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Reprogramming cultured human fungiform (HBO) taste cells into neuron-like cells through in vitro induction. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2022; 58:817-829. [DOI: 10.1007/s11626-022-00724-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Glüge J, London R, Cousins IT, DeWitt J, Goldenman G, Herzke D, Lohmann R, Miller M, Ng CA, Patton S, Trier X, Wang Z, Scheringer M. Information Requirements under the Essential-Use Concept: PFAS Case Studies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:6232-6242. [PMID: 34608797 PMCID: PMC8980108 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of substances for which there are widespread concerns about their extreme persistence in combination with toxic effects. It has been argued that PFAS should only be employed in those uses that are necessary for health or safety or are critical for the functioning of society and where no alternatives are available ("essential-use concept"). Implementing the essential-use concept requires a sufficient understanding of the current uses of PFAS and of the availability, suitability, and hazardous properties of alternatives. To illustrate the information requirements under the essential-use concept, we investigate seven different PFAS uses, three in consumer products and four industrial applications. We investigate how much information is available on the types and functions of PFAS in these uses, how much information is available on alternatives, their performance and hazardous properties and, finally, whether this information is sufficient as a basis for deciding on the essentiality of a PFAS use. The results show (i) the uses of PFAS are highly diverse and information on alternatives is often limited or lacking; (ii) PFAS in consumer products often are relatively easy to replace; (iii) PFAS uses in industrial processes can be highly complex and a thorough evaluation of the technical function of each PFAS and of the suitability of alternatives is needed; (iv) more coordination among PFAS manufacturers, manufacturers of alternatives to PFAS, users of these materials, government authorities, and other stakeholders is needed to make the process of phasing out PFAS more transparent and coherent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Glüge
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Rachel London
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ian T. Cousins
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jamie DeWitt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | | | - Dorte Herzke
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Fram Centre, N-9296 Tromsø, Norway, and Institute for Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Rainer Lohmann
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA
| | - Mark Miller
- National Institute of Environmental Health Science and U.S. Public Health Service, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Carla A. Ng
- Departments of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, and Environmental & Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Sharyle Patton
- Health and Environment Program, Commonweal, Bolinas, California 94924, USA
| | - Xenia Trier
- European Environment Agency, Kongens Nytorv 6, DK-1050 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Zhanyun Wang
- Chair of Ecological Systems Design, Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Scheringer
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- corresponding author:
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Microbial Biosurfactants in Cosmetic and Personal Skincare Pharmaceutical Formulations. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12111099. [PMID: 33207832 PMCID: PMC7696787 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12111099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cosmetic and personal care products are globally used and often applied directly on the human skin. According to a recent survey in Europe, the market value of cosmetic and personal care products in Western Europe reached about 84 billion euros in 2018 and are predicted to increase by approximately 6% by the end of 2020. With these significant sums of money spent annually on cosmetic and personal care products, along with chemical surfactants being the main ingredient in a number of their formulations, of which many have been reported to have the potential to cause detrimental effects such as allergic reactions and skin irritations to the human skin; hence, the need for the replacement of chemical surfactants with other compounds that would have less or no negative effects on skin health. Biosurfactants (surfactants of biological origin) have exhibited great potential such as lower toxicity, skin compatibility, protection and surface moisturizing effects which are key components for an effective skincare routine. This review discusses the antimicrobial, skin surface moisturizing and low toxicity properties of glycolipid and lipopeptide biosurfactants which could make them suitable substitutes for chemical surfactants in current cosmetic and personal skincare pharmaceutical formulations. Finally, we discuss some challenges and possible solutions for biosurfactant applications.
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Abstract
A polar head and an apolar tail chemically characterize surfactants, they show different properties and are categorized by different factors such as head charge and molecular weight. They work by reducing the surface tension between oil and water phases to facilitate the formation of one homogeneous mixture. In this respect, they represent unavoidable ingredients, their main application is in the production of detergents, one of if not the most important categories of cosmetics. Their role is very important, it should be remembered that it was precisely soaps and hygiene that defeated the main infectious diseases at the beginning of the last century. Due to their positive environmental impact, the potential uses of microbial sourced surfactants are actively investigated. These compounds are produced with different mechanisms by microorganisms in the aims to defend themselves from external threats, to improve the mobility in the environment, etc. In the cosmetic field, biosurfactants, restricted in the present work to those described above, can carry high advantages, in comparison to traditional surfactants, especially in the field of sustainable and safer approaches. Besiede this, costs still remain an obsatcle to their diffusion; in this regard, exploration of possible multifunctional actions could help to contain application costs. To highlight their features and possible multifunctional role, on the light of specific biological profiles yet underestimated, we have approached the present review work.
