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Anjani QK, Nainggolan ADC, Li H, Miatmoko A, Larrañeta E, Donnelly RF. Parafilm® M and Strat-M® as skin simulants in in vitro permeation of dissolving microarray patches loaded with proteins. Int J Pharm 2024; 655:124071. [PMID: 38554738 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
In vitro permeation studies play a crucial role in early formulation optimisation before extensive animal model investigations. Biological membranes are typically used in these studies to mimic human skin conditions accurately. However, when focusing on protein and peptide transdermal delivery, utilising biological membranes can complicate analysis and quantification processes. This study aims to explore Parafilm®M and Strat-M® as alternatives to dermatomed porcine skin for evaluating protein delivery from dissolving microarray patch (MAP) platforms. Initially, various MAPs loaded with different model proteins (ovalbumin, bovine serum albumin and amniotic mesenchymal stem cell metabolite products) were prepared. These dissolving MAPs underwent evaluation for insertion properties and in vitro permeation profiles when combined with different membranes, dermatomed porcine skin, Parafilm®M, and Strat-M®. Insertion profiles indicated that both Parafilm®M and Strat-M® showed comparable insertion depths to dermatomed porcine skin (in range of 360-430 µm), suggesting promise as membrane substitutes for insertion studies. In in vitro permeation studies, synthetic membranes such as Parafilm®M and Strat-M® demonstrated the ability to bypass protein-derived skin interference, providing more reliable results compared to dermatomed neonatal porcine skin. Consequently, these findings present valuable tools for preliminary screening across various MAP formulations, especially in the transdermal delivery of proteins and peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qonita Kurnia Anjani
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Megarezky, Jl. Antang Raya No. 43, Makassar 90234, Indonesia
| | | | - Huanhuan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Andang Miatmoko
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Airlangga University, Nanizar Zaman Joenoes Building, Campus C, Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia; Stem Cell Research and Development Center, Airlangga University, Institute of Tropical Disease Building, Campus C, Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Eneko Larrañeta
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Ryan F Donnelly
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
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2
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Fujii MY, Okishima A, Ichiwata HS, Oka T. Biocompatible topical delivery system of high-molecular-weight hyaluronan into human stratum corneum using magnesium chloride. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10782. [PMID: 37402762 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37718-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-invasive delivery of hyaluronan into the stratum corneum (SC) is extremely difficult because of its high molecular weight and the strong barrier of the SC. We developed a safe method of administering hyaluronan into the human SC and determined its penetration route. The amount of hyaluronan that penetrated into the SC was 1.5-3 times higher in the presence of magnesium chloride hexahydrate (MgCl2) than other metal chlorides. The root-mean-square radius of hyaluronan in water decreased with the addition of MgCl2. Moreover, MgCl2 solutions maintained their dissolved state on a plastic plate for a long time, suggesting that size compaction and inhibition of hyaluronan precipitation on the skin enhanced hyaluronan into the SC. Our results also strongly suggest that an intercellular route contributes to the penetration of hyaluronan from the upper to the middle layer of the SC. No disruption to the SC barrier was observed after continuous use once a day for 1 month, demonstrating the potential of our method for the safe, topical application of hyaluronan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Y Fujii
- SHISEIDO CO., LTD, MIRAI Technology Institute, 1-2-11 Takashima, Nishi-ku, Yokohama, 220-0011, Japan.
