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Takahashi F, Shimosaka Y, Mori S, Kaneko M, Harayama Y, Kobayashi K, Shoji T, Seto Y, Tatsumi H, Jin J. Development of a Potential-Modulated Electrochemiluminescence Measurement System for Selective and Sensitive Determination of the Controlled Drug Codeine. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2024; 72:271-279. [PMID: 38432909 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c23-00585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Codeine is a common analgesic drug that is a pro-drug of morphine. It also has a high risk of abuse as a recreational drug because of its extensive distribution as an OTC drug. Therefore, sensitive and selective screening methods for codeine are crucial in forensic analytical chemistry. To date, a commercial analytical kit has not been developed for dedicated codeine determination, and there is a need for an analytical method to quantify codeine in the field. In the present work, potential modulation was combined with electrochemiluminescence (ECL) for sensitive determination of codeine. The potential modulated technique involved applying a signal to electrodes by superimposing an AC potential on the DC potential. When tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) ([Ru(bpy)3]2+) was used as an ECL emitter, ECL activity was confirmed for codeine. A detailed investigation of the electrochemical reaction mechanism suggested a characteristic ECL reaction mechanism involving electrochemical oxidation of the opioid framework. Besides the usual ECL reaction derived from the amine framework, selective detection of codeine was possible under the measurement conditions, with clear luminescence observed in an acidic solution. The sensitivity of codeine detection by potential modulated-ECL was one order of magnitude higher than that obtained with the conventional potential sweep method. The proposed method was applied to codeine determination in actual prescription medications and OTC drug samples. Codeine was selectively determined from other compounds in medications and showed good linearity with a low detection limit (150 ng mL-1).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuki Shimosaka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University
| | - Shuki Mori
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University
| | - Mayu Kaneko
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University
| | - Yuta Harayama
- Department of Legal Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine
| | - Kanya Kobayashi
- Department of Legal Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine
| | - Taku Shoji
- Department of Chemical Biology and Applied Chemistry, College of Engineering, Nihon University
| | | | | | - Jiye Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University
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Metri NJ, Butt AS, Murali A, Steiner-Lim GZ, Lim CK. Normative Data on Serum and Plasma Tryptophan and Kynurenine Concentrations from 8089 Individuals Across 120 Studies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Tryptophan Res 2023; 16:11786469231211184. [PMID: 38034059 PMCID: PMC10687991 DOI: 10.1177/11786469231211184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In this systematic review and meta-analysis, a normative dataset is generated from the published literature on the kynurenine pathway in control participants extracted from case-control and methodological validation studies. Study characteristics were mapped, and studies were evaluated in terms of analytical rigour and methodological validation. Meta-analyses of variance between types of instruments, sample matrices and metabolites were conducted. Regression analyses were applied to determine the relationship between metabolite, sample matrix, biological sex, participant age and study age. The grand mean concentrations of tryptophan in the serum and plasma were 60.52 ± 15.38 μM and 51.45 ± 10.47 μM, respectively. The grand mean concentrations of kynurenine in the serum and plasma were 1.96 ± 0.51 μM and 1.82 ± 0.54 μM, respectively. Regional differences in metabolite concentrations were observed across America, Asia, Australia, Europe and the Middle East. Of the total variance within the data, mode of detection (MOD) accounted for up to 2.96%, sample matrix up to 3.23%, and their interaction explained up to 1.53%; the latter of which was determined to be negligible. This review was intended to inform future empirical research and method development studies and successfully synthesised pilot data. The pilot data reported in this study will inform future precision medicine initiatives aimed at targeting the kynurenine pathway by improving the availability and quality of normative data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najwa-Joelle Metri
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Ali S Butt
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Ava Murali
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - Genevieve Z Steiner-Lim
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- Translational Health Research Institute (THRI), Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Chai K Lim
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
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Forteschi M, Sotgia S, Assaretti S, Arru D, Cambedda D, Sotgiu E, Zinellu A, Carru C. Simultaneous determination of aromatic amino acids in human blood plasma by capillary electrophoresis with UV-absorption detection. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:1794-9. [PMID: 25736071 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Revised: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan, also known as aromatic amino acids, are involved in many physiological and pathophysiological conditions and are indicative of the liver and kidney function. In this work, we describe a simple and accurate method for their simultaneous quantification, in a single capillary electrophoresis run. This method requires minimal sample manipulation, no derivatization procedures, and methyl tryptophan as internal standard. The human blood plasma sample was precipitated using sulfosalicylic acid and the supernatant was used for the analysis. All the analytes were baseline resolved within 16 min and detected at 200 nm using Tris phosphate 80 mmol/L at pH 1.4 as the background electrolyte. The proposed method showed good linearity (r = 0.998) and repeatability (intra-assay RSD < 2.78%, interassay RSD < 5.4%) for all the analytes. The limit of quantification was 13 μmol/L for phenylalanine and 5 μmol/L for tyrosine and tryptophan. The method suitability was tested measuring aromatic amino acids level in 20 chronic kidney disease patients at basal level and after simvastatin/ezetimibe treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Forteschi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Salvatore Sotgia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Stefano Assaretti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Dionigia Arru
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Debora Cambedda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Sotgiu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Angelo Zinellu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Ciriaco Carru
