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Soto-López AF, Meneses JP, Sáez-Vega J, Camargo M. Evaluación de citotoxicidad de nuevos análogos de estirilquinolinas en células leucemoides Jurkat. ACTUALIDADES BIOLÓGICAS 2017. [DOI: 10.17533/udea.acbi.14292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Algunas de las drogas más usadas y efectivas en los tratamientos antileucémicos poseen como estructura química principal anillos de quinolina y grupos estireno, lo que podría sugerir que compuestos análogos a estos servirían como posibles nuevos agentes antiproliferativos. Recientemente, uno de nuestros laboratorios sintetizó 6 nuevos análogos de estirilquinolina, candidatas para efectos antiproliferativos y/o anticancerígenos. Así, mediante el ensayo colorimétrico (MTT) se evaluó la citotoxicidad de los seis compuestos en la línea celular Jurkat de origen leucemoide. Los resultados muestran ausencia de efecto citotóxico en las concentraciones y tiempos evaluados. Además, cuando los tratamientos fueron aplicados en presencia de la fracción microsomal S9, no se alteró la viabilidad en este modelo celular leucemoide in vitro. Queda abierta la posibilidad de evaluar estas estirilquinolinas en otras líneas celulares y/o que representen otro modelo de enfermedades, con miras a tamizar efectos biomédicos promisorios.
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Duran LTD, Rincón NO, Galvis CEP, Kouznetsov VV, Lorenzo JLF. Genotoxicity risk assessment of diversely substituted quinolines using the SOS chromotest. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2015; 30:278-292. [PMID: 24106140 DOI: 10.1002/tox.21905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Quinolines are aromatic nitrogen compounds with wide therapeutic potential to treat parasitic and microbial diseases. In this study, the genotoxicity of quinoline, 4-methylquinoline, 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4-NQO), and diversely functionalized quinoline derivatives and the influence of the substituents (functional groups and/or atoms) on their genotoxicity were tested using the SOS chromotest. Quinoline derivatives that induce genotoxicity by the formation of an enamine epoxide structure did not induce the SOS response in Escherichia coli PQ37 cells, with the exception of 4-methylquinoline that was weakly genotoxic. The chemical nature of the substitution (C-5 to C-8: hydroxyl, nitro, methyl, isopropyl, chlorine, fluorine, and iodine atoms; C-2: phenyl and 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl rings) of quinoline skeleton did not significantly modify compound genotoxicities; however, C-2 substitution with α-, β-, or γ-pyridinyl groups removed 4-methylquinoline genotoxicity. On the other hand, 4-NQO derivatives whose genotoxic mechanism involves reduction of the C-4 nitro group were strong inducers of the SOS response. Methyl and nitrophenyl substituents at C-2 of 4-NQO core affected the genotoxic potency of this molecule. The relevance of these results is discussed in relation to the potential use of the substituted quinolines. The work showed the sensitivity of SOS chromotest for studying structure-genotoxicity relationships and bioassay-guided quinoline synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leidy Tatiana Díaz Duran
- Laboratorio de Microbiología y Mutagénesis Ambiental, Escuela de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
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Kim KM, Suh JW, Yang SH, Kim BR, Park TS, Shim SM. Smilax China root extract detoxifies nicotine by reducing reactive oxygen species and inducing CYP2A6. J Food Sci 2014; 79:H2132-9. [PMID: 25220663 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Resveratrol has a beneficial effect of lowering reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduces cellular oxidative stress. We hypothesized that ethanol extract of Smilax china root (EESC) rich in resveratrol (RES) and oxyresveratrol (OXY) could reduce ROS caused by nicotine and promoting nicotine turnover by induction of CYP2A6. The amount of cotinine converted from nicotine was quantified by the direct barbiturate assay method. Expression of CYP2A6 was unregulated by RES, OXY, or EESC, respectively. Pretreatment of RES (50, 100, and 250 μM), OXY (50, 100, and 250 μM), and RES+OXY (50 and 100 μM) inhibited cytotoxicity and ROS production caused by nicotine in a dose-dependent manner. EESC pretreatment (1.8 mg/mL) increased cell viability by 1.5-fold higher than the control (nicotine only), and lowered cellular ROS levels. A significant amount of the conversion of nicotine to cotinine