| | - Anna Okishima
- SHISEIDO CO., LTD, MIRAI Technology Institute, 1-2-11 Takashima, Nishi-ku, Yokohama, 220-0011, Japan
| | - Hiroko S Ichiwata
- SHISEIDO CO., LTD, MIRAI Technology Institute, 1-2-11 Takashima, Nishi-ku, Yokohama, 220-0011, Japan
| | - Takashi Oka
- SHISEIDO CO., LTD, MIRAI Technology Institute, 1-2-11 Takashima, Nishi-ku, Yokohama, 220-0011, Japan
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3
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Araújo D, Rodrigues T, Roma-Rodrigues C, Alves VD, Fernandes AR, Freitas F. Chitin-Glucan Complex Hydrogels: Physical-Chemical Characterization, Stability, In Vitro Drug Permeation, and Biological Assessment in Primary Cells. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15040791. [PMID: 36850075 PMCID: PMC9963717 DOI: 10.3390/polym15040791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitin-glucan complex (CGC) hydrogels were fabricated by coagulation of the biopolymer from an aqueous alkaline solution, and their morphology, swelling behavior, mechanical, rheological, and biological properties were studied. In addition, their in vitro drug loading/release ability and permeation through mimic-skin artificial membranes (Strat-M) were assessed. The CGC hydrogels prepared from 4 and 6 wt% CGC suspensions (Na51*4 and Na51*6 hydrogels, respectively) had polymer contents of 2.40 ± 0.15 and 3.09 ± 0.22 wt%, respectively, and displayed a highly porous microstructure, characterized by compressive moduli of 39.36 and 47.30 kPa and storage moduli of 523.20 and 7012.25 Pa, respectively. Both hydrogels had a spontaneous and almost immediate swelling in aqueous media, and a high-water retention capacity (>80%), after 30 min incubation at 37 °C. Nevertheless, the Na51*4 hydrogels had higher fatigue resistance and slightly higher-water retention capacity. These hydrogels were loaded with caffeine, ibuprofen, diclofenac, or salicylic acid, reaching entrapment efficiency values ranging between 13.11 ± 0.49% for caffeine, and 15.15 ± 1.54% for salicylic acid. Similar release profiles in PBS were observed for all tested APIs, comprising an initial fast release followed by a steady slower release. In vitro permeation experiments through Strat-M membranes using Franz diffusion cells showed considerably higher permeation fluxes for caffeine (33.09 µg/cm2/h) and salicylic acid (19.53 µg/cm2/h), compared to ibuprofen sodium and diclofenac sodium (4.26 and 0.44 µg/cm2/h, respectively). Analysis in normal human dermal fibroblasts revealed that CGC hydrogels have no major effects on the viability, migration ability, and morphology of the cells. Given their demonstrated features, CGC hydrogels are very promising structures, displaying tunable physical properties, which support their future development into novel transdermal drug delivery platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Araújo
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Departmento Ciências da Vida, NOVA School of Science and Technology, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Thomas Rodrigues
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Catarina Roma-Rodrigues
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Departmento Ciências da Vida, NOVA School of Science and Technology, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Vítor D. Alves
- LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Alexandra R. Fernandes
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Departmento Ciências da Vida, NOVA School of Science and Technology, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Filomena Freitas
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-212948300
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Preparation and Evaluation of Vitamin D3 Supplementation as Transdermal Film-Forming Solution. Pharmaceutics 2022; 15:pharmaceutics15010039. [PMID: 36678668 PMCID: PMC9863400 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D3 is available in oral and injectable dosage forms. Interest in the transdermal route as an alternative to the oral and parenteral routes has grown recently. In this study, several film-forming solutions for the transdermal delivery of vitamin D3 were prepared. They contained 6000 IU/mL of vitamin D3 that formed a dry and acceptable film in less than 5 min after application. The formulations consisted of ethanol and acetone 80:20, and one or more of the following ingredients: Eudragit L100-55, PVP, PG, limonene, oleic acid, camphor, and menthol. Vitamin D3 release was studied from both the film-forming solution and pre-dried films using a Franz diffusion cell. The film-forming solution released a significant amount of vitamin D3 compared to the dry film, which is attributed mostly to the saturation driving force due to the evaporation of volatile solvents. In vitro permeation studies through artificial skin Strat M® membrane revealed that the cumulative amount of vitamin D3 permeated after 24 h under the experimental conditions was around 800 IU across 3.14 cm2. The cumulative permeation curve showed faster permeation in earlier stages. Young's modulus, viscosity, and pH of the formulations were determined. Most of the formulations were stable for 3 weeks.
