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Jiang C, Wang Y, Yang W, Yang X. New evidence for the effect of type 2 diabetes and glycemic traits on testosterone levels: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1238090. [PMID: 37900148 PMCID: PMC10600375 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1238090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is an endocrine-related disease with an increasing incidence worldwide. Male sexual dysfunction is common in diabetic patients. Therefore, we designed a Mendelian randomization (MR) study to investigate the association of type 2 diabetes and 3 glycemic traits with testosterone levels. Methods Uncorrelated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with T2DM (N = 228), fasting insulin (N = 38), fasting glucose (N = 71), and HbA1c (N = 75) at the genome-wide significance were selected as instrument variables. Genetic associations with testosterone levels (total testosterone, TT, bioavailable testosterone, BT, and sex hormone-binding globulin, SHBG) were obtained from the UK Biobank studies and other large consortia. Two-sample MR analysis was used to minimize the bias caused by confounding factors and response causality. Multivariable MR analysis was performed using Body mass index (BMI), Triglycerides (TG), LDL cholesterol (LDL), and adiponectin to adjust for the effects of potential confounders. Results Type 2 diabetes mellitus was associated with the decrease of total testosterone (β: -0.021,95%CI: -0.032, -0.010, p<0.001) and sex hormone binding globulin (β: -0.048,95%CI: -0.065, -0.031, p<0.001). In males, total testosterone (β: 0.058, 95% CI: 0.088, 0.028, p < 0.001) decreased. In females, it was associated with an increase in bioavailable testosterone (β: 0.077,95%CI: 0.058,0.096, p<0.001). Each unit (pmol/L) increase in fasting insulin was associated with 0.283nmol/L decrease in sex hormone-binding globulin (95%CI: -0.464, -0.102, p=0.002) and 0.260nmol/L increase in bioavailable testosterone (95%CI: -0.464, -0.102, p= 0.002). In males, sex hormone binding globulin decreased by 0.507nmol/L (95%CI: -0.960, -0.054, p= 0.028) and bioavailable testosterone increased by 0.216nmol/L (95%CI: 0.087,0.344, p= 0.001). In females, sex hormone binding globulin decreased by 0.714 nmol/L (95%CI: -1.093, -0.335, p<0.001) and bioavailable testosterone increased by 0.467nmol/L (95%CI: 0.286,0.648, p<0.001). Each unit (%) increase in HbA1c was associated with 0.060nmol/L decrease in sex hormone-binding globulin (95%CI: -0.113, -0.007, p= 0.026). In males, total testosterone decreased by 0.171nmol/L (95%CI: -0.288, -0.053, p=0.005) and sex hormone binding globulin decreased by 0.206nmol/L (95%CI: -0.340, -0.072, p=0.003). Total testosterone increased by 0.122nmol/L (95%CI: 0.012,0.233, p=0.029) and bioavailable testosterone increased by 0.163nmol/L (95%CI: 0.042,0.285, p=0.008) in females. Conclusions Using MR Analysis, we found independent effects of type 2 diabetes, fasting insulin, and HbA1c on total testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin after maximum exclusion of the effects of obesity, BMI, TG, LDL and Adiponectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyang Jiang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Maternal and Child Hospital of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuwei Wang
- School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wenqiang Yang
- School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xinghai Yang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Maternal and Child Hospital of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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2
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Li Y, Mei T, Sun T, Xiao X, Peng R. Altered circulating GDF-15 level predicts sex hormone imbalance in males with major depressive disorder. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:28. [PMID: 36635686 PMCID: PMC9835386 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-04527-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been hypothesized that higher growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) level and lower testosterone/ estradiol (T/E) ratio are associated with major depressive disorder (MDD), yet the underlying effect of serum GDF15 on hinting the T/E ratio imbalance is not fully understood. We observed the correlation between serum T/E ratio and circulating GDF15 in male depressed cohort. METHODS The sample consisted of participants (aged 18 ~ 65 years) from the Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University with MDD (n = 412) defined according to a Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-V (SCID), and male healthy controls (n = 137). Serum levels of testosterone, estradiol, and depression risk biomarkers (thyroid hormone, lipids, hs-CRP, Tenascin-C [TNC], GDF15, KLF4, Gas6, and sgp130) were measured. The associations among log-transformed T/E ratio and these biomarkers were analyzed using univariate correlation analysis, category analyses, and linear regression adjusting for standard risk factors. RESULTS Of the sample, 36.89% had lower T/E ratio (< 10:1) and 10.20% had higher T/E ratio (> 20:1). After multivariable adjustment, T/E ratio was negatively associated with GDF15 (-0.095 [95% CI -0.170 ~ -0.023] standard deviation [SD] change per SD increase in lg[T/E], P = 0.015) and inversely related to TNC (-0.085 [95% CI -0.167 ~ 0.003] standard deviation [SD] change per SD increase in lg[T/E], P = 0.048). Serum T/E ratio was negatively associated with GDF15 level in both FT3, TSH and HDL strata, whereas this association was not observed in TNC. In T/E ratio strata analyses, there is a significant and negative correlation among T/E ratio and GDF15 in depressive patients with sex hormone imbalance, yet this relationship was not investigated in patients with sex hormone balance. CONCLUSION In our community-based observation, circulating GDF-15 level was greatly and inversely associated with serum T/E ratio, indicating that higher GDF-15 alerts sex hormone imbalance in patients with MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- grid.412632.00000 0004 1758 2270Eye Central, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Mei
- Nursing Department, Wuhan No.1 Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Sun
- grid.412632.00000 0004 1758 2270Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuan Xiao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, China.
