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Němec V, Remeš M, Beňovský P, Böck MC, Šranková E, Wong JF, Cros J, Williams E, Tse LH, Smil D, Ensan D, Isaac MB, Al-Awar R, Gomolková R, Ursachi VC, Fafílek B, Kahounová Z, Víchová R, Vacek O, Berger BT, Wells CI, Corona CR, Vasta JD, Robers MB, Krejci P, Souček K, Bullock AN, Knapp S, Paruch K. Discovery of Two Highly Selective Structurally Orthogonal Chemical Probes for Activin Receptor-like Kinases 1 and 2. J Med Chem 2024; 67:12632-12659. [PMID: 39023313 PMCID: PMC11320582 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Activin receptor-like kinases 1-7 (ALK1-7) regulate a complex network of SMAD-independent as well as SMAD-dependent signaling pathways. One of the widely used inhibitors for functional investigations of these processes, in particular for bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling, is LDN-193189. However, LDN-193189 has insufficient kinome-wide selectivity complicating its use in cellular target validation assays. Herein, we report the identification and comprehensive characterization of two chemically distinct highly selective inhibitors of ALK1 and ALK2, M4K2234 and MU1700, along with their negative controls. We show that both MU1700 and M4K2234 efficiently block the BMP pathway via selective in cellulo inhibition of ALK1/2 kinases and exhibit favorable in vivo profiles in mice. MU1700 is highly brain penetrant and shows remarkably high accumulation in the brain. These high-quality orthogonal chemical probes offer the selectivity required to become widely used tools for in vitro and in vivo investigation of BMP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Václav Němec
- Institute
for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Structural Genomics Consortium, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, Frankfurt am Main, 60438, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Remeš
- Department
of Chemistry, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Beňovský
- Department
of Chemistry, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Michael C. Böck
- Department
of Chemistry, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Eliška Šranková
- Department
of Chemistry, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jong Fu Wong
- Centre
for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, U.K.
| | - Julien Cros
- Centre
for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, U.K.
| | - Eleanor Williams
- Centre
for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, U.K.
| | - Lap Hang Tse
- Centre
for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, U.K.
| | - David Smil
- Drug
Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for
Cancer Research, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Deeba Ensan
- Drug
Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for
Cancer Research, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Methvin B. Isaac
- Drug
Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for
Cancer Research, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Rima Al-Awar
- Drug
Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for
Cancer Research, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University
of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Regina Gomolková
- Department
of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk
University, 625 00 Brno, Czech
Republic
- Institute
of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vlad-Constantin Ursachi
- Department
of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk
University, 625 00 Brno, Czech
Republic
- International
Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s
University Hospital, 602
00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Bohumil Fafílek
- Department
of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk
University, 625 00 Brno, Czech
Republic
- Institute
of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- International
Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s
University Hospital, 602
00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Kahounová
- Institute
of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 612 00 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Ráchel Víchová
- Institute
of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 612 00 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Vacek
- International
Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s
University Hospital, 602
00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute
of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 612 00 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Benedict-Tilman Berger
- Institute
for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Structural Genomics Consortium, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, Frankfurt am Main, 60438, Germany
| | - Carrow I. Wells
- Structural
Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | | | - James D. Vasta
- Promega Corporation, Madison, Wisconsin 53716, United States
| | | | - Pavel Krejci
- Department
of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk
University, 625 00 Brno, Czech
Republic
- Institute
of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- International
Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s
University Hospital, 602
00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Souček
- International
Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s
University Hospital, 602
00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute
of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 612 00 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Alex N. Bullock
- Centre
for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, U.K.