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Suzuki T, Sato K, Seki T, Seki T. Study of Polymer Nanofilms Using for High-Throughput Screening in the Development of Transdermal Therapeutic System. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2022; 70:868-875. [PMID: 36450585 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c22-00457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
We investigated polymer nanofilm (PNF) for use in high-throughput screening (HTS) to promote the development of transdermal therapeutic systems (TTS). The drug permeability of PNF with a 1 : 1 weight mix ratio of poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) and poly(methylhydrosiloxane) (PMHS) (PLLA/PMHS (1/1) PNF) and Strat-M® of the transdermal diffusion test membrane, was evaluated using 12 kinds of drugs with the logarithmic value of n-octanol/water partition coefficients of -4.70 to 3.86. The lag time of PLLA/PMHS (1/1) PNF made via polymer alloying was significantly shorter than that of Strat-M® for 10 drug types, and the formation of a highly diffusible PMHS-rich phase accompanying the formation of a sea-island structure was suggested as a contributing factor. Additionally, a high correlation was confirmed between the measured value for the logarithm of the apparent permeability coefficient of PLLA/PMHS (1/1) PNF and the literature values for the logarithm of the apparent permeability coefficient of human skin (r = 0.929). This study shows that PLLA/PMHS (1/1) PNF can reliably predict drug permeability in human skin and can potentially be used in HTS for developing TTS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kanae Sato
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
| | - Tomohiro Seki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
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6
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Sugibayashi K. Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems: From the Dawn and Early Stage to the Development and Maturity Stage, and the Future. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2022; 142:1227-1253. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.22-00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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7
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A Mathematical Approach Using Strat-M ® to Predict the Percutaneous Absorption of Chemicals under Finite Dose Conditions. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14071370. [PMID: 35890266 PMCID: PMC9318111 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14071370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Estimation of the percutaneous absorption is essential for the safety assessment of cosmetic and dermopharmaceutical products. Currently, an artificial membrane, Strat-M®, has been focused on as the tool which could obtain the permeation parameters close to the skin-derived values. Nevertheless, few practical methodologies using the permeation parameters for assessing percutaneous absorption under in-use conditions are available. In the present study, based on Fick's first law of diffusion, a novel mathematical model incorporating the permeation parameters as well as considering the water evaporation (Teva) was constructed. Then, to evaluate the applicability domain of our model in the case where Strat-M®-derived parameters were used, the permeation parameters were compared between the skin from edible porcine and Strat-M®. Regarding chemicals (-0.2 ≤ Log Kow ≤ 2.0), their permeation profiles were equivalent between Strat-M® and porcine skin. Therefore, for these chemicals, the percutaneous absorption was calculated using our model with the permeation parameters obtained using Strat-M® and the Teva determined by measuring the solution weight. The calculated values revealed a good correlation to the values obtained using porcine skin in finite dose experiments, suggesting that our mathematical approach with Strat-M® would be useful for the future safety assessment of cosmetic and dermopharmaceutical products.
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8
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Usefulness of Artificial Membrane, Strat-M ®, in the Assessment of Drug Permeation from Complex Vehicles in Finite Dose Conditions. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12020173. [PMID: 32092954 PMCID: PMC7076464 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12020173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The ban on the use of animals in testing cosmetic products has led to the development of animal-free in vitro methods. Strat-M® is an artificial membrane engineered to mimic human skin and is recommended as a replacement for skin. However, its usefulness in the assessment of the permeation of cosmetics in in-use conditions remains unverified. No data have been published on its comparative performance with the membrane of choice, porcine skin. The comparative permeability characteristics of Strat-M® and porcine skin were investigated using Franz diffusion cells. Caffeine (CF) and rhododendrol (RD) in complex vehicles with varying concentrations of polyols were applied as finite and infinite doses. Good rank orders of permeation from finite dose experiments were observed for RD. High correlations were observed in RD permeation between Strat-M® and porcine skin under finite and infinite dose conditions, whereas only finite dose conditions for CF were associated with good correlations. Permeation from formulations with high polyol content and residual formulations was enhanced due to the disruption of the integrity of the Strat-M® barrier. The usefulness of Strat-M® in the assessment of dermal permeation may be limited to finite dose conditions and not applicable to infinite dose conditions or formulations applied in layers.