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- Quality Control Unit, Hospital University of Sassari (AOU), Sassari, Italy
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Asamoto H, Nobushi Y, Oi T, Uchikura K. Determination of Miglitol by Column-Switching Ion-Pair HPLC with Tris(2,2′-bipyridine)ruthenium(II)-Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence Detection. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2015; 63:476-80. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c14-00788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Fast and quantitative analysis of branched-chain amino acids in biological samples using a pillar array column. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:7993-9. [PMID: 23708693 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7034-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a fast and quantitative determination method for branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), namely leucine, isoleucine, and valine, was developed using a pillar array column. A pillar array column with low-dispersion turns was fabricated on a 20 × 20-mm(2) microchip using multistep ultraviolet photolithography and deep reactive ion etching. The BCAAs were fluorescently labeled with 4-fluoro-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (NBD-F), followed by reversed-phase separation on the pillar array column. The NBD derivatives of the three BCAAs and an internal standard (6-aminocaproic acid) were separated in 100 s. The calibration curves for the NBD-BCAAs had good linearity in the range of 0.4-20 μM, using an internal standard. The intra- and interday precisions were found to be in the ranges of 1.42-3.80 and 2.74-6.97%, respectively. The accuracies for the NBD-BCAA were from 90.2 to 99.1%. The method was used for the analysis of sports drink and human plasma samples. The concentrations of BCAAs determined by the developed method showed good agreements with those determined using a conventional high-performance liquid chromatography system. As BCAAs are important biomarkers of some diseases, these results showed that the developed method could be a potential diagnostic tool in clinical research.
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Donaldson DN, Barnett NW, Agg KM, Graham D, Lenehan CE, Prior C, Lim KF, Francis PS. Chemiluminescence detection of 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane (RDX) and related nitramine explosives. Talanta 2012; 88:743-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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7
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Analytical applications of the electrochemiluminescence of tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) coupled to capillary/microchip electrophoresis: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 704:16-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 07/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Li Y, Tang AG, Mu S. HPLC–FLD determination of serum aromatic amino acids: Application in chronic kidney disease patients. Clin Chim Acta 2011; 412:1032-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2011.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2010] [Revised: 02/06/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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KOBAYASHI N, MIYAMOTO A, UCHIKURA K. Column-Switching HPLC Determination of Mexiletine Using Tris(bipyridine)ruthenium(III) Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence and Precolumn Derivatization with Divinylsulfone. ANAL SCI 2010; 26:1289-94. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.26.1289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Mitić SS, Pavlović AN, Tošić SB, Arsić BB, Sunarić SM. Quantitative determination of glycine in commercial dosage forms by kinetic spectrophotometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934809070053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Tsunoda M. Chemiluminescence detection with separation techniques for bioanalytical applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s12566-009-0002-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Gámiz-Gracia L, García-Campaña AM, Huertas-Pérez JF, Lara FJ. Chemiluminescence detection in liquid chromatography: Applications to clinical, pharmaceutical, environmental and food analysis—A review. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 640:7-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Revised: 03/12/2009] [Accepted: 03/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Faghihian H, Nejati-Yazdinejad M. Equilibrium Study of the Sorption of a Sulphur-Containing Amino Acid by Clinoptilolite. ADSORPT SCI TECHNOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1260/026361709788921623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- H. Faghihian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 81746-73441, Iran
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Nakao R, Furutsuka K, Fukumura T, Yamaguchi M, Suzuki K. Quality control of PET radiopharmaceuticals by high-performance liquid chromatography with tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) electrogenerated chemiluminescence detection. Biomed Chromatogr 2009; 24:202-8. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Kand'ár R, Žáková P, Jirošová J, Sladká M. Determination of branched chain amino acids, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine and α-keto acids in plasma and dried blood samples using HPLC with fluorescence detection. Clin Chem Lab Med 2009; 47:565-72. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2009.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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16
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Nakao R, Furutsuka K, Yamaguchi M, Suzuki K. Development and Validation of a Liquid Chromatographic Method for the Analysis of Positron Emission Tomography Radiopharmaceuticals with Ru(bpy)32+-KMnO4 Chemiluminescence Detection. ANAL SCI 2007; 23:151-5. [PMID: 17297225 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.23.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive, selective and rapid high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method with chemiluminescence (CL) detection was developed and validated for the analysis of positron emission tomography (PET) radiopharmaceuticals. This method is based on the CL reaction of PET compounds with tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) [Ru(bpy)(3)(2+)] and acidic potassium permanganate [KMnO(4)]. After optimization of the reaction conditions, 12 of the 14 PET compounds investigated could be successfully detected and showed good performance in terms of sensitivity, linearity and reproducibility. In particular, for compounds with a tertiary amine functional group, the limits of detection were ppb levels for a 20 microL injection volume. Finally, this method was used to determine PET compounds for calculating of specific radioactivity in pharmaceutical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuji Nakao
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Anagawa, Inage, Chiba, Japan.