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Institute
for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Structural Genomics Consortium, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, Frankfurt am Main, 60438, Germany
| | - Kamil Paruch
- Department
of Chemistry, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
- Institute
of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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2
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Davis AJ, Brooijmans N, Brubaker JD, Stevison F, LaBranche TP, Albayya F, Fleming P, Hodous BL, Kim JL, Kim S, Lobbardi R, Palmer M, Sheets MP, Vassiliadis J, Wang R, Williams BD, Wilson D, Xu L, Zhu XJ, Bouchard K, Hunter JW, Graul C, Greenblatt E, Hussein A, Lyon M, Russo J, Stewart R, Dorsch M, Guzi TJ, Kadambi V, Lengauer C, Garner AP. An ALK2 inhibitor, BLU-782, prevents heterotopic ossification in a mouse model of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. Sci Transl Med 2024; 16:eabp8334. [PMID: 38809966 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abp8334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a rare genetic disease driven by gain-of-function variants in activin receptor-like kinase 2 (ALK2), the most common variant being ALK2R206H. In FOP, ALK2 variants display increased and dysregulated signaling through the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway resulting in progressive and permanent replacement of skeletal muscle and connective tissues with heterotopic bone, ultimately leading to severe debilitation and premature death. Here, we describe the discovery of BLU-782 (IPN60130), a small-molecule ALK2R206H inhibitor developed for the treatment of FOP. A small-molecule library was screened in a biochemical ALK2 binding assay to identify potent ALK2 binding compounds. Iterative rounds of structure-guided drug design were used to optimize compounds for ALK2R206H binding, ALK2 selectivity, and other desirable pharmacokinetic properties. BLU-782 preferentially bound to ALK2R206H with high affinity, inhibiting signaling from ALK2R206H and other rare FOP variants in cells in vitro without affecting signaling of closely related homologs ALK1, ALK3, and ALK6. In vivo efficacy of BLU-782 was demonstrated using a conditional knock-in ALK2R206H mouse model, where prophylactic oral dosing reduced edema and prevented cartilage and heterotopic ossification (HO) in both muscle and bone injury models. BLU-782 treatment preserved the normal muscle-healing response in ALK2R206H mice. Delayed dosing revealed a short 2-day window after injury when BLU-782 treatment prevented HO in ALK2R206H mice, but dosing delays of 4 days or longer abrogated HO prevention. Together, these data suggest that BLU-782 may be a candidate for prevention of HO in FOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison J Davis
- Blueprint Medicines Corporation, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | | | - Faith Stevison
- Blueprint Medicines Corporation, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Faris Albayya
- Blueprint Medicines Corporation, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Paul Fleming
- Blueprint Medicines Corporation, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Brian L Hodous
- Blueprint Medicines Corporation, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Joseph L Kim
- Blueprint Medicines Corporation, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sean Kim
- Blueprint Medicines Corporation, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Riadh Lobbardi
- Blueprint Medicines Corporation, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Michael Palmer
- Blueprint Medicines Corporation, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | | | - Ruduan Wang
- Blueprint Medicines Corporation, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Douglas Wilson
- Blueprint Medicines Corporation, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Lan Xu
- Blueprint Medicines Corporation, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Xing Julia Zhu
- Blueprint Medicines Corporation, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marion Dorsch
- Blueprint Medicines Corporation, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Timothy J Guzi
- Blueprint Medicines Corporation, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Vivek Kadambi
- Blueprint Medicines Corporation, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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3
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Li L, Lu M, He X, Zou C, Zheng C, Wang Y, Tang F, Luo Y, Zhou Y, Min L, Tu C. Pay Attention to the Osteochondromas in Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva. Orthop Surg 2024; 16:781-787. [PMID: 38185793 PMCID: PMC10925518 DOI: 10.1111/os.13956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is an extremely rare disease characterized by malformation of the bilateral great toes and progressive heterotopic ossification. The clinical features of FOP occur due to dysfunction of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway induced by the mutant activin A type I receptor/activin-like kinase-2 (ACVR1/ALK2) which contributes to the clinical features in FOP. Dysregulation of the BMP signaling pathway causes the development of osteochondroma. Poor awareness of the association between FOP and osteochondromas always results in misdiagnosis and unnecessary invasive operation. CASE PRESENTATION In this study, we present a case of classical FOP involving osteochondroma. An 18-year-old male adolescent, born with deformity of bilateral big toes, complained multiple masses on his back for 1 year. The mass initially emerged with a tough texture and did not cause pain. It was misdiagnosed as an osteochondroma. After two surgeries, the masses became hard and spread around the entire back region. Meanwhile, extensive heterotopic ossification was observed around the back, neck, hip, knee, ribs, and mandible during follow-up. Osteochondromas were observed around the bilateral knees. No abnormalities were observed in the laboratory blood test results. Whole exome sequencing revealed missense mutation of ACVR1/ALK2 (c.617G > A; p.R206H) in the patient and confirmed the diagnosis of FOP. CONCLUSION In summary, classical FOP always behaves as a bilateral deformity of the big toes, as well as progressive ectopic ossification and osteochondromas in the distal femur and proximal tibia. An understanding of the association between osteochondromas and FOP aids in diagnosis and avoids unnecessary invasive management in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longqing Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedics Research Institute, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Minxun Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedics Research Institute, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xuanhong He
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedics Research Institute, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Chang Zou
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedics Research Institute, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Chuanxi Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedics Research Institute, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yitian Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedics Research Institute, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Fan Tang
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedics Research Institute, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yi Luo
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedics Research Institute, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yong Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedics Research Institute, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Li Min
