1
|
Geng Y, Wu X, Zhang Y, Zhang M. Potential Moderators of the Effects of Blood Flow Restriction Training on Muscle Strength and Hypertrophy: A Meta-analysis Based on a Comparison with High-Load Resistance Training. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2024; 10:58. [PMID: 38773002 PMCID: PMC11109065 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-024-00719-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While it has been examined whether there are similar magnitudes of muscle strength and hypertrophy adaptations between low-load resistance training combined with blood-flow restriction training (BFR-RT) and high-load resistance training (HL-RT), some important potential moderators (e.g., age, sex, upper and lower limbs, frequency and duration etc.) have yet to be analyzed further. Furthermore, training status, specificity of muscle strength tests (dynamic versus isometric or isokinetic) and specificity of muscle mass assessments (locations of muscle hypertrophy assessments) seem to exhibit different effects on the results of the analysis. The role of these influencing factors, therefore, remains to be elucidated. OBJECTIVES The aim of this meta-analysis was to compare the effects of BFR- versus HL-RT on muscle adaptations, when considering the influence of population characteristics (training status, sex and age), protocol characteristics (upper or lower limbs, duration and frequency) and test specificity. METHODS Studies were identified through database searches based on the following inclusion criteria: (1) pre- and post-training assessment of muscular strength; (2) pre- and post-training assessment of muscular hypertrophy; (3) comparison of BFR-RT vs. HL-RT; (4) score ≥ 4 on PEDro scale; (5) means and standard deviations (or standard errors) are reported or allow estimation from graphs. In cases where the fifth criterion was not met, the data were requested directly from the authors. RESULTS The main finding of the present study was that training status was an important influencing factor in the effects of BFR-RT. The trained individuals may gain greater muscle strength and hypertrophy with BFR-RT as compared to HL-RT. However, the results showed that the untrained individuals experienced similar muscle mass gains and superior muscle strength gains in with HL-RT compared to BFR-RT. CONCLUSION Compared to HL-RT, training status is an important factor influencing the effects of the BFR-RT, in which trained can obtain greater muscle strength and hypertrophy gains in BFR-RT, while untrained individuals can obtain greater strength gains and similar hypertrophy in HL-RT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Geng
- Department of Physical Education, Jiyang College of Zhejiang A&F University, Zhuji, 311800, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xueping Wu
- School of Physical Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Zhang
- School of Physical Education, Huzhou University, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Colombo V, Valenčič T, Steiner K, Škarabot J, Folland J, O'Sullivan O, Kluzek S. Comparison of Blood Flow Restriction Interventions to Standard Rehabilitation After an Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury: A Systematic Review. Am J Sports Med 2024:3635465241232002. [PMID: 38591459 DOI: 10.1177/03635465241232002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood flow restriction training (BFR-t) data are heterogeneous. It is unclear whether rehabilitation with BFR-t after an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is more effective in improving muscle strength and muscle size than standard rehabilitation. PURPOSE To review outcomes after an ACL injury and subsequent reconstruction in studies comparing rehabilitation with and without BFR-t. STUDY DESIGN Systematic review. Level of evidence, 3. METHODS A search of English-language human clinical studies published in the past 20 years (2002-2022) was carried out in 5 health sciences databases, involving participants aged 18-65 undergoing rehabilitation for an ACL injury. Outcomes associated with muscle strength, muscle size, and knee-specific patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) were extracted from studies meeting inclusion criteria and compared. RESULTS The literature search identified 279 studies, of which 5 met the selection criteria. Two studies suggested that BFR-t rehabilitation after an ACL injury improved knee or thigh muscle strength and muscle size compared with rehabilitation consisting of comparable and higher load resistance training, with two studies suggesting the opposite. The single study measuring PROMs showed improvement compared to traditional rehabilitation, with no difference in muscle strength or size. CONCLUSION BFR-t after an ACL injury seems to benefit muscle strength, muscle size, and PROM scores compared with standard rehabilitation alone. However, only 1 large study included all these outcomes, which has yet to be replicated in other settings. Further studies utilizing similar methods with a common set of outcome measures are required to confirm the effects of BFR-t on ACL rehabilitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Colombo
- Academic Unit of Injury, Recovery and Inflammation Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Tamara Valenčič
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Kat Steiner
- Bodleian Health Care Libraries, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jakob Škarabot
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Jonathan Folland
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Oliver O'Sullivan
