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Halkar M, Medina Inojosa J, Liedl D, Wysokinski W, Houghton DE, Wennberg PW, Lin G, Kane G, Fischer K, Rooke TW, Saadiq R, Bonikowske A, McBane RD. Calf muscle pump function as a predictor of all-cause mortality. Vasc Med 2020; 25:519-526. [PMID: 32975489 DOI: 10.1177/1358863x20953212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Calf muscle pump (CMP) promotes venous return from the lower extremity and contributes to preload and cardiac output. Impaired CMP function may reflect a measure of frailty or cumulative disease burden or may impede cardiac function. The study objective was to test the hypothesis that impaired CMP negatively impacts survival. Consecutive adult patients who underwent venous strain gauge plethysmography at the Mayo Clinic Gonda Vascular Laboratory (January 1, 1998 - December 31, 2011) were assessed for overall survival. Patients with venous incompetence, venous obstruction or unilateral calf pump dysfunction were excluded. Risk of mortality was assessed with Cox proportional hazard ratios and after adjusting for Charlson Comorbidity Index variables. Over the study period, 2728 patients were included in the analysis. Compared to patients with normal CMP, those with impaired CMP were older (p < 0.001), predominantly female (p = 0.01) and had higher mean Charlson scores (p < 0.001). Patients with impaired CMP had a higher mortality rate at 5 (8.9% vs 2.4%), 10 (17.5% vs 5.9%), and 15 years (22.8% vs 8.3%) compared to those with normal CMP (p < 0.001 for each comparison). Of patients with heart failure, those with impaired CMP had worse survival at each 5-year increment compared to those with normal CMP (p < 0.05 at each increment). In conclusion, impaired CMP appears to be an independent predictor of poor outcomes after adjusting for variables within the Charlson Comorbidity Index. The association between impaired CMP, heart failure, and mortality may represent a negative impact on circulatory function or a surrogate measure of frailty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghana Halkar
- Gonda Vascular Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - David Liedl
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Waldemar Wysokinski
- Gonda Vascular Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Damon E Houghton
- Gonda Vascular Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Paul W Wennberg
- Gonda Vascular Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Grace Lin
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Garvan Kane
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Karen Fischer
- Department of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Thom W Rooke
- Gonda Vascular Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Rayya Saadiq
- Gonda Vascular Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Amanda Bonikowske
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Robert D McBane
- Gonda Vascular Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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8
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Seiler M, Bowen TS, Rolim N, Dieterlen MT, Werner S, Hoshi T, Fischer T, Mangner N, Linke A, Schuler G, Halle M, Wisloff U, Adams V. Skeletal Muscle Alterations Are Exacerbated in Heart Failure With Reduced Compared With Preserved Ejection Fraction: Mediated by Circulating Cytokines? Circ Heart Fail 2017; 9:CIRCHEARTFAILURE.116.003027. [PMID: 27609832 DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.116.003027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A greater understanding of the different underlying mechanisms between patients with heart failure with reduced (HFrEF) and with preserved (HFpEF) ejection fraction is urgently needed to better direct future treatment. However, although skeletal muscle impairments, potentially mediated by inflammatory cytokines, are common in both HFrEF and HFpEF, the underlying cellular and molecular alterations that exist between groups are yet to be systematically evaluated. The present study, therefore, used established animal models to compare whether alterations in skeletal muscle (limb and respiratory) were different between HFrEF and HFpEF, while further characterizing inflammatory cytokines. METHODS AND RESULTS Rats were assigned to (1) HFrEF (ligation of the left coronary artery; n=8); (2) HFpEF (high-salt diet; n=10); (3) control (con: no intervention; n=7). Heart failure was confirmed by echocardiography and invasive measures. Soleus tissue in HFrEF, but not in HFpEF, showed a significant increase in markers of (1) muscle atrophy (ie, MuRF1, calpain, and ubiquitin proteasome); (2) oxidative stress (ie, higher nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase but lower antioxidative enzyme activities); (3) mitochondrial impairments (ie, a lower succinate dehydrogenase/lactate dehydrogenase ratio and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α expression). The diaphragm remained largely unaffected between groups. Plasma concentrations of circulating cytokines were significantly increased in HFrEF for tumor necrosis factor-α, whereas interleukin-1β and interleukin-12 were higher in HFpEF. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest, for the first time, that skeletal muscle alterations are exacerbated in HFrEF compared with HFpEF, which predominantly reside in limb, rather than in respiratory, muscle. This disparity may be mediated, in part, by the different circulating inflammatory cytokines that were elevated between HFpEF and HFrEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Seiler
- From the Department of Cardiology (M.S., T.S.B., S.W., T.F., N.M., A.L., G.S., V.A.) and Department of Cardiac Surgery (M.-T.D.), University of Leipzig, Heart Center, Germany; Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, K.G. Jebsen Center of Exercise in Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (N.R., U.W.); Cardiovascular Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan (T.H.); Department of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Else Kröner-Fresenius-Zentrum, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (M.H.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Germany (M.H.)