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Peng JY, Horng YB, Wu CH, Chang CY, Chang YC, Tsai PS, Jeng CR, Cheng YH, Chang HW. Evaluation of antiviral activity of Bacillus licheniformis-fermented products against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. AMB Express 2019; 9:191. [PMID: 31797149 PMCID: PMC6890879 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-019-0916-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus licheniformis (B. licheniformis) is commonly used as probiotic and its secondary metabolites are attractive anti-microbial candidate. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the antiviral activity of crude extracts from B. licheniformis against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), a highly contagious enveloped porcine virus that has caused great economic loss in pigs. In vivo, PEDV-infected piglets supplemented with air-dried solid state fermentative cultivate containing B. licheniformis-fermented products (BLFP) showed milder clinical symptoms and decreased viral shedding. Importantly, no significant systemic pathological lesions and no reduction in average daily gain were noted in pigs supplemented with the BLFP, which suggests that it is safe for use in pigs. In vitro experiments revealed that while B. licheniformis crude extracts exhibited no toxicity in Vero cells, co-cultivation of B. licheniformis crude extracts with PEDV significantly reduced viral infection and replication. Summarized current results suggest that the B. licheniformis-fermented products could be a novel candidate food additive for reducing the impact of PED on the swine industry.
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Santos VSV, Silveira E, Pereira BB. Toxicity and applications of surfactin for health and environmental biotechnology. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2019; 21:382-399. [PMID: 30614421 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2018.1564712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Characterized as one of the most potent biosurfactants, surfactin is a cyclic lipopeptide synthesized by several strains of Bacillus genus. The aim of this review was to present the physicochemical and structural properties of surfactin and to demonstrate advances and applications of this biosurfactant for health and environmental biotechnology. Further, this review also focused on toxicological effects of surfactin on in vivo and in in vitro systems. The hydrophobic nature of surfactin enables interaction with membrane-bound phospholipids and indicates the ability of the molecule to act as a new weapon with respect to therapeutic and environmental properties. Seeking to avoid environmental contamination produced by widespread use of synthetic surfactants, surfactin emerges as a biological control agent against pathogen species owing to its antibacterial and antiviral properties. In addition, the mosquitocidal activity of surfactin was suggested as new strategy to control disease vectors. The current findings warrant future research to assess the toxicity of surfactin to enable an optimizing anticancer therapy and to seek refined methodologies, including nanotechnology techniques, to allow for an improved delivery of the biogenic molecule on target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Santana Vieira Santos
- a Department of Environmental Health, Laboratory of Environmental Health , Federal University of Uberlândia, Santa Mônica Campus , Uberlândia , Brazil
- b Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology , Federal University of Uberlândia, Umuarama Campus , Uberlândia , Brazil
| | - Edgar Silveira
- b Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology , Federal University of Uberlândia, Umuarama Campus , Uberlândia , Brazil
| | - Boscolli Barbosa Pereira
- a Department of Environmental Health, Laboratory of Environmental Health , Federal University of Uberlândia, Santa Mônica Campus , Uberlândia , Brazil
- b Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology , Federal University of Uberlândia, Umuarama Campus , Uberlândia , Brazil
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Harwood CR, Mouillon JM, Pohl S, Arnau J. Secondary metabolite production and the safety of industrially important members of the Bacillus subtilis group. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2018; 42:721-738. [PMID: 30053041 PMCID: PMC6199538 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuy028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the 'Bacillus subtilis group' include some of the most commercially important bacteria, used for the production of a wide range of industrial enzymes and fine biochemicals. Increasingly, group members have been developed for use as animal feed enhancers and antifungal biocontrol agents. The group has long been recognised to produce a range of secondary metabolites and, despite their long history of safe usage, this has resulted in an increased focus on their safety. Traditional methods used to detect the production of secondary metabolites and other potentially harmful compounds have relied on phenotypic tests. Such approaches are time consuming and, in some cases, lack specificity. Nowadays, accessibility to genome data and associated bioinformatical tools provides a powerful means for identifying gene clusters associated with the synthesis of secondary metabolites. This review focuses primarily on well-characterised strains of B. subtilis and B. licheniformis and their synthesis of non-ribosomally synthesised peptides and polyketides. Where known, the activities and toxicities of their secondary metabolites are discussed, together with the limitations of assays currently used to assess their toxicity. Finally, the regulatory framework under which such strains are authorised for use in the production of food and feed enzymes is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin R Harwood