- Academic Unit of Injury, Recovery and Inflammation Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Academic Department of Military Rehabilitation, Defence Medical Rehabilitation Centre Stanford Hall, Loughborough, UK
| | - Stefan Kluzek
- Academic Unit of Injury, Recovery and Inflammation Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Businari GB, Brigatto FA, de Camargo JBB, Soares EG, Braz TV, Batista DR, Col LO, Dias WG, Rosolem JM, Prestes J, Marchetti PH, Lopes CR. Chronic Effects of Inter-Set Static Stretching on Morphofunctional Outcomes in Recreationally Resistance-Trained Male and Female. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2024; 95:10-23. [PMID: 36638500 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2022.2134547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of resistance training (RT) with inter-set static stretching (IS) versus traditional RT (TRT) on morphofunctional outcomes in recreationally resistance-trained male and female. Methods: Twenty-two recreationally-trained subjects were allocated to IS group (n = 12) or TRT (n = 10) and completed eight weeks of RT. The only difference between the groups was that IS group included static stretching between sets, while the TRT rested between the sets. Ultrasound images, dynamic and isometric strength tests for the elbow flexors and elbow extensors were evaluated pre- and post-intervention period. Results: Total training volume (TTV) was greater in TRT than IS (p = .031). TRT and IS caused similar increases in maximal dynamic and isometric strength. Fascicle length of the brachialis increased following TRT (p = .033); muscle thickness and the pennation angle of the distal portion of the triceps brachii increased following IS (p = .035 and p = .007, respectively). There were no significant changes in thickness and architecture for biceps brachii in either group. There were no significant differences between groups for any muscle strength and morphology outcome. Conclusion: IS negatively affects TTV but does not affect muscle strength and architecture of recreationally resistance-trained male and female.
Collapse
|
4
|
Domroes T, Weidlich K, Bohm S, Mersmann F, Arampatzis A. Personalized tendon loading reduces muscle-tendon imbalances in male adolescent elite athletes. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14555. [PMID: 38268075 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
An imbalanced adaptation of muscle strength and tendon stiffness in response to training may increase tendon strain (i.e., the mechanical demand on the tendon) and consequently tendon injury risk. This study investigated if personalized tendon loading inducing tendon strain within the effective range for adaptation (4.5%-6.5%) can reduce musculotendinous imbalances in male adolescent handball athletes (15-16 years). At four measurement time points during a competitive season, we assessed knee extensor muscle strength and patellar tendon mechanical properties using dynamometry and ultrasonography and estimated the tendon's structural integrity with a peak spatial frequency (PSF) analysis of proximal tendon ultrasound scans. A control group (n = 13) followed their usual training routine, an intervention group (n = 13) integrated tendon exercises into their training (3x/week for ~31 weeks) with a personalized intensity corresponding to an average of ~6.2% tendon strain. We found a significant time by group interaction (p < 0.005) for knee extensor muscle strength and normalized patellar tendon stiffness with significant increases over time only in the intervention group (p < 0.001). There were no group differences or time-dependent changes in patellar tendon strain during maximum voluntary contractions or PSF. At the individual level, the intervention group demonstrated lower fluctuations of maximum patellar tendon strain during the season (p = 0.005) and a descriptively lower frequency of athletes with high-level tendon strain (≥9%). The findings suggest that the personalized tendon loading program reduced muscle-tendon imbalances in male adolescent athletes, which may provide new opportunities for tendon injury prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Domroes
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kolja Weidlich
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bohm
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Falk Mersmann
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Adamantios Arampatzis
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Loturco I, Zabaloy S, Pereira LA, Moura TBMA, Mercer VP, Victor F, Zając A, Matusinski A, Freitas TT, Bishop C. Resistance Training Practices of Brazilian Olympic Sprint and Jump Coaches: Toward a Deeper Understanding of Their Choices and Insights (Part III). J Hum Kinet 2024; 90:183-214. [PMID: 38380293 PMCID: PMC10875694 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/182888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
In the final part of this three-article collection on the training strategies of Brazilian Olympic sprint and jump coaches, we provide a detailed description of the resistance training methods and exercises most commonly employed by these speed experts. Always with the objective of maximizing the sprint and jump capabilities of their athletes, these experienced coaches primarily utilize variable, eccentric, concentric, machine-based, isometric, complex, and isoinertial resistance training methods in their daily practices. Squats (in their different forms), Olympic weightlifting, ballistics, hip thrusts, lunges, calf raises, core exercises, leg curls, stiff-leg deadlifts, and leg extension are the most commonly prescribed exercises in their training programs, during both the preparatory and competitive periods. Therefore, the current manuscript comprehensively describes and examines these methods, with the additional aim of extrapolating their application to other sports, especially those where sprint speed is a key performance factor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irineu Loturco