| | - Rui Peng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, China.
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3
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Yarmohammadi R, Ghollasi M, Kheirollahzadeh F, Soltanyzadeh M, Heshmati M, Amirkhani MA. Osteogenic differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cell in the presence of testosterone and 17 β-estradiol in vitro. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2022; 58:179-188. [PMID: 35175493 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-022-00652-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recently, numerous scientific approaches have been explored to treat various diseases using stem cells. In 2006, induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) were introduced by Takahashi and Yamanaka and showed the potential of self-renewing and differentiation into all types of targeted cells in vitro. In this investigation, we studied the effect of testosterone (T) individually or in the presence of 17 β-estradiol (E2) on osteogenic differentiation of human iPSC (hiPSC) during 2 wk. The optimal concentrations of sex steroid hormones were examined by MTT assay and acridine orange (AO) staining. The impact of E2 and T either individually or together as a combination was examined by ALP activity; the content of total mineral calcium, by von Kossa and alizarin red staining. Additionally, the expression rate of osteogenic specific markers was studied via real-time RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry analyses at day 14 of differentiation. The obtained results illustrated that the differentiation medium supplemented with T-E2 increased not only the ALP enzyme activity and the content of calcium but also the osteogenic-related gene and protein expressions on the 14th day. Furthermore, the results were confirmed by mineralized matrix staining. In conclusion, these data suggest that T could be used as an effective factor for osteogenic induction of hiPSCs combined with the E2 in bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyhaneh Yarmohammadi
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Ghollasi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, P. O. Box, 15719-14911, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Maryam Soltanyzadeh
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, P. O. Box, 15719-14911, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Heshmati
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amir Amirkhani
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Peng R, Li Y. Associations Between Tenascin-C and Testosterone Deficiency in Men with Major Depressive Disorder: A Cross-Sectional Retrospective Study. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:897-905. [PMID: 33758529 PMCID: PMC7981168 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s298270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Elevated levels of tenascin-C are linked to increased risk and severity of major depressive disorder (MDD), while testosterone shows a protective effect. The present study explored associations between serum levels of tenascin-C and testosterone in Chinese men with MDD. Methods Testosterone and tenascin-C levels were measured in sera of 412 men with MDD and 237 age- and sex-matched controls. Serum levels of thyroid hormone, lipids, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were also quantified. Potential associations were examined using covariance, subgroup analysis, and multivariate linear regression analyses. Results Significantly higher concentrations of tenascin-C were detected in sera of subjects with MDD than in controls. Among subjects with MDD, testosterone concentrations inversely correlated with tenascin-C levels. This relationship was observed when patients were stratified by age at onset; duration or severity of depression; or concentration of thyroid hormones, low- or high-density lipoprotein, or hs-CRP. The negative association remained even when the statistical model was adjusted for age, smoking status, alcohol use, and body mass index. Linear regression with bootstrap resampling confirmed that high tenascin-C levels inversely correlated with testosterone levels. Conclusion In men with MDD, high tenascin-C concentrations correlate with testosterone deficiency. The combination of elevated tenascin-C and testosterone deficiency may be associated with MDD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Peng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430060, People's Republic of China
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5
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Rochira V. Late-onset Hypogonadism: Bone health. Andrology 2020; 8:1539-1550. [PMID: 32469467 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone health is underdiagnosed and undermanaged in men. Bone loss occurs in men with hypogonadism and in aging men. Thus, patients with a diagnosis of late-onset hypogonadism (LOH) are at risk of osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures. OBJECTIVES To provide an update on research data and clinical implications regarding bone health in men with LOH by reviewing literature articles on this issue. MATERIALS AND METHODS A thorough search of listed publications in PubMed on bone health in older men with hypogonadism was performed, and other articles derived from these publications were further identified. RESULTS Late-onset Hypogonadism may be associated with reduced bone mineral density (BMD). In a pathophysiological perspective, the detrimental effects of testosterone (T) deficiency on BMD are partly ascribed to relative estrogen deficiency and both serum T and serum estradiol (E2) need to be above 200 ng/dL and 20 pg/mL to prevent bone loss. The effects of exogenous T on BMD are controversial, but most of the studies confirm that testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) increases BMD and prevents further bone loss in men with hypogonadism. No data are available on TRT and the prevention of fractures. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION In men with documented LOH, a specific clinical workup should be addressed to the diagnosis of osteoporosis in order to program subsequent follow-up and consider specific bone active therapy. TRT should be started according to guidelines of male hypogonadism while keeping in mind that it may also have positive effects also on bone health in men with LOH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Rochira
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, Ospedale Civile di Baggiovara, Modena, Italy
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6
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Yarrow JF, Kok HJ, Phillips EG, Conover CF, Lee J, Bassett TE, Buckley KH, Reynolds MC, Wnek RD, Otzel DM, Chen C, Jiron JM, Graham ZA, Cardozo C, Vandenborne K, Bose PK, Aguirre JI, Borst SE, Ye F. Locomotor training with adjuvant testosterone preserves cancellous bone and promotes muscle plasticity in male rats after severe spinal cord injury. J Neurosci Res 2019; 98:843-868. [PMID: 31797423 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Loading and testosterone may influence musculoskeletal recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI). Our objectives were to determine (a) the acute effects of bodyweight-supported treadmill training (TM) on hindlimb cancellous bone microstructure and muscle mass in adult rats after severe contusion SCI and (b) whether longer-term TM with adjuvant testosterone enanthate (TE) delivers musculoskeletal benefit. In Study 1, TM (40 min/day, 5 days/week, beginning 1 week postsurgery) did not prevent SCI-induced hindlimb cancellous bone loss after 3 weeks. In Study 2, TM did not attenuate SCI-induced plantar flexor muscles atrophy nor improve locomotor recovery after 4 weeks. In our main study, SCI produced extensive distal femur and proximal tibia cancellous bone deficits, a deleterious slow-to-fast fiber-type transition in soleus, lower muscle fiber cross-sectional area (fCSA), impaired muscle force production, and levator ani/bulbocavernosus (LABC) muscle atrophy after 8 weeks. TE alone (7.0 mg/week) suppressed bone resorption, attenuated cancellous bone loss, constrained the soleus fiber-type transition, and prevented LABC atrophy. In comparison, TE+TM concomitantly suppressed bone resorption and stimulated bone formation after SCI, produced near-complete cancellous bone preservation, prevented the soleus fiber-type transition, attenuated soleus fCSA atrophy, maintained soleus force production, and increased LABC mass. 75% of SCI+TE+TM animals recovered voluntary over-ground hindlimb stepping, while no SCI and only 20% of SCI+TE animals regained stepping ability. Positive associations between testosterone and locomotor function suggest that TE influenced locomotor recovery. In conclusion, short-term TM alone did not improve bone, muscle, or locomotor recovery in adult rats after severe SCI, while longer-term TE+TM provided more comprehensive musculoskeletal benefit than TE alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua F Yarrow
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Hui Jean Kok
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ean G Phillips
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Christine F Conover
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jimmy Lee
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Taylor E Bassett
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kinley H Buckley
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Michael C Reynolds
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Russell D Wnek
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Dana M Otzel
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Cong Chen
- Divison of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jessica M Jiron
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Zachary A Graham
- National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.,Departments of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christopher Cardozo
- National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.,Departments of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Rehabilitation Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Krista Vandenborne
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Prodip K Bose
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Division of Neurology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jose Ignacio Aguirre
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Stephen E Borst
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Fan Ye