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AX, UK
| | - Jean-Marie Mouillon
- Department of Fungal Strain Technology and Strain Approval Support, Novozymes A/S, Krogshoevej 36, DK-2880 Bagsvaerd, Denmark
| | - Susanne Pohl
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AX, UK
| | - José Arnau
- Department of Fungal Strain Technology and Strain Approval Support, Novozymes A/S, Krogshoevej 36, DK-2880 Bagsvaerd, Denmark
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He Z, Zeng W, Zhu X, Zhao H, Lu Y, Lu Z. Influence of surfactin on physical and oxidative stability of microemulsions with docosahexaenoic acid. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 151:232-239. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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9
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Iris Betsabee OS, José Luis SS, Juan Arturo RS, Montserrat CS. Evaluation of the toxicity and pathogenicity of biocontrol agents in murine models, chicken embryos and dermal irritation in rabbits. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2017; 6:188-198. [PMID: 30090489 PMCID: PMC6060713 DOI: 10.1039/c6tx00275g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological control has emerged as an alternative to the use of crop fungicides in fields and postharvest. It has already been demonstrated that strains of Candida famata, Bacillus subtilis Pla10, Meyerozyma guilliermondii, Meyerozyma caribbica and Debaryomyces hansenii are effective in controlling fungal diseases in tropical fruits. However, in order to develop applications on a field-scale, it is necessary to show that these biocontrol agents are innocuous to humans. In this study, three common toxicity studies were carried out to measure the safety of their use in food products: acute oral toxicity in adult Wistar rats, chicken embryo lethality and skin irritation studies in rabbits using concentrations of 1 and 10 mg of microbial extracts and the administration of 3 and 6 × 108 cells per mL of live cells for each one of the tested strains used for each model. The rats showed no toxic symptoms and none died during testing. The extracts and strain cells under study did not produce a life-cycle interruption in chicken embryos. For the skin irritation studies in rabbits, the substance being studied produced no skin alteration in the animals. With these results it was concluded that the lyophilized extracts in concentrations of 1 and 10 mg, as well as the cells of the studied strains in concentrations of 3 and 6 × 108 cells per mL, were safe in the studied models. Therefore, their use in controlling postharvest diseases in tropical fruits is possible. Their efficiency in controlling plagues in fields and their possible effects on humans, however, require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ocampo-Suarez Iris Betsabee
- Laboratorio Integral de Investigación en Alimentos , Instituto Tecnológico de Tepic , Av. Tecnológico 2595 C. P. 63175 , Tepic , Nayarit , México .
| | - Sanchez-Salas José Luis
- Laboratorio de Microbiología y Biología Molecular del Departamento de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas , Universidad de las Américas Puebla , Ex-Hacienda Sta. Catarina Martir , C. P. 72810 , Cholula , Puebla
| | - Ragazzo-Sánchez Juan Arturo
- Laboratorio Integral de Investigación en Alimentos , Instituto Tecnológico de Tepic , Av. Tecnológico 2595 C. P. 63175 , Tepic , Nayarit , México .
| | - Calderón-Santoyo Montserrat
- Laboratorio Integral de Investigación en Alimentos , Instituto Tecnológico de Tepic , Av. Tecnológico 2595 C. P. 63175 , Tepic , Nayarit , México .
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Vecino X, Cruz JM, Moldes AB, Rodrigues LR. Biosurfactants in cosmetic formulations: trends and challenges. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2017; 37:911-923. [PMID: 28076995 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2016.1269053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cosmetic products play an essential role in everyone's life. People everyday use a large variety of cosmetic products such as soap, shampoo, toothpaste, deodorant, skin care, perfume, make-up, among others. The cosmetic industry encompasses several environmental, social and economic impacts that are being addressed through the search for more efficient manufacturing techniques, the reduction of waste and emissions and the promotion of personal hygiene, contributing to an improvement of public health and at the same time providing employment opportunities. The current trend among consumers is the pursuit for natural ingredients in cosmetic products, as many of these products exhibit equal, better or additional benefits in comparison with the chemical-based products. In this sense, biosurfactants are natural compounds with great potential in the formulation of cosmetic products given by their biodegradability and impact in health. Indeed, many of these biosurfactants could exhibit a "prebiotic" character. This review covers the current state-of-the-art of biosurfactant research for cosmetic purposes and further discusses the future challenges for cosmetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Vecino
- a CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering , University of Minho , Braga , Portugal.,b Chemical Engineering Department, School of Industrial Engineering (EEI) , University of Vigo , Vigo , Pontevedra , Spain
| | - J M Cruz
- b Chemical Engineering Department, School of Industrial Engineering (EEI) , University of Vigo , Vigo , Pontevedra , Spain