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9
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Neupane R, Boddu SH, Renukuntla J, Babu RJ, Tiwari AK. Alternatives to Biological Skin in Permeation Studies: Current Trends and Possibilities. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E152. [PMID: 32070011 PMCID: PMC7076422 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12020152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
: The transdermal route of drugs has received increased attention in recent years due to numerous advantages over the oral and injectable routes, such as avoidance of the hepatic metabolism, protection of drugs from the gastrointestinal tract, sustained drug delivery, and good patient compliance. The assessment of ex vivo permeation during the pharmaceutical development process helps in understanding the product quality and performance of a transdermal delivery system. Generally, excised human skin relevant to the application site or animal skin is recommended for ex vivo permeation studies. However, the limited availability of the human skin and ethical issues surrounding the use of animal skin rendered these models less attractive in the permeation study. In the last three decades, enormous efforts have been put into developing artificial membranes and 3D cultured human skin models as surrogates to the human skin. This manuscript provides an insight on the European Medicines Agency (EMA) guidelines for permeation studies and the parameters affected when using Franz diffusion cells in the permeation study. The need and possibilities for skin alternatives, such as artificially cultured human skin models, parallel artificial membrane permeability assays (PAMPA), and artificial membranes for penetration and permeation studies, are comprehensively discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabin Neupane
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (R.N.); (A.K.T.)
| | - Sai H.S. Boddu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman 346, UAE;
| | - Jwala Renukuntla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, High Point University, High Point, NC 27240, USA
| | - R. Jayachandra Babu
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA;
| | - Amit K. Tiwari
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (R.N.); (A.K.T.)
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10
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Jameel BM, Huynh A, Chadha A, Pandey S, Duncan J, Chandler M, Baki G. Computer-based formulation design and optimization using Hansen solubility parameters to enhance the delivery of ibuprofen through the skin. Int J Pharm 2019; 569:118549. [PMID: 31394188 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Trial-and-error approach to formulation development is long and costly. With growing time and cost pressures in the pharmaceutical industry, the need for computer-based formulation design is greater than ever. In this project, emulgels were designed and optimized using Formulating for Efficacy™ (FFE) for the topical delivery of ibuprofen. FFE helped select penetration enhancers, design and optimize emulgels and simulate skin penetration studies. pH, viscosity, spreadability, droplet size and stability of emulgels were evaluated. Franz cell studies were performed to test in vitro drug release on regenerated cellulose membrane, drug permeation in vitro on Strat-M® membrane and ex vivo on porcine ear skin, a marketed ibuprofen gel served as control. Emulgels had skin compatible pH, viscosity and spreadability comparable to a marketed emulgel, were opaque and stable at 25 °C for 6 months. Oleyl alcohol (OA), combined with either dimethyl isosorbide (DMI) or diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (DGME) provided the highest permeation in 24 h in vitro, which was significantly higher than the marketed product (p < 0.01). OA + DGME significantly outperformed OA ex vivo (p < 0.05). The computer predictions, in vitro and ex vivo penetration results correlated well. FFE was a fast, valuable and reliable tool for aiding in topical product design for ibuprofen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bshaer M Jameel
- The University of Toledo, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy Practice, 3000 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH 43614, United States.
| | - An Huynh
- The University of Toledo, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy Practice, 3000 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH 43614, United States.
| | - Aastha Chadha
- The University of Toledo, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy Practice, 3000 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH 43614, United States
| | - Sujata Pandey
- The University of Toledo, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy Practice, 3000 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH 43614, United States.
| | - Jacalyn Duncan
- The University of Toledo, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy Practice, 3000 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH 43614, United States.
| | - Mark Chandler
- ACT Solutions Corp, 550 S. College Ave., Suite 110, Newark, DE 19713, United States.
| | - Gabriella Baki
- The University of Toledo, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy Practice, 3000 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH 43614, United States.