- NAR—Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Sport, Health, and Exercise Science, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Santiago Zabaloy
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports, University of Flores, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | - Adam Zając
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Aleksander Matusinski
- Department of Exercise and Sport Performance, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Tomás T. Freitas
- NAR—Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Facultad de Deporte, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Chris Bishop
- London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gillet A, Forton K, Lamotte M, Macera F, Roussoulières A, Louis P, Ibrahim M, Dewachter C, van de Borne P, Deboeck G. Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training Using the 3/7 Resistance Training Method on Metabolic Stress in People with Heart Failure and Coronary Artery Disease: A Randomized Cross-Over Study. J Clin Med 2023; 12:7743. [PMID: 38137812 PMCID: PMC10743906 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12247743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The 3/7 resistance training (RT) method involves performing sets with increasing numbers of repetitions, and shorter rest periods than the 3x9 method. Therefore, it could induce more metabolic stress in people with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) or coronary artery disease (CAD). This randomized cross-over study tested this hypothesis. Eleven individuals with HFrEF and thirteen with CAD performed high-intensity interval training (HIIT) for 30 min, followed by 3x9 or 3/7 RT according to group allocation. pH, HCO3-, lactate, and growth hormone were measured at baseline, after HIIT, and after RT. pH and HCO3- decreased, and lactate increased after both RT methods. In the CAD group, lactate increased more (6.99 ± 2.37 vs. 9.20 ± 3.57 mmol/L, p = 0.025), pH tended to decrease more (7.29 ± 0.06 vs. 7.33 ± 0.04, p = 0.060), and HCO3- decreased more (18.6 ± 3.1 vs. 21.1 ± 2.5 mmol/L, p = 0.004) after 3/7 than 3x9 RT. In the HFrEF group, lactate, pH, and HCO3- concentrations did not differ between RT methods (all p > 0.248). RT did not increase growth hormone in either patient group. In conclusion, the 3/7 RT method induced more metabolic stress than the 3x9 method in people with CAD but not HFrEF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Gillet
- Department of Cardiology, CUB Hôpital Erasme, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (H.U.B), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (A.G.); (K.F.); (M.L.); (F.M.); (A.R.); (C.D.); (P.v.d.B.)
- Department of Physiotherapy, CUB Hôpital Erasme, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (H.U.B), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
- Research Unit in Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Motor Skills Science, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Kevin Forton
- Department of Cardiology, CUB Hôpital Erasme, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (H.U.B), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (A.G.); (K.F.); (M.L.); (F.M.); (A.R.); (C.D.); (P.v.d.B.)
- Department of Physiotherapy, CUB Hôpital Erasme, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (H.U.B), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Michel Lamotte
- Department of Cardiology, CUB Hôpital Erasme, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (H.U.B), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (A.G.); (K.F.); (M.L.); (F.M.); (A.R.); (C.D.); (P.v.d.B.)
- Department of Physiotherapy, CUB Hôpital Erasme, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (H.U.B), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Francesca Macera
- Department of Cardiology, CUB Hôpital Erasme, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (H.U.B), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (A.G.); (K.F.); (M.L.); (F.M.); (A.R.); (C.D.); (P.v.d.B.)
| | - Ana Roussoulières
- Department of Cardiology, CUB Hôpital Erasme, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (H.U.B), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (A.G.); (K.F.); (M.L.); (F.M.); (A.R.); (C.D.); (P.v.d.B.)
| | - Pauline Louis
- Department of Physiotherapy, CUB Hôpital Erasme, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (H.U.B), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Malko Ibrahim
- Research Unit in Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Motor Skills Science, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Céline Dewachter
- Department of Cardiology, CUB Hôpital Erasme, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (H.U.B), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (A.G.); (K.F.); (M.L.); (F.M.); (A.R.); (C.D.); (P.v.d.B.)
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe van de Borne
- Department of Cardiology, CUB Hôpital Erasme, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (H.U.B), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (A.G.); (K.F.); (M.L.); (F.M.); (A.R.); (C.D.); (P.v.d.B.)