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Abstract
This paper critically reviews analytical applications of the chemiluminescence from tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) and related compounds published in the open literature between mid-1998 and October 2005. Following the introduction, which summarises the reaction chemistry and reagent generation, the review divides into three major sections that focus on: (i) the techniques that utilise this type of detection chemistry, (ii) the range of analytes that can be determined, and (iii) analogues and derivatives of tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bree A Gorman
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3217, Australia
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Jung MC, Munro N, Shi G, Michael AC, Weber SG. Use of tris(2,2'-bipyridine)osmium as a photoluminescence-following electron-transfer reagent for postcolumn detection in capillary high-performance liquid chromatography. Anal Chem 2006; 78:1761-8. [PMID: 16536409 PMCID: PMC1482471 DOI: 10.1021/ac051182o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The photoluminescence-following electron-transfer (PFET) technique, developed in our laboratory, is a sensitive chromatographic detection method for oxidizable analytes. Because the oxidations are homogeneous, the technique avoids the problem of electrode fouling. A liquid-phase oxidant reacts with the electrochemically active analytes after separation, becoming capable of photoluminescence. Laser-induced photoluminescence is measured to quantitate the analytes. Thus, the electrochemical properties of the oxidant determine the detection selectivity, and the spectroscopic properties define the sensitivity. The properties of tris(2,2'-bipyridine)osmium (1) were investigated for use as the liquid-phase oxidant in the PFET system. The redox potential of the complex is less positive than that of tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium (2); thus, on-line generation of 1(3+) by reaction with PbO2, and selective oxidation of catechols by 1(3+), was possible. The mild oxidizing power of 1(3+) led to a lower background signal (compared to 2(3+)) when mixed with acidic mobile phases. Photoluminescence from 1(2+) was much weaker than that from 2(2+); nonetheless, the system achieved subnanomolar detection limits for dopamine, 3-methoxytyramine, and serotonin. Dopamine and 3-methoxytyramine in rat brain striatal dialysates were determined before and after the injection of nomifensine. The pH of the mobile phase can govern the detection selectivity, since oxidation of most organics is accompanied by proton transfer. Reaction of 1 with catechols showed pH-dependent sensitivity resulting from pH-dependent reaction rate changes. Since the reaction rate is also temperature dependent, increased temperature at the mixer resulted in higher sensitivity. However, the noise level also increased at elevated temperature; thus, the detection limit did not improve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon Chul Jung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
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Boja ES, Sokoloski EA, Fales HM. Divinyl Sulfone as a Postdigestion Modifier for Enhancing the a1 Ion in MS/MS and Postsource Decay: Potential Applications in Proteomics. Anal Chem 2004; 76:3958-70. [PMID: 15253630 DOI: 10.1021/ac049774e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Divinyl sulfone reacts at pH 8-9 with the alpha-amino groups of N-terminal residues, proline, the epsilon-amino groups of lysine, and the histidine side chains of peptides. This reaction leads to great enhancement of the abundance of the normally weak or missing "a(1)" fragment ion in MS/MS analysis defining the N-terminal residue of a peptide in a digest. This provides "one-step Edman-like" information that, together with a fairly accurately determined mass, often enables one to correctly identify a protein or family of proteins. The applicability of this procedure in proteomics was demonstrated with several peptides and tryptic digests of protein mixtures by LC-MS/MS experiments using a QTOF and MALDI-PSD analyses. Advantages of this approach are its simple chemistry, retention of charge multiplicity, and possibly, shortening of database search time. Used with other MS/MS data, it provides higher confidence in the scores and identification of a protein found in peptide mass fingerprinting. Moreover, this approach has an advantage in "de novo" sequencing due to its ability to decipher the first amino acid of a peptide whose information is normally unavailable in MS/MS spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Boja
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, NHLBI, NIH, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-8014, USA
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