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedics Research Institute, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Chongqi Tu
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedics Research Institute, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
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4
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Nagar G, Mittal P, Gupta SRR, Pahuja M, Sanger M, Mishra R, Singh A, Singh IK. Multi-omics therapeutic perspective on ACVR1 gene: from genetic alterations to potential targeting. Brief Funct Genomics 2022; 22:123-142. [PMID: 36003055 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elac026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Activin A receptor type I (ACVR1), a transmembrane serine/threonine kinase, belongs to the transforming growth factor-β superfamily, which signals via phosphorylating the downstream effectors and SMAD transcription factors. Its central role in several biological processes and intracellular signaling is well known. Genetic variation in ACVR1 has been associated with a rare disease, fibrodysplasia ossificans progressive, and its somatic alteration is reported in rare cancer diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma. Furthermore, altered expression or variation of ACVR1 is associated with multiple pathologies such as polycystic ovary syndrome, congenital heart defects, diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis, posterior fossa ependymoma and other malignancies. Recent advancements have witnessed ACVR1 as a potential pharmacological target, and divergent promising approaches for its therapeutic targeting have been explored. This review highlights the structural and functional characteristics of receptor ACVR1, associated signaling pathways, genetic variants in several diseases and cancers, protein-protein interaction, gene expression, regulatory miRNA prediction and potential therapeutic targeting approaches. The comprehensive knowledge will offer new horizons and insights into future strategies harnessing its therapeutic potential.
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5
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Li W, Feng Q, Wang C, Yin Z, Li X, Li L. LncXIST Facilitates Iron Overload and Iron Overload-Induced Islet Beta Cell Injury in Type 2 Diabetes through miR-130a-3p/ALK2 Axis. COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 2022:6390812. [PMID: 35720932 PMCID: PMC9203195 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6390812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Iron overload is directly associated with diabetes mellitus, loss of islet beta cell, and insulin resistance. Likewise, long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) is associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Moreover, lncRNAs could be induced by iron overload. Therefore, we are going to explore the molecular mechanism of lncRNA XIST in iron overload-related T2D. Real-time quantitative PCR and Western blot were used to detect gene and protein levels, respectively. TUNEL and MTT assay were performed to examine cell survival. The glucose test strip, colorimetric analysis kit, ferritin ELISA kit, and insulin ELISA kit were performed to examine the levels of glycolic, iron, and total iron-binding capacity, ferritin, and insulin in serum. Fluorospectrophotometry assay was used to examine labile iron pool level. XIST was higher expressed in T2D and iron overload-related T2D rat tissues and cells, and iron overload-induced promoted XIST expression in T2D. Higher XIST expression was associated with iron overload in patients with T2D. Knockdown of XIST alleviated iron overload and iron overload-induced INS-1 cells injury. Further, we found that XIST can sponge miR-130a-3p to trigger receptor-like kinase 2 (ALK2) expression. Moreover, knockdown of ALK2 alleviated iron overload and iron overload-induced INS-1 cells injury by inhibiting bone morphogenetic protein 6 (BMP6)/ALK2/SMAD1/5/8 axis but reversed with XIST upregulation, which was terminally boosted by overexpression of miR-130a-3p. XIST has the capacity to promote iron overload and iron overload-related T2D initiation and development through inhibition of ALK2 expression by sponging miR-130a-3p, and that targeting this axis may be an effective strategy for treating patients with T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyuan Li
- Department of Geriatrics, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Qiu Feng
- Department of Geriatrics, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Chenrong Wang
- Medical Laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhao Yin
- Department of Geriatrics, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiaolu Li
- Department of Geriatrics, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Endocrine, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Serafim RAM, Elkins JM, Zuercher WJ, Laufer SA, Gehringer M. Chemical Probes for Understudied Kinases: Challenges and Opportunities. J Med Chem 2021; 65:1132-1170. [PMID: 34477374 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Over 20 years after the approval of the first-in-class protein kinase inhibitor imatinib, the biological function of a significant fraction of the human kinome remains poorly understood while most research continues to be focused on few well-validated targets. Given the strong genetic evidence for involvement of many kinases in health and disease, the understudied fraction of the kinome holds a large and unexplored potential for future therapies. Specific chemical probes are indispensable tools to interrogate biology enabling proper preclinical validation of novel kinase targets. In this Perspective, we highlight recent case studies illustrating the development of high-quality chemical probes for less-studied kinases and their application in target validation. We spotlight emerging techniques and approaches employed in the generation of chemical probes for protein kinases and beyond and discuss the associated challenges and opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A M Serafim
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jonathan M Elkins
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - William J Zuercher
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Stefan A Laufer
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided & Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Tübingen Center for Academic Drug Discovery, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Gehringer
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided & Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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7
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Rooney L, Jones C. Recent Advances in ALK2 Inhibitors. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:20729-20734. [PMID: 34423181 PMCID: PMC8374899 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c02983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Activin receptor-like kinase-2 (ALK2) is a type I bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptor which has a role in biological processes that control the development of bone, heart, brain, and other tissue. Gain of function mutations in ALK2 have been identified in fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) and the childhood brain tumor, diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG), which has given focus to the development of ALK2 inhibitors as targeted treatments. This review covers the structural features of ALK2 inhibitors which contribute to their ALK2 potency and selectivity, and the pharmacokinetic or in vivo efficacy data available to demonstrate their suitability for treating a peripheral or CNS disease.