| | - Gaël Deboeck
- Research Unit in Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Motor Skills Science, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gillet A, Lamotte M, Forton K, Roussoulières A, Dewachter C, Bouziotis J, Deboeck G, van de Borne P. Hemodynamic Tolerance of New Resistance Training Methods in Patients With Heart Failure and Coronary Artery Disease: A RANDOMIZED CROSSOVER STUDY. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev 2023; 43:453-459. [PMID: 37040560 DOI: 10.1097/hcr.0000000000000794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine and compare the effectiveness of three different resistance training (RT) methods for cardiac rehabilitation. METHODS Individuals with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF, n = 23) or coronary artery disease (CAD, n = 22) and healthy controls (CTRL, n = 29) participated in this randomized crossover trial of RT exercises at 70% of the one-maximal repetition on a leg extension machine. Peak heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) were measured noninvasively. The three RT methods were five sets of increasing repetitions from three to seven (RISE), of decreasing repetitions from seven to three (DROP), and three sets of nine repetitions (USUAL). Interset rest intervals were 15 sec for RISE and DROP and 60 sec for USUAL. RESULTS Peak HR differed on average by <4 bpm between methods in the HFrEF and CAD groups ( P < .02). Rises in systolic BP (SBP) in the HFrEF group were comparable across methods. In the CAD group, mean SBP at peak exercise increased more in RISE and DROP than in USUAL ( P < .001), but the increase was ≤10 mm Hg. In the CTRL group, SBP was higher for DROP than for USUAL (152 ± 22 vs 144 ± 24 mm Hg, respectively; P < .01). Peak cardiac output and perceived exertion did not differ between methods. CONCLUSIONS The RISE, DROP, and USUAL RT methods induced a similar perception of effort and similar increases in peak HR and BP. The RISE and DROP methods appear more efficient as they allow a comparable training volume in a shorter time than the USUAL method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Gillet
- Departments of Cardiology (Mr Gillet and Drs Lamotte, Forton, Roussoulières, Dewachter, and van de Borne), Physiotherapy (Mr Gillet and Drs Lamotte and Forton), and Biomedical Research (Mr Bouziotis), Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (H.U.B.), CUB Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium; Research Unit in Rehabilitation, Faculty of Motor Skills Science (Mr Gillet and Dr Deboeck) and Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine (Dr Dewachter), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Currier BS, Mcleod JC, Banfield L, Beyene J, Welton NJ, D'Souza AC, Keogh JAJ, Lin L, Coletta G, Yang A, Colenso-Semple L, Lau KJ, Verboom A, Phillips SM. Resistance training prescription for muscle strength and hypertrophy in healthy adults: a systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med 2023; 57:1211-1220. [PMID: 37414459 PMCID: PMC10579494 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2023-106807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine how distinct combinations of resistance training prescription (RTx) variables (load, sets and frequency) affect muscle strength and hypertrophy. DATA SOURCES MEDLINE, Embase, Emcare, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL, and Web of Science were searched until February 2022. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Randomised trials that included healthy adults, compared at least 2 predefined conditions (non-exercise control (CTRL) and 12 RTx, differentiated by load, sets and/or weekly frequency), and reported muscle strength and/or hypertrophy were included. ANALYSES Systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis methodology was used to compare RTxs and CTRL. Surface under the cumulative ranking curve values were used to rank conditions. Confidence was assessed with threshold analysis. RESULTS The strength network included 178 studies (n=5097; women=45%). The hypertrophy network included 119 studies (n=3364; women=47%). All RTxs were superior to CTRL for muscle strength and hypertrophy. Higher-load (>80% of single repetition maximum) prescriptions maximised strength gains, and all prescriptions comparably promoted muscle hypertrophy. While the calculated effects of many prescriptions were similar, higher-load, multiset, thrice-weekly training (standardised mean difference (95% credible interval); 1.60 (1.38 to 1.82) vs CTRL) was the highest-ranked RTx for strength, and higher-load, multiset, twice-weekly training (0.66 (0.47 to 0.85) vs CTRL) was the highest-ranked RTx for hypertrophy. Threshold analysis demonstrated these results were extremely robust. CONCLUSION All RTx promoted strength and hypertrophy compared with no exercise. The highest-ranked prescriptions for strength involved higher loads, whereas the highest-ranked prescriptions for hypertrophy included multiple sets. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42021259663 and CRD42021258902.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brad S Currier
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan C Mcleod
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura Banfield
- Health Sciences Library, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joseph Beyene
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicky J Welton
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Alysha C D'Souza
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joshua A J Keogh
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lydia Lin
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Giulia Coletta
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Antony Yang
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lauren Colenso-Semple
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kyle J Lau
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexandria Verboom
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tan R, Baranauskas MN, Karl ST, Ortiz de Zevallos J, Shei RJ, Paris HL, Wiggins CC, Bailey SJ. Effects of dietary nitrate supplementation on peak power output: Influence of supplementation strategy and population. Nitric Oxide 2023; 138-139:105-119. [PMID: 37438201 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2023.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that dietary nitrate supplementation has the potential to increase muscular power output during skeletal muscle contractions. However, there is still a paucity of data characterizing the impact of different nitrate dosing regimens on nitric oxide bioavailability and its potential ergogenic effects across various population groups. This review discusses the potential influence of different dietary nitrate supplementation strategies on nitric oxide bioavailability and muscular peak power output in healthy adults, athletes, older adults and some clinical populations. Effect sizes were calculated for peak power output and absolute and/or relative nitrate doses were considered where applicable. There was no relationship between the effect sizes of peak power output change following nitrate supplementation and when nitrate dosage when considered in absolute or relative terms. Areas for further research are also recommended including a focus on nitrate dosing regimens that optimize nitric oxide bioavailability for enhancing peak power at times of increased muscular work in a variety of healthy and disease populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Tan
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, 90263, USA.