| | - T Scott Bowen
- From the Department of Cardiology (M.S., T.S.B., S.W., T.F., N.M., A.L., G.S., V.A.) and Department of Cardiac Surgery (M.-T.D.), University of Leipzig, Heart Center, Germany; Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, K.G. Jebsen Center of Exercise in Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (N.R., U.W.); Cardiovascular Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan (T.H.); Department of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Else Kröner-Fresenius-Zentrum, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (M.H.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Germany (M.H.)
| | - Natale Rolim
- From the Department of Cardiology (M.S., T.S.B., S.W., T.F., N.M., A.L., G.S., V.A.) and Department of Cardiac Surgery (M.-T.D.), University of Leipzig, Heart Center, Germany; Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, K.G. Jebsen Center of Exercise in Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (N.R., U.W.); Cardiovascular Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan (T.H.); Department of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Else Kröner-Fresenius-Zentrum, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (M.H.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Germany (M.H.)
| | - Maja-Theresa Dieterlen
- From the Department of Cardiology (M.S., T.S.B., S.W., T.F., N.M., A.L., G.S., V.A.) and Department of Cardiac Surgery (M.-T.D.), University of Leipzig, Heart Center, Germany; Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, K.G. Jebsen Center of Exercise in Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (N.R., U.W.); Cardiovascular Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan (T.H.); Department of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Else Kröner-Fresenius-Zentrum, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (M.H.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Germany (M.H.)
| | - Sarah Werner
- From the Department of Cardiology (M.S., T.S.B., S.W., T.F., N.M., A.L., G.S., V.A.) and Department of Cardiac Surgery (M.-T.D.), University of Leipzig, Heart Center, Germany; Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, K.G. Jebsen Center of Exercise in Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (N.R., U.W.); Cardiovascular Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan (T.H.); Department of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Else Kröner-Fresenius-Zentrum, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (M.H.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Germany (M.H.)
| | - Tomoya Hoshi
- From the Department of Cardiology (M.S., T.S.B., S.W., T.F., N.M., A.L., G.S., V.A.) and Department of Cardiac Surgery (M.-T.D.), University of Leipzig, Heart Center, Germany; Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, K.G. Jebsen Center of Exercise in Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (N.R., U.W.); Cardiovascular Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan (T.H.); Department of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Else Kröner-Fresenius-Zentrum, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (M.H.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Germany (M.H.)
| | - Tina Fischer
- From the Department of Cardiology (M.S., T.S.B., S.W., T.F., N.M., A.L., G.S., V.A.) and Department of Cardiac Surgery (M.-T.D.), University of Leipzig, Heart Center, Germany; Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, K.G. Jebsen Center of Exercise in Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (N.R., U.W.); Cardiovascular Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan (T.H.); Department of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Else Kröner-Fresenius-Zentrum, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (M.H.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Germany (M.H.)