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Zhao X, Song Y, Chen S, Wang X, Luo F, Yang Y, Chen L, Chen R, Chen H, Su Z, Wu D, Gong C. Growth Pattern in Chinese Children With 5α-Reductase Type 2 Deficiency: A Retrospective Multicenter Study. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:173. [PMID: 30930770 PMCID: PMC6429988 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 5α-reductase type 2 deficiency (5αRD) is an autosomal recessive hereditary disease of the group of 46, XY disorders of sex development (DSD). OBJECTIVE To study the growth pattern in Chinese pediatric patients with 5αRD. SUBJECTS Data were obtained from 141 patients with 5αRD (age: 0-16 years old) who visited eight pediatric endocrine centers from January 2010 to December 2017. METHODS In this retrospective cohort study, height, weight, and other relevant data were collected from the multicenter hospital registration database. Baseline luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), testosterone (T), and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) after human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) stimulation test were measured by enzyme enhanced chemiluminescence assay. Bone age (BA) was assessed using the Greulich-Pyle (G-P) atlas. Growth curve was constructed based on λ-median-coefficient of variation method (LMS). RESULTS The height standard deviation scores (HtSDS) and weight standard deviation scores (WtSDS) in 5αRD children were in the normal range as compared to normal boys. Significantly higher HtSDS was observed in patients with 5αRD who were <1 year old (t = 3.658, 2.103, P = 0.002, 0.048, respectively), and higher WtSDS in those <6 months old (t = 2.756, P = 0.012). Then HtSDS and WtSDS decreased gradually and fluctuated near the median of the same age until 13 years. WtSDS in 5αRD children from northern China were significantly higher than those from the south (Z = -2.670, P = 0.008). The variation tendency of HtSDS in Chinese 5αRDs was consistent with the trend of stimulating T. HtSDS and stimulating T in the external masculinization score (EMS) <7 group were slightly higher than those in EMS ≥ 7 group without significant difference. Additionally, the ratio of BA over chronological age (BA/CA) was significantly <1 in children with 5αRD. CONCLUSION Children with 5αRD had a special growth pattern that was affected by high levels of T, while DHT played a very small role in it. Their growth accelerated at age <1 year, followed by slowing growth and fluctuating height near normal median boys' height. The BA was delayed in 5αRD children. Androgen treatment, which may be considered anyway for male 5αRD patients with a micropenis, may also be beneficial for growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Zhao
- Center of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanning Song
- Center of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shaoke Chen
- Genetic and Metabolic Central Laboratory, Maternal and Children Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Xiumin Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feihong Luo
- Department of Endocrinology, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Jiangxi Provincial Children’s Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Linqi Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ruimin Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Fuzhou Children’s Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of BME, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Su
- Department of Endocrinology, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Di Wu
- Center of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunxiu Gong
- Center of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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8
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Otzel DM, Conover CF, Ye F, Phillips EG, Bassett T, Wnek RD, Flores M, Catter A, Ghosh P, Balaez A, Petusevsky J, Chen C, Gao Y, Zhang Y, Jiron JM, Bose PK, Borst SE, Wronski TJ, Aguirre JI, Yarrow JF. Longitudinal Examination of Bone Loss in Male Rats After Moderate-Severe Contusion Spinal Cord Injury. Calcif Tissue Int 2019; 104:79-91. [PMID: 30218117 PMCID: PMC8349506 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-018-0471-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate mechanisms of bone loss after spinal cord injury (SCI), we evaluated the time-course of cancellous and cortical bone microarchitectural deterioration via microcomputed tomography, measured histomorphometric and circulating bone turnover indices, and characterized the development of whole bone mechanical deficits in a clinically relevant experimental SCI model. 16-weeks-old male Sprague-Dawley rats received T9 laminectomy (SHAM, n = 50) or moderate-severe contusion SCI (n = 52). Outcomes were assessed at 2-weeks, 1-month, 2-months, and 3-months post-surgery. SCI produced immediate sublesional paralysis and persistent hindlimb locomotor impairment. Higher circulating tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (bone resorption marker) and lower osteoblast bone surface and histomorphometric cancellous bone formation indices were present in SCI animals at 2-weeks post-surgery, suggesting uncoupled cancellous bone turnover. Distal femoral and proximal tibial cancellous bone volume, trabecular thickness, and trabecular number were markedly lower after SCI, with the residual cancellous network exhibiting less trabecular connectivity. Periosteal bone formation indices were lower at 2-weeks and 1-month post-SCI, preceding femoral cortical bone loss and the development of bone mechanical deficits at the distal femur and femoral diaphysis. SCI animals also exhibited lower serum testosterone than SHAM, until 2-months post-surgery, and lower serum leptin throughout. Our moderate-severe contusion SCI model displayed rapid cancellous bone deterioration and more gradual cortical bone loss and development of whole bone mechanical deficits, which likely resulted from a temporal uncoupling of bone turnover, similar to the sequalae observed in the motor-complete SCI population. Low testosterone and/or leptin may contribute to the molecular mechanisms underlying bone deterioration after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana M Otzel