| | - Marissa N Baranauskas
- Department of Human Physiology & Nutrition, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO, 80918, USA
| | - Sean T Karl
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, 90263, USA
| | | | - Ren-Jay Shei
- Indiana University Alumni Association, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47408, USA
| | - Hunter L Paris
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, 90263, USA
| | - Chad C Wiggins
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Stephen J Bailey
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tan R, Baranauskas MN, Karl ST, Ortiz de Zevallos J, Shei RJ, Paris HL, Wiggins CC, Bailey SJ. Effects of dietary nitrate supplementation on muscular power output: Influence of supplementation strategy and population. Nitric Oxide 2023:S1089-8603(23)00047-2. [PMID: 37244391 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that dietary nitrate supplementation has the potential to increase muscular power output during skeletal muscle contractions. However, there is still a paucity of data characterizing the impact of different nitrate dosing regimens on nitric oxide bioavailability its potential ergogenic effects across various population groups. This narrative review discusses the potential influence of different dietary nitrate supplementation strategies on nitric oxide bioavailability and muscular power output in healthy adults, athletes, older adults and some clinical populations. Areas for further research are also recommended including a focus individualized nitrate dosing regimens to optimize nitric oxide bioavailability and to promote muscular power enhancements in different populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Tan
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, 90263, USA.
| | - Marissa N Baranauskas
- Department of Human Physiology & Nutrition, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO, 80918, USA
| | - Sean T Karl
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, 90263, USA
| | | | - Ren-Jay Shei
- Indiana University Alumni Association, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47408, USA
| | - Hunter L Paris
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, 90263, USA
| | - Chad C Wiggins
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Stephen J Bailey
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Coratella G, Tornatore G, Longo S, Toninelli N, Padovan R, Esposito F, Cè E. Biceps Brachii and Brachioradialis Excitation in Biceps Curl Exercise: Different Handgrips, Different Synergy. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:sports11030064. [PMID: 36976950 PMCID: PMC10054060 DOI: 10.3390/sports11030064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study analyzed the excitation of biceps brachii, brachioradialis, and anterior deltoid during bilateral biceps curl performed with different handgrips. Ten competitive bodybuilders performed bilateral biceps curl in non-exhaustive 6-rep sets using 8-RM with the forearm in supinated, pronated, and neutral positions. The ascending and descending phase of each variation was separately analyzed using the normalized root mean square collected using surface electromyography. During the ascending phase, (i) biceps brachii excitation was greater with the supinated compared to the pronated [+19(7)%, ES: 2.60] and neutral handgrip [+12(9)%, ES: 1.24], (ii) the brachioradialis showed greater excitation with the supinated compared to the pronated [+5(4)%, ES: 1.01] and neutral handgrip [+6(5)%, ES: 1.10], (iii) the anterior deltoid excitation was greater with the pronated and neutral handgrip compared to the supinated condition [+6(3)% and +9(2)%, ES: 2.07 and 3.18, respectively]. During the descending phase, the anterior deltoid showed greater excitation in the pronated compared to the supinated handgrip [+5(4)%, ES: 1.02]. Changing the handgrips when performing biceps curl induces specific variations in biceps brachii and brachioradialis excitation and requires different anterior deltoid interventions for stabilizing the humeral head. Practitioners should consider including different handgrips in the biceps curl routine to vary the neural and mechanical stimuli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Coratella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0280214653
| | - Gianpaolo Tornatore
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Longo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Nicholas Toninelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Riccardo Padovan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Esposito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute, 20161 Milan, Italy
| | - Emiliano Cè
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute, 20161 Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hernández-Davó JL, Sabido R. The Effect of Three Different Resistance Training Programming Approaches on Strength Gains and Jumping Performance. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2023; 94:180-185. [PMID: 35302931 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2021.1950903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Background: A main goal of programming is to structure the optimal variations in training factors to optimize athletes' adaptations. Nevertheless, it remains unknown the optimal programming model leading to greater neuromuscular adaptations. Purpose: The aim of the present study was to assess the influence of three different magnitudes of variability within resistance training programs on performance adaptations. Methods: Forty participants were assigned to three different groups differing in the frequency of change in training contents: a weekly model (WM; n = 12), a daily model (DM; n= 14), and a session model (SM; n = 14). The training intervention lasted for six weeks, performing two sessions per week of back-squat exercise. Total training load (volume and intensity) of the six-week intervention was equated for all groups. Maximum dynamic strength (1RM) in the back-squat, countermovement (CMJ) and squat jump (SJ) were measured pre- and post-training intervention. Results: All groups showed significant increases (p< .05) in 1RM, with the SM showing greater increases than the WM (20.5 vs 13.6%; p= .022). Although not reaching statistical significance, the magnitude of the increases in CMJ tended to be greater for DM and SM group (9.5% and 8.1%, respectively,) than in the WM (4.4%). All groups showed similar increases in the SJ (7.7-9.9%). Conclusions: The results of the present study suggest that the use of more frequent stimuli variations within resistance training programming is a key factor to achieve concomitant increases in strength and jumping performance.