was observed in EESC pretreatment by CYP2A6 induction in HepG2 cells. These results suggested that hepatic induction of CYP2A6 and ROS reduction by EESC activate nicotine metabolism and reduce cellular oxidative stress. PRACTICAL APPLICATION Nicotine exposure due to smoking is very concerning because it is the major factor for lung diseases and cardiovascular disorders. It is necessary to examine natural ingredients that can detoxify from nicotine to cotinine as well as neutralize free radicals induced from nicotine. Results from the current study suggest potential applications of Smilax china root for detoxification of nicotine in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong-Mu Kim
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology, Sejong Univ, 98 Gunja-dong, Seoul, 143-747, Republic of Korea
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Qandalee M, Alikarami M, Mighani H, Asghari S, Beikjani S, Hatami M. Synthesis of quinoline derivatives from the reaction of aminobenzophenones and acetylenic esters in the presence of SnO2 nanoparticles. INTERNATIONAL NANO LETTERS 2013. [DOI: 10.1186/2228-5326-3-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Pinheiro LM, Ventura MCM, Moita MLC. Application of QSPR-MLR methodology to solvatochromic behavior of quinoline in binary solvent HBD/DMF mixtures. J Mol Liq 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2010.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Hirano Y, Mizutani T. Study of inhibition of CYP2A6 by some drugs derived from quinoline. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 55:1667-72. [PMID: 14738594 DOI: 10.1211/0022357022278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
CYP2A6 metabolizes coumarin to 7-hydroxycoumarin showing fluorescence, as measured by fluorometry. Firstly, we measured the inhibition of coumarin 7-hydroxylase of cDNA-expressed human CYP2A6 and in bovine liver microsomes, by quinoline and fluoroquinolines (FQ). Quinoline, 5-FQ, 6-FQ and 8-FQ inhibited activity but 3-FQ showed little inhibition. This suggests that the position 3 of quinoline is a recognition site for CYP2A6. We found similar patterns of coumarin 7-hydroxylase activity with human pooled liver microsomes. The level of CYP2A6 in human and bovine microsomes is the same as that detected by immunological titration with monoclonal antibody against CYP2A6. Secondly, we studied the inhibition of CYP2A6 with clinically used drugs of quinoline compounds, such as norfloxacin as an antibacterial agent, quinidine as an antiarrhythmic agent, quinine and chloroquine as antimalaria agents and rebamipide as an anti-ulcer agent. IC50 values (concentration producing 50% inhibition in activity) of norfloxacin, rebamipide and chloroquine at mm concentrations showed them to possess almost no inhibitory activity or influence on drug interaction. Meanwhile, the IC50 value of quinidine was 1.12 mm. The IC50 value of quinine was 160 μm with weak inhibition, suggesting that quinine, at a high dose, influences the metabolism of substrates for CYP2A6 by drug–drug interaction. These results also show that CYP2A6 discriminates the structure difference between the diastereoisomers quinidine and quinine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshie Hirano
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Disposition, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
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Park SH, Kim DH, Kim D, Kim DH, Jung HC, Pan JG, Ahn T, Kim D, Yun CH. Engineering Bacterial Cytochrome P450 (P450) BM3 into a Prototype with Human P450 Enzyme Activity Using Indigo Formation. Drug Metab Dispos 2010; 38:732-9. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.109.030759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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Toxicity of xanthene food dyes by inhibition of human drug-metabolizing enzymes in a noncompetitive manner. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2009; 2009:953952. [PMID: 20041016 PMCID: PMC2778353 DOI: 10.1155/2009/953952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2008] [Revised: 04/26/2009] [Accepted: 06/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The
synthetic food dyes studied were rose bengal (RB), phroxine (PL), amaranth,
erythrosine B (ET), allura red, new coccine, acid red (AR), tartrazine, sunset yellow
FCF, brilliant blue FCF, and indigo carmine. First, data confirmed that these dyes
were not substrates for CYP2A6, UGT1A6, and UGT2B7. ET inhibited UGT1A6
(glucuronidation of p-nitrophenol) and UGT2B7 (glucuronidation of androsterone).