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, 1601 SW Archer Road, Research 151, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Christine F Conover
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, 1601 SW Archer Road, Research 151, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Fan Ye
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, 1601 SW Archer Road, Research 151, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Ean G Phillips
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, 1601 SW Archer Road, Research 151, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Taylor Bassett
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, 1601 SW Archer Road, Research 151, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Russell D Wnek
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, 1601 SW Archer Road, Research 151, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Micah Flores
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, 1601 SW Archer Road, Research 151, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Andrea Catter
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, 1601 SW Archer Road, Research 151, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Payal Ghosh
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, 1601 SW Archer Road, Research 151, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Alexander Balaez
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, 1601 SW Archer Road, Research 151, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Jason Petusevsky
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, 1601 SW Archer Road, Research 151, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Cong Chen
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Florida, PO Box 112727, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Yongxin Gao
- University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL, 32209, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, 1601 SW Archer Road, Research 151, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Jessica M Jiron
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, PO Box 100144, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Prodip K Bose
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, 1601 SW Archer Road, Research 151, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, PO Box 100144, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, HSC PO Box 100236, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Stephen E Borst
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, PO Box 118205, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Thomas J Wronski
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, PO Box 100144, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - J Ignacio Aguirre
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, PO Box 100144, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Joshua F Yarrow
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, 1601 SW Archer Road, Research 151, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA.
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Florida College of Medicine, 1600 SW Archer Road, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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9
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Otzel DM, Lee J, Ye F, Borst SE, Yarrow JF. Activity-Based Physical Rehabilitation with Adjuvant Testosterone to Promote Neuromuscular Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061701. [PMID: 29880749 PMCID: PMC6032131 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromuscular impairment and reduced musculoskeletal integrity are hallmarks of spinal cord injury (SCI) that hinder locomotor recovery. These impairments are precipitated by the neurological insult and resulting disuse, which has stimulated interest in activity-based physical rehabilitation therapies (ABTs) that promote neuromuscular plasticity after SCI. However, ABT efficacy declines as SCI severity increases. Additionally, many men with SCI exhibit low testosterone, which may exacerbate neuromusculoskeletal impairment. Incorporating testosterone adjuvant to ABTs may improve musculoskeletal recovery and neuroplasticity because androgens attenuate muscle loss and the slow-to-fast muscle fiber-type transition after SCI, in a manner independent from mechanical strain, and promote motoneuron survival. These neuromusculoskeletal benefits are promising, although testosterone alone produces only limited functional improvement in rodent SCI models. In this review, we discuss the (1) molecular deficits underlying muscle loss after SCI; (2) independent influences of testosterone and locomotor training on neuromuscular function and musculoskeletal integrity post-SCI; (3) hormonal and molecular mechanisms underlying the therapeutic efficacy of these strategies; and (4) evidence supporting a multimodal strategy involving ABT with adjuvant testosterone, as a potential means to promote more comprehensive neuromusculoskeletal recovery than either strategy alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana M Otzel
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA.
| | - Jimmy Lee
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA.
| | - Fan Ye
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA.
| | - Stephen E Borst
- Department of Applied Physiology, Kinesiology and University of Florida College of Health and Human Performance, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA.
| | - Joshua F Yarrow
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA.