Collapse
|
13
|
Scoubeau C, Carpentier J, Baudry S, Faoro V, Klass M. Body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, and neuromuscular adaptations induced by a home-based whole-body high intensity interval training. J Exerc Sci Fit 2023; 21:226-236. [PMID: 36970125 PMCID: PMC10034507 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/objective Bodyweight exercises performed at home could be a complementary approach to improve health-related fitness in people having little spare time and during stay-at-home periods. This study then investigated body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, and neuromuscular adaptations to a home-based, video-directed, whole-body high-intensity interval training (WB-HIIT). Methods Fourteen subjects participated to an 8-week WB-HIIT (6 females, 23 ± 1 years) and fourteen were included in a non-exercise control group (CTL; 6 females, 24 ± 4 years). All took part to pre- and post-intervention assessments of body composition, peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) and first ventilatory threshold (VT1; index of aerobic capacity), dynamic (leg press 3-repetition maximum) and isometric strength (knee extensors maximal isometric contractions with assessment of voluntary activation), and muscle endurance during an isometric submaximal contraction maintained till exhaustion. WB-HIIT consisted in 30-s all-out whole-body exercises interspaced with 30 s of active recovery. Training sessions were performed at home by means of videos with demonstration of exercises. Heart rate was monitored during sessions. Results WB-HIIT increased VO2peak (5%), VT1 (20%), leg lean mass (3%), dynamic (13%) and isometric strength (6%), and muscle endurance (28%; p < 0.05), while they did not improve in CTL. VO2peak increase was correlated (r = 0.56; p < 0.05) with the time spent above 80% of maximal heart rate during training sessions. Isometric strength increase was correlated with change in voluntary activation (r = 0.74; p < 0.01). Conclusion The home-based WB-HIIT induced concomitant cardiorespiratory fitness and neuromuscular improvements. The predominant effect was observed for aerobic capacity and muscle endurance which could improve exercise tolerance and reduce fatigability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corentin Scoubeau
- Cardio-Pulmonary Exercise Laboratory, Faculty of Motor Sciences, Université libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Julie Carpentier
- Research Unit in Biometry and Exercise Nutrition, Faculty of Motor Sciences, Université libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Stéphane Baudry
- Laboratory of Applied Biology and Research Unit in Applied Neurophysiology, Faculty of Motor Sciences, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Vitalie Faoro
- Cardio-Pulmonary Exercise Laboratory, Faculty of Motor Sciences, Université libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Malgorzata Klass
- Research Unit in Biometry and Exercise Nutrition, Faculty of Motor Sciences, Université libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
- Laboratory of Applied Biology and Research Unit in Applied Neurophysiology, Faculty of Motor Sciences, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
- Corresponding author. Research Unit in Biometry and Exercise Nutrition, Faculty of Motor Sciences, Université libre de Bruxelles, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Relationship between Maximum Force-Velocity Exertion and Swimming Performances among Four Strokes over Medium and Short Distances: The Stronger on Dry Land, the Faster in Water? J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2023; 8:jfmk8010020. [PMID: 36810504 PMCID: PMC9944094 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk8010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Evaluating force-velocity characteristics on dry-land is of the utmost importance in swimming, because higher levels of these bio-motor abilities positively affect in-water performance. However, the wide range of possible technical specializations presents an opportunity for a more categorized approach that has yet to be seized. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify feasible differences in maximum force-velocity exertion based on swimmers' stroke and distance specialization. To this scope, 96 young male swimmers competing at the regional level were divided into 12 groups, one for each stroke (butterfly, backstroke, breaststroke, and front crawl) and distance (50 m, 100 m, and 200 m). They performed two single pull-up tests, 5-min before and after competing in a federal swimming race. We assessed force (N) and velocity (m/s) exertion via linear encoder. There were no significant differences between pre-post maximum force-velocity exertions, despite the decreasing trend. Force-parameters highly correlated with each other and with the swimming performance time. Moreover, both force (t = -3.60, p < 0.001) and velocity (t = -3.90, p < 0.001) were significant predictors of swimming race time. Sprinters (both 50 m and 100 m) of all strokes could exert significantly higher force-velocity compared to 200 m swimmers (e.g., 0.96 ± 0.06 m/s performed by sprinters vs. 0.66 ± 0.03 m/s performed by 200 m swimmers). Moreover, breaststroke sprinters presented significantly lower force-velocity compared to sprinters specialized in the other strokes (e.g., 1047.83 ± 61.33 N performed by breaststroke sprinters vs. 1263.62 ± 161.23 N performed by butterfly sprinters). This study could provide the foundation for future research regarding the role of stroke and distance specializations in modeling swimmers' force-velocity abilities, thus influencing paramount elements for specific training and improvement towards competitions.