We showed the inhibitory effect of xanthene dye on human UGT1A6 activity. Basic
ET, PL, and RB in those food dyes strongly inhibited UGT1A6 activity, with IC50
values = 0.05, 0.04, and 0.015 mM, respectively. Meanwhile, AR of an acidic
xanthene food dye showed no inhibition. Next, we studied the inhibition of CYP3A4
of a major phase I drug-metabolizing enzyme and P-glycoprotein of a major
transporter by synthetic food dyes. Human CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein were also
inhibited by basic xanthene food dyes. The IC50 values of these dyes to inhibit
CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein were the same as the inhibition level of UGT1A6 by
three halogenated xanthene food dyes (ET, PL, and RB) described above, except AR,
like the results with UGT1A6 and UGT2B7. We also confirmed the noninhibition of
CYP3A4 and P-gp by other synthetic food dyes. Part of this inhibition depended upon the
reaction of 1O2 originating on xanthene dyes by light irradiation, because inhibition
was prevented by 1O2 quenchers. We studied the influence of superoxide dismutase
and catalase on this inhibition by dyes and we found prevention of inhibition by
superoxide dismutase but not catalase. This result suggests that superoxide anions,
originating on dyes by light irradiation, must attack drug-metabolizing enzymes. It is
possible that red cosmetics containing phloxine, erythrosine, or rose bengal react with
proteins on skin under lighting and may lead to rough skin.
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Asghari S, Qandalee M, Naderi Z, Sobhaninia Z. One-pot synthesis of 4-arylquinolines from aromatic aminoketones and vinylphosphonium salts. Mol Divers 2009; 14:569-74. [PMID: 19680770 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-009-9188-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2009] [Accepted: 07/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The addition of acetylenic esters to aromatic amines such as 2-amino benzophenone derivatives in the presence of triphenylphosphine leads to highly functionalized phosphoranes, which undergo an intramolecular Wittig reaction following oxidation to produce quinoline derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakineh Asghari
- Department of Chemistry, Mazandaran University, PO Box 453, Babolsar, Iran.
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Woodward GM. The potential effect of excessive coffee consumption on nicotine metabolism: CYP2A6 inhibition by caffeic acid and quercetin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1093/biohorizons/hzn021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Furumiya K, Mizutani T. Inhibition of human CYP3A4, UGT1A6, and P-glycoprotein with halogenated xanthene food dyes and prevention by superoxide dismutase. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2008; 71:1307-1313. [PMID: 18686201 DOI: 10.1080/15287390802240751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic food dyes are xenobiotics, and, after ingestion, portions of these dyes may be absorbed and metabolized by phase I and II drug-metabolizing enzymes, and excreted by transporters of phase III enzymes. In the previous report, it was shown that inhibition of UDP-glucuronosyltrasnferase 1A6 occurred following ingestion of phloxine, erythrosine, and rose bengal present in 12 permitted synthetic food dyes. In this report, the influence of dyes was examined on CYP3A4, a major phase I drug-metabolizing enzyme, and P-glycoprotein, a major transporter by synthetic food dyes. Human cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 3A4 and P-glycoprotein were inhibited by xanthene food dyes. The IC(50) values of these dyes to inhibit CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein were the same as the level of inhibition of UGT1A6 produced by three haloganated xanthene food dyes in the previous report, except acid red, which inhibited only CYP3A4. Data suggest that inhibition by dyes is not enzyme specific but may be in a membrane-specific or protein-specific manner, such as conformational changes in protein. In the previous study, it was suggested that inhibition by dyes depended upon light irradiation due to generation of (1)O2 from these dyes. In this study, the influence of superoxide dismutase and catalase on inhibition by dyes was examined. Superoxide dismutase but not catalase was effective in preventing the inhibition of UGT1A6 by the dyes. Data suggest that superoxide anions, originating from dyes via light irradiation, may attack drug-metabolizing enzymes. It is possible that red cosmetics containing phloxine, erythrosine, or rose bengal react with proteins in skin and may lead to skin damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Furumiya
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Disposition, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