| | - A B Moldes
- b Chemical Engineering Department, School of Industrial Engineering (EEI) , University of Vigo , Vigo , Pontevedra , Spain
| | - L R Rodrigues
- a CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering , University of Minho , Braga , Portugal
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Ben Ayed H, Nasri R, Jemil N, Ben Amor I, Gargouri J, Hmidet N, Nasri M. Acute and sub-chronic oral toxicity profiles of lipopeptides from Bacillus mojavensis A21 and evaluation of their in vitro anticoagulant activity. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 236:1-6. [PMID: 25912554 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the acute and sub-chronic toxicity of lipopeptides mixture produced by Bacillus mojavensis A21 as well as their in vitro anticoagulant activity. A21 lipopeptides was given to mice at single dose from 75 mg to 1000 mg/kg body weight (bw). The median lethal dose (LD50) of A21 lipopeptides was about 550 mg/kg bw. Sub-chronic toxicity study for 28 days was done by daily oral administration of A21 lipopeptides at doses of 40 and 400 mg/kg bw in rats. Results showed that A21 lipopeptides did not cause any change in body weights and they did not produce any marked alterations in the hematological blood parameters including hematocrit concentration, hemoglobin level, white and red cells count. However, the platelets level decreased significantly compared to control value. Moreover, no significant differences in the serum biochemical characteristics were observed for rats treated by the lowest dose. In contrast, a little enhancement of alanine-aminotransferase (ALT) activity and decrease in total cholesterol were observed with the highest dose. A21 lipopeptides were also found to cause a prolongation of the thrombin time (TT), the prothrombin time (PT) and the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT). Overall, A21 lipopeptides may be very promising compounds for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanen Ben Ayed
- Laboratoire de Génie Enzymatique et de Microbiologie, Université de Sfax, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax, B.P. 1173-3038 Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Rim Nasri
- Laboratoire de Génie Enzymatique et de Microbiologie, Université de Sfax, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax, B.P. 1173-3038 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Nawel Jemil
- Laboratoire de Génie Enzymatique et de Microbiologie, Université de Sfax, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax, B.P. 1173-3038 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Ikram Ben Amor
- Centre Régional de Transfusion Sanguine de Sfax, Route El-Ain Km 0.5, CP 3003 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Jalel Gargouri
- Centre Régional de Transfusion Sanguine de Sfax, Route El-Ain Km 0.5, CP 3003 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Noomen Hmidet
- Laboratoire de Génie Enzymatique et de Microbiologie, Université de Sfax, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax, B.P. 1173-3038 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Moncef Nasri
- Laboratoire de Génie Enzymatique et de Microbiologie, Université de Sfax, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax, B.P. 1173-3038 Sfax, Tunisia
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Evaluation of Bacillus subtilis SPB1 Lipopeptide Biosurfactant Toxicity Towards Mice. Int J Pept Res Ther 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-014-9400-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Lim JH, Song IB, Park BK, Kim MS, Hwang YH, Yun HI. Genotoxic Evaluation of Surfactin C in Chinese Hamster Lung Cell Line. Toxicol Res 2009; 25:47-50. [PMID: 32038819 PMCID: PMC7006289 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2009.25.1.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2009] [Revised: 02/09/2009] [Accepted: 02/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the mutation inducibility of surfactin C, we performed the chromosome aberration assay with Chinese hamster lung cells in vitro. The colorimetric MTT screening assay was carried out to determine the cytotoxicity index (IC50) of surfactin C. The IC50 value was 125 μg/ml. For the chromosome aberration test of surfactin C, the maximum concentration was employed as 125 μg/ml, followed by 62.5 and 31.25 μg/ml for the lower concentrations, with or without metabolic activation (S9). Cyclophosphamide and mitomycin C were used as positive controls in the presence and absence of S9 metabolic activation, respectively. These results showed that surfactin C was not capable of inducing chromosome aberration, as measured by the chromosome aberration test using Chinese hamster lung cell line. There is no evidence for surfactin C to have a genotoxic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hwan Lim
- 18B&C Biopharm, Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, 906-5 Iuidong, Yeongtonggu, Suwonsi, Gyeonggido, 443-270 Korea
| | - In Bae Song
- 28Institute of Veterinary Animal Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 220, Gungdong, Yuseonggu, Daejeon, 305-764 Korea
| | | | - Myoung Seok Kim
- 28Institute of Veterinary Animal Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 220, Gungdong, Yuseonggu, Daejeon, 305-764 Korea
| | - Youn-Hwan Hwang
- 28Institute of Veterinary Animal Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 220, Gungdong, Yuseonggu, Daejeon, 305-764 Korea
| | - Hyo In Yun
- 28Institute of Veterinary Animal Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 220, Gungdong, Yuseonggu, Daejeon, 305-764 Korea
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