Collapse
|
15
|
Coratella G, Tornatore G, Longo S, Esposito F, Cè E. Bilateral Biceps Curl Shows Distinct Biceps Brachii and Anterior Deltoid Excitation Comparing Straight vs. EZ Barbell Coupled with Arms Flexion/No-Flexion. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2023; 8:jfmk8010013. [PMID: 36810497 PMCID: PMC9944112 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk8010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the excitation of the biceps brachii and anterior deltoid during bilateral biceps curl performed using the straight vs. EZ barbell and with or without flexing the arms. Ten competitive bodybuilders performed bilateral biceps curl in non-exhaustive 6-rep sets using 8-RM in four variations: using the straight barbell flexing (STflex) or not flexing the arms (STno-flex) or the EZ barbell flexing (EZflex) or not flexing the arms (EZno-flex). The ascending and descending phases were separately analyzed using the normalized root mean square (nRMS) collected using surface electro-myography. For the biceps brachii, during the ascending phase, a greater nRMS was observed in STno-flex vs. EZno-flex (+1.8%, effect size [ES]: 0.74), in STflex vs. STno-flex (+17.7%, ES: 3.93) and in EZflex vs. EZno-flex (+20.3%, ES: 5.87). During the descending phase, a greater nRMS was observed in STflex vs. EZflex (+3.8%, ES: 1.15), in STno-flex vs. STflex (+2.8%, ES: 0.86) and in EZno-flex vs. EZflex (+8.1%, ES: 1.81). The anterior deltoid showed distinct excitation based on the arm flexion/no-flexion. A slight advantage in biceps brachii excitation appears when using the straight vs. EZ barbell. Flexing or not flexing the arms seems to uniquely excite the biceps brachii and anterior deltoid. Practitioners should consider including different bilateral biceps barbell curls in their routine to vary the neural and mechanical stimuli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Coratella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0280214653
| | - Gianpaolo Tornatore
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Longo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Esposito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, 20161 Milan, Italy
| | - Emiliano Cè
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, 20161 Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zeng B, Yue Y, Liu T, Ahn H, Li C. The Influence of the BDNF Val66Met Variant on the Association Between Physical Activity/Grip Strength and Depressive Symptoms in Persons With Diabetes. Clin Nurs Res 2022; 31:1462-1471. [PMID: 36168703 DOI: 10.1177/10547738221119343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The rs6265 in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is associated with depression in people with diabetes. Both physical activity (PA) and grip strength are negatively associated with depression. We conducted cross-sectional analyses of the wave 10 survey data for a nationally representative sample of 1,051 diabetes participants of the Health and Retirement Study. Both greater PA (β = -.15) and stronger grip strength (β = -.02) were independently associated with depression. Although the interaction between BDNF rs6265 and PA on depressive symptoms was not significant, the negative PA-depression association was stronger among female non-Met carriers (β = -.19) and male Met carriers (β = -.14). Meanwhile, grip strength was associated with depression only in Met carriers (β = -.04), and similar association was observed in both males and females. In conclusion, female non-Met carriers and male Met carriers may benefit from PA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zeng
- Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, China
| | - Yan Yue
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Florida State University College of Nursing, Tallahassee, USA
| | - Hyochol Ahn
- Florida State University College of Nursing, Tallahassee, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Tempo-controlled resistance training of the hip abductors and ankle dorsiflexors with light loads does not improve postural sway in older adults. Exp Brain Res 2022; 240:3049-3060. [PMID: 36227344 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-022-06477-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The force steadiness capabilities of the hip abductors and ankle dorsiflexors can explain a significant amount of the variance in postural sway during four types of standing balance tests. Control over balance, as well as force steadiness, generally worsens with aging, although the latter can be improved with unique training interventions. The purpose of our study was to assess how tempo-controlled, light-load resistance training of the hip abductors and ankle dorsiflexors influences performance in clinical movement tests, postural sway, muscle strength, and force steadiness in older adults. Participants (n = 28, 70 ± 7 years, 8 men) completed nine training sessions for either the hip abductors or ankle dorsiflexors in the nondominant leg. Training involved lifting a load equal to 15% of the maximal force achieved during an isometric contraction. Linear mixed-effects models revealed no changes (p > 0.05) in Sit-To-Stand test, Timed Up-and-Go test, maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) torque, or postural sway from before to after either training intervention. Only the dorsiflexor group significantly improved nondominant leg dorsiflexion force steadiness, but this did not translate to any other tasks. However, absolute and relative measures of MVC torque and force steadiness of the hip abductors and ankle dorsiflexors in the dominant and nondominant legs could predict sway-area rate in each of the four standing balance conditions. The responsiveness of leg muscles to light-load steadiness training in older adults appears to depend on the type of exercises performed during the intervention.