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Preferential solvation and solvatochromic behaviour of quinoline in binary alkan-1-ol/N,N-dimethylformamide solvent mixtures. J Mol Liq 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2006.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Elhkim MO, Héraud F, Bemrah N, Gauchard F, Lorino T, Lambré C, Frémy JM, Poul JM. New considerations regarding the risk assessment on Tartrazine An update toxicological assessment, intolerance reactions and maximum theoretical daily intake in France. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2007; 47:308-16. [PMID: 17218045 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2006.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Tartrazine is an artificial azo dye commonly used in human food and pharmaceutical products. Since the last assessment carried out by the JECFA in 1964, many new studies have been conducted, some of which have incriminated tartrazine in food intolerance reactions. The aims of this work are to update the hazard characterization and to revaluate the safety of tartrazine. Our bibliographical review of animal studies confirms the initial hazard assessment conducted by the JECFA, and accordingly the ADI established at 7.5mg/kg bw. From our data, in France, the estimated maximum theoretical intake of tartrazine in children is 37.2% of the ADI at the 97.5th percentile. It may therefore be concluded that from a toxicological point of view, tartrazine does not represent a risk for the consumer. It appears more difficult to show a clear relationship between ingestion of tartrazine and the development of intolerance reactions in patients. These reactions primarily occur in patients who also suffer from recurrent urticaria or asthma. The link between tartrazine consumption and these reactions is often overestimated, and the pathogenic mechanisms remain poorly understood. The prevalence of tartrazine intolerance is estimated to be less than 0.12% in the general population. Generally, the population at risk is aware of the importance of food labelling, with the view of avoiding consumption of tartrazine. However, it has to be mentioned that products such as ice creams, desserts, cakes and fine bakery are often sold loose without any labelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Ould Elhkim
- Chemicals Risk Assessment Unit, French Food Safety Agency (Afssa), 27-31 avenue du Général Leclerc, 94701 Maisons-alfort Cedex, France.
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Mori H, Mizutani T. In Vitro Activation of Valproate Glucuronidation by Carbapenem Antibiotics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.53.302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Mori
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Disposition, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
| | - Takaharu Mizutani
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Disposition, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
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N-Acetylation as a Means to Activate Polyfluoroarylamines for Selectiveortho-Hydrodefluorination by Zinc in Aqueous Ammonia: A Concise Route to Polyfluorobenzo Azaheterocycles. European J Org Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200600684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Uesugi N, Furumiya K, Mizutani T. Inhibition Mechanism of UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase 1A6 by Xanthene Food Dyes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.52.549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Uesugi
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Disposition, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
| | - Kenji Furumiya
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Disposition, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
| | - Takaharu Mizutani
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Disposition, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
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Majumdar KC, Basu PK, Mukhopadhyay PP. Formation of five- and six-membered heterocyclic rings under radical cyclisation conditions. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.07.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kuno N, Mizutani T. Influence of synthetic and natural food dyes on activities of CYP2A6, UGT1A6, and UGT2B7. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2005; 68:1431-44. [PMID: 16009655 DOI: 10.1080/15287390590956588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic or natural food dyes are typical xenobiotics, as are drugs and pollutants. After ingestion, part of these dyes may be absorbed and metabolized by phase I and II drug-metabolizing enzymes and excreted by transporters of phase III enzymes. However, there is little information regarding the metabolism of these dyes. It was investigated whether these dyes are substrates for CYP2A6 and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT). The in vitro inhibition of drug-metabolizing enzymes by these dyes was also examined. The synthetic food dyes studied were amaranth (food red no. 2), erythrosine B (food red no. 3), allura red (food red no. 