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8
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De Brasi D, Orlando F, Gaeta V, De Liso M, Acquaviva F, Martemucci L, Mastrominico A, Di Rocco M. Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva: A Challenging Diagnosis. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1187. [PMID: 34440363 PMCID: PMC8391109 DOI: 10.3390/genes12081187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is an ultrarare genetic condition characterized by extraskeletal bone formation. Most of the musculoskeletal characteristics of FOP are related to dysregulated chondrogenesis, with heterotopic ossification being the most typical feature. Activating mutations of activin receptor A type I (ACVR1), a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type I receptor, are responsible for the skeletal and nonskeletal features. The clinical phenotype is always consistent, with congenital bilateral hallux valgus malformation and early-onset heterotopic ossification occurring spontaneously or, more frequently, precipitated by trauma. Painful, recurrent soft-tissue swellings (flare-ups) precede localized heterotopic ossification that can occur at any location, typically affecting regions near the axial skeleton and later progressing to the appendicular bones. A diagnosis of FOP is suspected in a proband presenting with hallux valgus malformation, heterotopic ossification, and confirmed by the identification of a heterozygous pathogenic variant in the ACVR1/ALK2 gene. Avoiding unnecessary surgical procedures, prescribing prophylactic corticosteroids, preventing falls, and using protective headgear represent essential interventions for care management. Different classes of medications to contain acute inflammation flare-ups have been proposed, with high dose corticosteroids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs usually utilized. Here, we report on two FOP patients, with typical clinical features summarizing the principal aspects of FOP, and we aim to provide comprehensive information outlining some unusual findings, possibly contributing to FOP's definition and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele De Brasi
- Department of Pediatrics, AORN Santobono-Pausilipon, 80122 Naples, Italy; (F.O.); (V.G.); (F.A.); (L.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Francesca Orlando
- Department of Pediatrics, AORN Santobono-Pausilipon, 80122 Naples, Italy; (F.O.); (V.G.); (F.A.); (L.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Valeria Gaeta
- Department of Pediatrics, AORN Santobono-Pausilipon, 80122 Naples, Italy; (F.O.); (V.G.); (F.A.); (L.M.); (A.M.)
