprenoid compounds. In order to examine possible participation of the GGPP synthase in the enzymatic prenyl chain elongation in natural rubber biosynthesis, we cloned, overexpressed and characterized the cDNA clone encoding GGPP synthase from cDNA libraries of leaf and latex of Hevea brasiliensis. The amino acid sequence of the clone contains all conserved regions of trans-prenyl chain elongating enzymes. This cDNA was expressed in Escherichia coli cells as Trx-His-tagged fusion protein, which showed a distinct GGPP synthase activity. The apparent K(m) values for isopentenyl-, farnesyl-, geranyl- and dimethylallyl diphosphates of the GGPP synthase purified with Ni(2+)-affinity column were 24.1, 6.8, 2.3, and 11.5 microM, respectively. The enzyme shows optimum activity at approximately 40 degrees C and pH 8.5. The mRNA expression of the GGPP synthase was detected in all tissues examined, showing higher in flower and leaf than petiole and latex, where a large quantity of natural rubber is produced. On the other hand, expression levels of the Hevea farnesyl diphosphate synthase were significant in latex as well as in flower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiyuki Takaya
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
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Burke C, Croteau R. Geranyl diphosphate synthase from Abies grandis: cDNA isolation, functional expression, and characterization. Arch Biochem Biophys 2002; 405:130-6. [PMID: 12176066 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9861(02)00335-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Geranyl diphosphate synthase catalyzes the condensation of dimethylallyl diphosphate and isopentenyl diphosphate to generate geranyl diphosphate, the essential precursor of monoterpene biosynthesis. Using geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase from Taxus canadensis as a hybridization probe, four full length cDNA clones, sharing high sequence identity to each other (>69%) and to the Taxus geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (>66%), were isolated from a grand fir (Abies grandis) cDNA library. When expressed in Escherichia coli, three of the recombinant enzymes produced geranyl diphosphate and one produced geranylgeranyl diphosphate as the dominant product when supplied with isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate as cosubstrates. One enzyme (AgGPPS2) was confirmed as a specific geranyl diphosphate synthase, in that it accepted only dimethylallyl diphosphate as the allylic cosubstrate and it produced exclusively geranyl diphosphate as product, with a k(cat) of 1.8s(-1). Gel filtration experiments performed on the recombinant geranyl diphosphate synthases, in which the plastidial targeting sequences had been deleted, revealed that these enzymes are homodimers similar to other short-chain prenyltransferases but different from the heterotetrameric geranyl diphosphate synthase of mint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Burke
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Program in Plant Physiology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6340, USA
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