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11
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Riebeling C, Luch A, Tralau T. Skin toxicology and 3Rs-Current challenges for public health protection. Exp Dermatol 2019; 27:526-536. [PMID: 29575089 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Driven by the fast paced development of complex test systems in vitro, mass spectrometry and omics, we finally have the tools to unravel the molecular events that underlie toxicological adversity. Yet, timely regulatory adaptation of these new tools continues to pose major challenges even for organs readily accessible such as skin. The reasons for this encompass a need for conservatism as well as the need of tests to serve an existing regulatory framework rather than to produce scientific knowledge. It is important to be aware of this in order to align regulatory skin toxicity with the 3R principles more readily. While most chemical safety testing is still based on animal data, regulatory frameworks have seen a strong push towards non-animal approaches. The endpoints corrosion, irritation, sensitisation, absorption and phototoxicity, for example, can now be covered in vitro with the corresponding test guidelines (TGs) being made available by the OECD. However, in vitro approaches tend to be more reductionist. Hence, a combination of several tests is usually preferable to achieve satisfying predictivity. Moreover, the test systems and their combined use need to be standardised and are therefore subject not only to validation but also to the ongoing development of so-called integrated approaches to testing and assessment (IATAs). Concomitantly, skin models are being refined to deliver the complexity required for increased applicability and predictivity. Given the importance of regulatory applicability for 3R-derived approaches to have a long-lasting impact, this review examines the state of regulatory implementation and perspectives, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Riebeling
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Tewes Tralau
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
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12
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Todo H, Tamura M, Uchida T, Kurumada M, Motoki A, Sano T, Onuki Y, Takayama K, Sugibayashi K. Prediction of Skin Permeation of Flurbiprofen from Neat Ester Oils and Their O/W Emulsions. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2018; 66:959-966. [PMID: 30270242 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c18-00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Although many in silico models were reported to predict the skin permeation of drugs from aqueous solutions, few studies were founded on the in silico estimation models for the skin permeation of drugs from neat oil formulations and o/w emulsions. In the present study, the cumulative amount of a model lipophilic drug, flurbiprofen (FP), that permeated through skin was determined from 12 different kinds of ester oils (Qoil) and an in silico model was developed for predicting the skin permeation of FP from these ester oils. Thus, the obtained Qoil values were well predicted with the FP solubility in the oils (Soil), the amount of FP uptake into the stratum corneum (SCoil) and molecular descriptors of dipolarity/polarizability (π2H) and molecular density. This model suggests that the thermodynamic activities of FP both in the formulations and skin are the key factors for predicting the skin permeation of FP from the ester oils. In addition, a high linear relationship was observed in the double-logarithm plots between the Qoil and the cumulative amount of FP permeated through skin from 20% ester oil in water emulsion (Qemul20%). Furthermore, the skin permeations of FP from 5 and 10% ester oil in water emulsions, Qemul5% and Qemul10%, respectively, were also predicted by the horizontal translation of the y-axis intercept of the liner equation for the relation between the Qoil and Qemul20%. These prediction methods must be helpful for designing topical oily and/or o/w emulsion formulations having suitable and high skin permeation rate of lipophilic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Todo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University.,Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
| | - Mai Tamura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
| | | | - Miyuki Kurumada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
| | - Anzu Motoki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
| | - Tomohiko Sano
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Teikyo University of Science
| | - Yoshinori Onuki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Toyama
| | - Kozo Takayama
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
| | - Kenji Sugibayashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University.,Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
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