- Department of Translational Medicine, “Federico II” University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria De Liso
- Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, AORN Santobono-Pausilipon, 80122 Naples, Italy;
| | - Fabio Acquaviva
- Department of Pediatrics, AORN Santobono-Pausilipon, 80122 Naples, Italy; (F.O.); (V.G.); (F.A.); (L.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Luigi Martemucci
- Department of Pediatrics, AORN Santobono-Pausilipon, 80122 Naples, Italy; (F.O.); (V.G.); (F.A.); (L.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Augusto Mastrominico
- Department of Pediatrics, AORN Santobono-Pausilipon, 80122 Naples, Italy; (F.O.); (V.G.); (F.A.); (L.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Maja Di Rocco
- Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Istituto “Giannina Gaslini”, 16147 Genoa, Italy;
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9
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Zhang L, Yao J, Yao Y, Boström KI. Contributions of the Endothelium to Vascular Calcification. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:620882. [PMID: 34079793 PMCID: PMC8165270 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.620882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) increases morbidity and mortality and constitutes a significant obstacle during percutaneous interventions and surgeries. On a cellular and molecular level, VC is a highly regulated process that involves abnormal cell transitions and osteogenic differentiation, re-purposing of signaling pathways normally used in bone, and even formation of osteoclast-like cells. Endothelial cells have been shown to contribute to VC through a variety of means. This includes direct contributions of osteoprogenitor cells generated through endothelial-mesenchymal transitions in activated endothelium, with subsequent migration into the vessel wall. The endothelium also secretes pro-osteogenic growth factors, such as bone morphogenetic proteins, inflammatory mediators and cytokines in conditions like hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and renal failure. High phosphate levels caused by renal disease have deleterious effects on the endothelium, and induction of tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase adds to the calcific process. Furthermore, endothelial activation promotes proteolytic destruction of the internal elastic lamina that serves, among other things, as a stabilizer of the endothelium. Appropriate bone mineralization is highly dependent on active angiogenesis, but it is unclear whether the same relationship exists in VC. Through its location facing the vascular lumen, the endothelium is the first to encounter circulating factor and bone marrow-derived cells that might contribute to osteoclast-like versus osteoblast-like cells in the vascular wall. In the same way, the endothelium may be the easiest target to reach with treatments aimed at limiting calcification. This review provides a brief summary of the contributions of the endothelium to VC as we currently know them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jiayi Yao
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yucheng Yao
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- UCLA Molecular Biology Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Kristina I. Boström
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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10
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Yamamoto H, Sakai N, Ohte S, Sato T, Sekimata K, Matsumoto T, Nakamura K, Watanabe H, Mishima-Tsumagari C, Tanaka A, Hashizume Y, Honma T, Katagiri T, Miyazono K, Tomoda H, Shirouzu M, Koyama H. Novel bicyclic pyrazoles as potent ALK2 (R206H) inhibitors for the treatment of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 38:127858. [PMID: 33609658 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.127858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mutant activin receptor-like kinase-2 (ALK2) is associated with the pathogenesis of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva, making it an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. We synthesized a new series of bicyclic pyrazoles and evaluated their mutant ALK2 enzyme inhibitory activities, leading to the identification of 8 as the most potent inhibitor. This compound showed moderate microsomal metabolic stability and human ether-a-go-go related gene (hERG) safety. In C2C12 cells carrying mutant ALK2 (R206H), 8 efficiently inhibited the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-induced alkaline phosphatase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Yamamoto
- Drug Discovery Chemistry Platform Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Naoki Sakai
- Drug Discovery Structural Biology Platform Unit, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ohte
- Department of Microbial Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Sato
- Drug Discovery Computational Chemistry Platform Unit, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Sekimata
- Drug Discovery Chemistry Platform Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Takehisa Matsumoto
- Drug Discovery Structural Biology Platform Unit, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kana Nakamura
- Drug Discovery Structural Biology Platform Unit, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hisami Watanabe
- Drug Discovery Structural Biology Platform Unit, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Chiemi Mishima-Tsumagari
- Drug Discovery Structural Biology Platform Unit, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Akiko Tanaka
- Drug Discovery Structural Biology Platform Unit, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Hashizume
- RIKEN Program for Drug Discovery and Medical Technology Platforms, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Teruki Honma
- Drug Discovery Computational Chemistry Platform Unit, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Takenobu Katagiri
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 1397-1 Yamane, Hidaka-shi, Saitama 350-1241, Japan
| | - Kohei Miyazono
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tomoda
- Department of Microbial Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Mikako Shirouzu
- Drug Discovery Structural Biology Platform Unit, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hiroo Koyama
- Drug Discovery Chemistry Platform Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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11
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Zhang Q, Zhou D, Wang H, Tan J. Heterotopic ossification of tendon and ligament. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:5428-5437. [PMID: 32293797 PMCID: PMC7214162 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Much of the similarities of the tissue characteristics, pathologies and mechanisms of heterotopic ossification (HO) formation are shared between HO of tendon and ligament (HOTL). Unmet need and no effective treatment has been developed for HOTL, primarily attributable to poor understanding of cellular and molecular mechanisms. HOTL forms via endochondral ossification, a common process of most kinds of HO. HOTL is a dynamic pathologic process that includes trauma/injury, inflammation, mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) recruitment, chondrogenic differentiation and, finally, ossification. A variety of signal pathways involve HOTL with multiple roles in different stages of HO formation, and here in this review, we summarize the progress and provide an up‐to‐date understanding of HOTL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Orthopedics, Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital, Changzhou, China.,Division of Geriatric Medicine & Gerontology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Dong Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital, Changzhou, China
| | - Haitao Wang
- Division of Geriatric Medicine & Gerontology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jun Tan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Orthopedics, Pinghu Second People's Hospital, Pinghu, China
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