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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10
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Thu HE, Mohamed IN, Hussain Z, Shuid AN. Dihydrotestosterone, a robust promoter of osteoblastic proliferation and differentiation: understanding of time-mannered and dose-dependent control of bone forming cells. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2017; 20:894-904. [PMID: 29085581 PMCID: PMC5651475 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2017.9111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective(s): The present study was aimed to evaluate the time-mannered and dose-dependent effects of 5α-dihydrotestosterone (5α-DHT) on the proliferation and differentiation of bone forming cells using MC3T3-E1 cells. Materials and Methods: Cell proliferation was analyzed using MTS and phase contrast microscopic assays. Osteogenic differentiation was assessed through a series of in vitro experiments including crystal violet staining, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and Van Gieson (VG) staining. Taken together, the efficiency of bone mineralization was examined by using alizarin red s (ARS) staining, Von Kossa staining, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) analysis. Results: The resulting data revealed that 5α-DHT exhibits promising potential particularly at a dose of 0.1 ng/ml, in promoting the growth of MC3T3-E1 cells compared to the control group (CN). Moreover, a significantly higher ALP activity was evident in the experimental group treated with 5α-DHT compared to the CN group at various time intervals. MC3T3-E1 cells treated with 5α-DHT also expressed a remarkably higher collagen deposition and mineralization (calcium and phosphate contents) compared to the CN group at various time intervals. Conclusion: Conclusively, we suggest that 5α-DHT exhibits outstanding potential of promoting proliferation and differentiation in osteoblasts which could be the in vitro basis for the efficacy of 5α-DHT in the treatment of androgen-deficient male osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hnin Ei Thu
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University Kebangsaan Malaysia (The National University of Malaysia), Jalan Yaacob Latif 56000, Cheras, Malaysia
| | - Isa Naina Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University Kebangsaan Malaysia (The National University of Malaysia), Jalan Yaacob Latif 56000, Cheras, Malaysia
| | - Zahid Hussain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam Campus, Bandar Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Nazrun Shuid
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University Kebangsaan Malaysia (The National University of Malaysia), Jalan Yaacob Latif 56000, Cheras, Malaysia
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11
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Yarrow JF, Phillips EG, Conover CF, Bassett TE, Chen C, Teurlings T, Vasconez A, Alerte J, Prock H, Jiron JM, Flores M, Aguirre JI, Borst SE, Ye F. Testosterone Plus Finasteride Prevents Bone Loss without Prostate Growth in a Rodent Spinal Cord Injury Model. J Neurotrauma 2017; 34:2972-2981. [PMID: 28338402 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We have reported that testosterone-enanthate (TE) prevents the musculoskeletal decline occurring acutely after spinal cord injury (SCI), but results in a near doubling of prostate mass. Our purpose was to test the hypothesis that administration of TE plus finasteride (FIN; type II 5α-reductase inhibitor) would prevent the chronic musculoskeletal deficits in our rodent severe contusion SCI model, without inducing prostate enlargement. Forty-three 16-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats received: 1) SHAM surgery (T9 laminectomy); 2) severe (250 kdyne) contusion SCI; 3) SCI+TE (7.0 mg/week, intramuscular); or 4) SCI+TE+FIN (5 mg/kg/day, subcutaneous). At 8 weeks post-surgery, SCI animals exhibited reduced serum testosterone and levator ani/bulbocavernosus (LABC) muscle mass, effects that were prevented by TE. Cancellous and cortical (periosteal) bone turnover (assessed by histomorphometry) were elevated post-SCI, resulting in reduced distal femur cancellous and cortical bone mass (assessed by microcomputed tomography). TE treatment normalized cancellous and cortical bone turnover and maintained cancellous bone mass at the level of SHAM animals, but produced prostate enlargement. FIN coadministration did not inhibit the TE-induced musculoskeletal effects, but prevented prostate growth. Neither drug regimen prevented SCI-induced cortical bone loss, although no differences in whole bone strength were present among groups. Our findings indicate that TE+FIN prevented the chronic cancellous bone deficits and LABC muscle loss in SCI animals without inducing prostate enlargement, which provides a rationale for the inclusion of TE+FIN in multimodal therapeutic interventions intended to alleviate the musculoskeletal decline post-SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua F Yarrow
- 1 Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center , North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, Florida.,2 Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Ean G Phillips
- 1 Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center , North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Christine F Conover
- 1 Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center , North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Taylor E Bassett
- 1 Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center , North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Cong Chen
- 3 Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Tyler Teurlings
- 3 Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Andrea Vasconez
- 1 Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center , North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Jonathan Alerte
- 1 Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center , North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Hannah Prock