40), new coccine (food red no. 102), acid red (food red no. 106), tartrazine (food Yellow no. 4), sunset yellow FCF (food yellow no. 5), brilliant blue FCF (food blue no. 1), and indigo carmine (food blue no. 2). The natural additive dyes studied were extracts from purple sweet potato, purple corn, cochineal, monascus, grape skin, elderberry, red beet, gardenia, and curthamus. Data confirmed that these dyes were not substrates for CYP2A6, UGT1A6, and UGT2B7. Only indigo carmine inhibited CYP2A6 in a noncompetitive manner, while erythrosine B inhibited UGT1A6 (glucuronidation of p-nitrophenol) and UGT2B7 (glucuronidation of androsterone). In the natural additive dyes just listed, only monascus inhibited UGT1A6 and UGT2B7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayumi Kuno
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Disposition, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
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Mizutani T, Shinoda M, Tanaka Y, Kuno T, Hattori A, Usui T, Kuno N, Osaka T. Autoantibodies against CYP2D6 and other drug-metabolizing enzymes in autoimmune hepatitis type 2. Drug Metab Rev 2005; 37:235-52. [PMID: 15747502 DOI: 10.1081/dmr-200028798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a disease of unknown etiology, characterized by liver-related autoantibodies. Autoimmune hepatitis is subdivided into two major types: AIH type 1 is characterized by the detection of ANA, SMA, ANCA, anti-ASGP-R, and anti-SLA/LP. Autoimmune hepatitis type 2 is characterized to be mainly related with drug-metabolizing enzymes as autoantigens, such as anti-LKM (liver-kidney microsomal antigen)-1 against CYP2D6, anti-LKM-2 against CYP2C9-tienilic acid, anti-LKM-3 against UGT1A, and anti-LC1 (liver cytosol antigen)-1 and anti-APS (autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type-1) against CYP1A2, CYP2A6, and others. Anti-LKM-1 sera inhibited CYP2D6 activity in vitro but did not inhibit cellular drug metabolism in vivo. CYP2D6 is the major target autoantigen of LKM-1 and expressed on plasma membrane (PM) of hepatocytes, suggesting a pathogenic role for anti-LKM-1 in liver injury as a trigger. Anti-CYP1A2 was observed in dihydralazine-induced hepatitis, and radiolabeled CYP1A2 disappeared from the PM with a half-life of less than 30 min, whereas microsomal CYP1A2 was stably radiolabeled for several hours. Main antigenic epitopes on CYP2D6 are aa 193-212, aa 257-269, and aa 321-351; and D263 is essential. The third epitope is located on the surface of the protein CYP2D6 and displays a hydrophobic patch that is situated between an aromatic residue (W316) and histidine (H326). Some drugs such as anticonvulsants (phenobarbital, phenytoin, and carbamazepine) and halothane are suggested to induce hepatitis with anti-CYP3A and anti-CYP2E1, respectively. Autoantibodies against CYP11A1, CYP17, and/or CYP21 involved in the synthesis of steroid hormones are also detected in patients with adrenal failure, gonadal failure, and/or Addison disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaharu Mizutani
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan.
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Wada Y, Mori T, Ichikawa J. A Facile Synthesis of 2,4-Disubstituted 3-Fluoroquinolines via Intramolecular Cyclization ofo-Cyanomethylamino-β,β-difluorostyrenes. CHEM LETT 2003. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2003.1000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Abstract
Many administered drugs are first activated by phase I drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as cytochrome P450 (CYP), and then conjugated with ligands such as UDPGA, PAPS, and glutathione by phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes, and finally excreted by transporters. There are some defective activity mutants due to CYP polymorphisms. In these cases, drugs are not metabolized [poor metabolizer (PM)], the high drug levels in blood are maintained, and toxic effects appear in the patients. To clarify the ratio of PMs, in the general population, it is necessary to estimate the drug level to not only prevent toxic reactions, but also to provide more efficient drug therapies, according to their polymorphic information about CYPs. In Caucasians and Asians, PM and allele frequency levels of CYPs (CYP2A6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4) are summarized from previous findings. In Caucasians, high PM ratios (7%) of CYP2D6 deriving from the high frequency of CYP2D6*4 and CYP2D6*5, and 2% CYP2C19 from CYP2C19*2, were found. Meanwhile, in Asians, high PM ratios (19%) of CYP2C19 from high frequencies of CYP2C19*2 and CYP2C19*3, and 2% to 4% CYP2A6 from CYP2A6*4, were found. In both populations, the PM frequencies of the CYP3A4 of major drug-metabolizing CYP and CYP2C9 were low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaharu Mizutani
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Disposition, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan.
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