| | - Norman Mangner
- From the Department of Cardiology (M.S., T.S.B., S.W., T.F., N.M., A.L., G.S., V.A.) and Department of Cardiac Surgery (M.-T.D.), University of Leipzig, Heart Center, Germany; Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, K.G. Jebsen Center of Exercise in Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (N.R., U.W.); Cardiovascular Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan (T.H.); Department of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Else Kröner-Fresenius-Zentrum, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (M.H.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Germany (M.H.)
| | - Axel Linke
- From the Department of Cardiology (M.S., T.S.B., S.W., T.F., N.M., A.L., G.S., V.A.) and Department of Cardiac Surgery (M.-T.D.), University of Leipzig, Heart Center, Germany; Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, K.G. Jebsen Center of Exercise in Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (N.R., U.W.); Cardiovascular Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan (T.H.); Department of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Else Kröner-Fresenius-Zentrum, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (M.H.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Germany (M.H.)
| | - Gerhard Schuler
- From the Department of Cardiology (M.S., T.S.B., S.W., T.F., N.M., A.L., G.S., V.A.) and Department of Cardiac Surgery (M.-T.D.), University of Leipzig, Heart Center, Germany; Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, K.G. Jebsen Center of Exercise in Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (N.R., U.W.); Cardiovascular Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan (T.H.); Department of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Else Kröner-Fresenius-Zentrum, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (M.H.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Germany (M.H.)
| | - Martin Halle
- From the Department of Cardiology (M.S., T.S.B., S.W., T.F., N.M., A.L., G.S., V.A.) and Department of Cardiac Surgery (M.-T.D.), University of Leipzig, Heart Center, Germany; Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, K.G. Jebsen Center of Exercise in Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (N.R., U.W.); Cardiovascular Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan (T.H.); Department of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Else Kröner-Fresenius-Zentrum, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (M.H.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Germany (M.H.)
| | - Ulrik Wisloff
- From the Department of Cardiology (M.S., T.S.B., S.W., T.F., N.M., A.L., G.S., V.A.) and Department of Cardiac Surgery (M.-T.D.), University of Leipzig, Heart Center, Germany; Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, K.G. Jebsen Center of Exercise in Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (N.R., U.W.); Cardiovascular Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan (T.H.); Department of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Else Kröner-Fresenius-Zentrum, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (M.H.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Germany (M.H.)
| | - Volker Adams
- From the Department of Cardiology (M.S., T.S.B., S.W., T.F., N.M., A.L., G.S., V.A.) and Department of Cardiac Surgery (M.-T.D.), University of Leipzig, Heart Center, Germany; Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, K.G. Jebsen Center of Exercise in Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (N.R., U.W.); Cardiovascular Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan (T.H.); Department of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Else Kröner-Fresenius-Zentrum, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (M.H.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Germany (M.H.).
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9
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Grassi B, Majerczak J, Bardi E, Buso A, Comelli M, Chlopicki S, Guzik M, Mavelli I, Nieckarz Z, Salvadego D, Tyrankiewicz U, Skórka T, Bottinelli R, Zoladz JA, Pellegrino MA. Exercise training in Tgα q*44 mice during the progression of chronic heart failure: cardiac vs. peripheral (soleus muscle) impairments to oxidative metabolism. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 123:326-336. [PMID: 28522765 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00342.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac function, skeletal (soleus) muscle oxidative metabolism, and the effects of exercise training were evaluated in a transgenic murine model (Tgαq*44) of chronic heart failure during the critical period between the occurrence of an impairment of cardiac function and the stage at which overt cardiac failure ensues (i.e., from 10 to 12 mo of age). Forty-eight Tgαq*44 mice and 43 wild-type FVB controls were randomly assigned to control groups and to groups undergoing 2 mo of intense exercise training (spontaneous running on an instrumented wheel). In mice evaluated at the beginning and at the end of training we determined: exercise performance (mean distance covered daily on the wheel); cardiac function in vivo (by magnetic resonance imaging); soleus mitochondrial respiration ex vivo (by high-resolution respirometry); muscle phenotype [myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform content; citrate synthase (CS) activity]; and variables related to the energy status of muscle fibers [ratio of phosphorylated 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) to unphosphorylated AMPK] and mitochondrial biogenesis and function [peroxisome proliferative-activated receptor-γ coactivator-α (PGC-1α)]. In the untrained Tgαq*44 mice functional impairments of exercise performance, cardiac function, and soleus muscle mitochondrial respiration were observed. The impairment of mitochondrial respiration was related to the function of complex I of the respiratory chain, and it was not associated with differences in CS activity, MHC isoforms, p-AMPK/AMPK, and PGC-1α levels. Exercise training improved exercise performance and cardiac function, but it did not affect mitochondrial respiration, even in the presence of an increased percentage of type 1 MHC isoforms. Factors "upstream" of mitochondria were likely mainly responsible for the improved exercise performance.