- 1 Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center , North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Jessica M Jiron
- 4 Physiological Sciences, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Micah Flores
- 1 Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center , North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, Florida
| | - J Ignacio Aguirre
- 4 Physiological Sciences, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Stephen E Borst
- 1 Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center , North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, Florida.,2 Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Fan Ye
- 1 Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center , North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, Florida
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12
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Conover CF, Yarrow JF, Garrett TJ, Ye F, Quinlivan EP, Cannady DF, Peterson MD, Borst SE. High Prevalence of Low Serum Biologically Active Testosterone in Older Male Veterans. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2017; 18:366.e17-366.e24. [PMID: 28214238 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2016.12.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Assess the prevalence of hypogonadism in older male Veterans by comparing direct measurements of total testosterone (T) and bioavailable testosterone (BioT) versus indirect BioT values derived from existing and newly developed regression analyses. DESIGN Cohort study. SETTING Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, FL. PARTICIPANTS Community-dwelling male Veterans aged 60 and older (n = 203). MEASUREMENTS Total T, BioT, albumin, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), and body mass index were evaluated. Blood values were assessed via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and clinical or commercially available immunoassays to compare accuracy among assessment techniques. Existing and newly developed multiple regression analyses were evaluated to assess accuracy in predicting BioT. RESULTS Total T was 13.80 ± 6.25 nmol/L (398 ± 180 ng/dL) and was low (≤10.4 nmol/L or ≤300 ng/dL) in 34% of participants. SHBG was 58 ± 35 nmol/L and elevated (≥62 nmol/L) in 36% of participants. BioT was 1.94 ± 0.97 nmol/L (56 ± 28 ng/dL), with 72% of participants below the clinical cutoff (≤2.43 nmol/L or ≤70 ng/dL). Albumin was within the normal clinical range. Total T and BioT measured via immunoassay and LC-MS/MS were moderately to highly correlated, with no differences between assessment methods. Several existing predictive equations overestimated BioT by 74% to 166% within our cohort (P < .001). A newly developed regression model that included total T, SHBG, albumin, and age more accurately predicted BioT, with values correlated (r = 0.508, P < .001) and comparable to LC-MS/MS. CONCLUSION In our cohort, the prevalence of low total T was higher and low BioT was markedly higher than reported in the general age-matched population, indicating a greater incidence of hypogonadism in older male Veterans. In addition, existing empiric formulae, derived from other populations produced BioT values that were considerably greater than those directly measured, whereas our newly developed regression analysis provides improved predictive capabilities for older male Veterans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine F Conover
- Research Service, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL.
| | - Joshua F Yarrow
- Research Service, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL
| | - Timothy J Garrett
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Fan Ye
- North Florida Foundation for Research and Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Eoin P Quinlivan
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Darryl F Cannady
- Research Service, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL
| | - Mark D Peterson
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Stephen E Borst
- Geriatrics Research, Education, and Clinical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL; Department of Applied Physiology & Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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13
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Chen CY, Lane HY, Lin CH. Effects of Antipsychotics on Bone Mineral Density in Patients with Schizophrenia: Gender Differences. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2016; 14:238-49. [PMID: 27489377 PMCID: PMC4977815 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2016.14.3.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Low bone mineral density (BMD) and osteoporosis are common in patients with schizophrenia and detrimental to illness prognosis and life quality. Although the pathogenesis is not fully clear, series of studies have revealed factors related to low BMD such as life style, psychotic symptoms, medication use and the activity of bone absorption markers. It has been known that antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia plays a critical role on decreased BMD. However, it remains uncertain whether the risk factors differ between men and women. According to the effect on prolactin, antipsychotics can be classified into two groups: prolactin-sparing (PS) and prolactin-raising (PR). Our previous study has demonstrated that clozapine which is among the PS antipsychotics is beneficial for BMD when compared with PR antipsychotics in women with chronic schizophrenia. We have also found that risks factors associated with low BMD are different between men and women, suggesting that gender-specific risk factors should be considered for intervention of bone loss in patients with schizophrenia. This article reviews the effects of antipsychotics use on BMD with particular discussion for the differences on gender and age, which implicate the alterations of sex and other related hormones. In addition, currently reported protective and risk factors, as well as the effects of medication use on BMD including the combination of antipsychotics and other psychotropic agents and other potential medications are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Yu Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Yuan Lane
- Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Hsin Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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14
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Dalbo VJ, Roberts MD, Mobley CB, Ballmann C, Kephart WC, Fox CD, Santucci VA, Conover CF, Beggs LA, Balaez A, Hoerr FJ, Yarrow JF, Borst SE, Beck DT. Testosterone and trenbolone enanthate increase mature myostatin protein expression despite increasing skeletal muscle hypertrophy and satellite cell number in rodent muscle. Andrologia 2016; 49. [PMID: 27246614 DOI: 10.1111/and.12622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The androgen-induced alterations in adult rodent skeletal muscle fibre cross-sectional area (fCSA), satellite cell content and myostatin (Mstn) were examined in 10-month-old Fisher 344 rats (n = 41) assigned to Sham surgery, orchiectomy (ORX), ORX + testosterone (TEST; 7.0 mg week-1 ) or ORX + trenbolone (TREN; 1.0 mg week-1 ). After 29 days, animals were euthanised and the levator ani/bulbocavernosus (LABC) muscle complex was harvested for analyses. LABC muscle fCSA was 102% and 94% higher in ORX + TEST and ORX + TREN compared to ORX (p < .001). ORX + TEST and ORX + TREN increased satellite cell numbers by 181% and 178% compared to ORX, respectively (p < .01), with no differences between conditions for myonuclear number per muscle fibre (p = .948). Mstn protein was increased 159% and 169% in the ORX + TEST and ORX + TREN compared to ORX (p < .01). pan-SMAD2/3 protein was ~30-50% greater in ORX compared to SHAM (p = .006), ORX + TEST (p = .037) and ORX + TREN (p = .043), although there were no between-treatment effects regarding phosphorylated SMAD2/3. Mstn, ActrIIb and Mighty mRNAs were lower in ORX, ORX + TEST and ORX + TREN compared to SHAM (p < .05). Testosterone and trenbolone administration increased muscle fCSA and satellite cell number without increasing myonuclei number, and increased Mstn protein levels. Several genes and signalling proteins related to myostatin signalling were differentially regulated by ORX or androgen therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- V J Dalbo
- Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Qld, Australia
| | - M D Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - C B Mobley
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - C Ballmann
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - W C Kephart
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - C D Fox
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - V A Santucci
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - C F Conover
- Malcom Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - L A Beggs
- Malcom Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - A Balaez
- Malcom Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - F J Hoerr
- Veterinary Diagnostic Pathology LLC, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - J F Yarrow
- Malcom Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - S E Borst
- Malcom Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - D T Beck
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine-Auburn Campus, Auburn, AL, USA
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15
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Borst SE, Yarrow JF. Injection of testosterone may be safer and more effective than transdermal administration for combating loss of muscle and bone in older men. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 308:E1035-42. [PMID: 25898953 PMCID: PMC6189635 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00111.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The value of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) for older men is currently a topic of intense debate. While US testosterone prescriptions have tripled in the past decade (9), debate continues over the risks and benefits of TRT. TRT is currently prescribed for older men with either low serum testosterone (T) or low T plus accompanying symptoms of hypogonadism. The normal range for serum testosterone is 300 to 1,000 ng/dl. Serum T ≤ 300 ng/dl is considered to be low, and T ≤ 250 is considered to be frank hypogonadism. Most experts support TRT for older men with frank hypogonadism and symptoms. Treatment for men who simply have low T remains somewhat controversial. TRT is most frequently administered by intramuscular (im) injection of long-acting T esters or transdermally via patch or gel preparations and infrequently via oral administration. TRT produces a number of established benefits in hypogonadal men, including increased muscle mass and strength, decreased fat mass, increased bone mineral density, and improved sexual function, and in some cases those benefits are dose dependent. For example, doses of TRT administered by im injection are typically higher than those administered transdermally, which results in greater musculoskeletal benefits. TRT also produces known risks including development of polycythemia (Hct > 50) in 6% of those treated, decrease in HDL, breast tenderness and enlargement, prostate enlargement, increases in serum PSA, and prostate-related events and may cause suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Importantly, TRT does not increase the risk of prostate cancer. Putative risks include edema and worsening of sleep apnea. Several recent reports have also indicated that TRT may produce cardiovascular (CV) risks, while others report no risk or even benefit. To address the potential CV risks of TRT, we have recently reported via meta-analysis that oral TRT increases CV risk and suggested that the CV risk profile for im TRT may be better than that for oral or transdermal TRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen E Borst
- Geriartic Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Gainesville, Florida; Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Joshua F Yarrow
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Gainesville, Florida; and Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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