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Functional impairments in exercise performance, cardiac function, and soleus muscle mitochondrial respiration were observed in transgenic chronic heart failure mice, evaluated in the critical period between the occurrence of an impairment of cardiac function and the terminal stage of the disease. Exercise training improved exercise performance and cardiac function, but it did not affect the impaired mitochondrial respiration. Factors "upstream" of mitochondria, including an enhanced cardiovascular O2 delivery, were mainly responsible for the functional improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Grassi
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy; .,Institute of Bioimaging and Molecular Physiology, National Research Council, Milan, Italy
| | - Joanna Majerczak
- Department of Muscle Physiology, Faculty of Rehabilitation, University School of Physical Education, Krakow, Poland
| | - Eleonora Bardi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessia Buso
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Marina Comelli
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Stefan Chlopicki
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.,Chair of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Guzik
- Department of Muscle Physiology, Faculty of Rehabilitation, University School of Physical Education, Krakow, Poland
| | - Irene Mavelli
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Zenon Nieckarz
- Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; and
| | - Desy Salvadego
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Urszula Tyrankiewicz
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Tomasz Skórka
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Jerzy A Zoladz
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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10
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Panizzolo FA, Maiorana AJ, Naylor LH, Dembo LG, Lloyd DG, Green DJ, Rubenson J. Muscle size explains low passive skeletal muscle force in heart failure patients. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2447. [PMID: 27672504 PMCID: PMC5028761 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Alterations in skeletal muscle function and architecture have been linked to the compromised exercise capacity characterizing chronic heart failure (CHF). However, how passive skeletal muscle force is affected in CHF is not clear. Understanding passive force characteristics in CHF can help further elucidate the extent to which altered contractile properties and/or architecture might affect muscle and locomotor function. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate passive force in a single muscle for which non-invasive measures of muscle size and estimates of fiber force are possible, the soleus (SOL), both in CHF patients and age- and physical activity-matched control participants. Methods Passive SOL muscle force and size were obtained by means of a novel approach combining experimental data (dynamometry, electromyography, ultrasound imaging) with a musculoskeletal model. Results We found reduced passive SOL forces (∼30%) (at the same relative levels of muscle stretch) in CHF vs. healthy individuals. This difference was eliminated when force was normalized by physiological cross sectional area, indicating that reduced force output may be most strongly associated with muscle size. Nevertheless, passive force was significantly higher in CHF at a given absolute muscle length (non length-normalized) and likely explained by the shorter muscle slack lengths and optimal muscle lengths measured in CHF compared to the control participants. This later factor may lead to altered performance of the SOL in functional tasks such gait. Discussion These findings suggest introducing exercise rehabilitation targeting muscle hypertrophy and, specifically for the calf muscles, exercise that promotes muscle lengthening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fausto Antonio Panizzolo
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States; The School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Andrew J Maiorana
- Advanced Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplant Service, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia; School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Louise H Naylor
- The School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia , Crawley , WA , Australia
| | | | - David G Lloyd
- Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University , Gold Coast , QLD , Australia
| | - Daniel J Green
- The School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia; Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jonas Rubenson
- The School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia; Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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