Collapse
|
18
|
Enoka RM. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews: 2021 Paper of the Year. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2022; 50:173-174. [PMID: 36095072 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roger M Enoka
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Coratella G. Appropriate Reporting of Exercise Variables in Resistance Training Protocols: Much more than Load and Number of Repetitions. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:99. [PMID: 35907047 PMCID: PMC9339067 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00492-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Manipulating resistance training variables is crucial to plan the induced stimuli correctly. When reporting the exercise variables in resistance training protocols, sports scientists and practitioners often refer to the load lifted and the total number of repetitions. The present conceptual review explores all within-exercise variables that may influence the strength and hypertrophic gains, and the changes in muscle architecture. Together with the (1) load and (2) the number of repetitions, (3) performing repetitions to failure or not to failure, (4) the displacement of the load or the range of movement (full or partial), (5) the portion of the partial movement to identify the muscle length at which the exercise is performed, (6) the total time under tension, the duration of each phase and the position of the two isometric phases, (7) whether the concentric, eccentric or concentric-eccentric phase is performed, (8) the use of internal or external focus and (9) the inter-set rest may all have repercussions on the adaptations induced by each resistance exercise. Manipulating one or more variable allows to increase, equalize or decrease the stimuli related to each exercise. Sports scientists and practitioners are invited to list all aforementioned variables for each exercise when reporting resistance training protocols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Coratella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Giuseppe Colombo 71, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lambrianides Y, Epro G, Smith K, Mileva KN, James D, Karamanidis K. Impact of Different Mechanical and Metabolic Stimuli on the Temporal Dynamics of Muscle Strength Adaptation. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:3246-3255. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
21
|
Devise M, Lechaptois C, Berton E, Vigouroux L. Effects of Different Hangboard Training Intensities on Finger Grip Strength, Stamina, and Endurance. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:862782. [PMID: 35498522 PMCID: PMC9039162 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.862782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Climbing-specific training programs on hangboards are often based on dead-hang repetitions, but little is known about the real intensity applied during such effort. The aim of this study was to quantify and compare the effects of different training intensities (maximal, high submaximal, and low submaximal intensities) on the fingers' physiological capabilities using a hangboard fitted with force sensors. In total, 54 experienced climbers (13 women and 41 men) were randomly divided into four groups, with each group following different training intensity programs: maximal strength program performed at 100% of the maximal finger strength (MFS; F100), intermittent repetitions at 80% MFS (F80), intermittent repetitions at 60% MFS (F60), and no specific training (control group). Participants trained on a 12 mm-deep hold, twice a week for 4 weeks. The MFS, stamina, and endurance levels were evaluated using force data before and after training. Results showed similar values in the control group between pre- and post-tests. A significantly improved MFS was observed in the F100 and F80 groups but not in the F60 group. Significantly higher stamina and endurance measurements were observed in the F80 and F60 groups but not in the F100 group. These results showed that a 4-week hangboard training enabled increasing MFS, stamina and endurance, and that different improvements occurred according to the level of training intensity. Interestingly, the different intensities allow improvements in the targeted capacity (e.g., stamina for the F80 group) but also in the adjacent physiological capabilities (e.g., MFS for the F80 group).
Collapse
|
22
|
Lyristakis PM, Wundersitz DWT, Zadow EK, Mnatzaganian G, Gordon BA. The influence of considering individual resistance training variables as a whole on muscle strength: A systematic review and meta-analysis protocol. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262674. [PMID: 35051219 PMCID: PMC8775318 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Examinations of the effect of resistance training (RT) on muscle strength have attempted to determine differences between prescriptions, mostly examining individual training variables. The broad interaction of variables does not appear to be completely considered, nor has a dose-response function been determined. This registered (doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/EH94V) systematic review with meta-analysis aims to determine if the interaction of individual training variables to derive RT dose, dosing, and dosage can influence muscle strength and determine if an optimal prescription range exists for developing muscle strength. To derive RT dose, the following calculation will be implemented: number of sets × number of repetitions × number of exercises × exercise intensity, while RT dosing factors in frequency and RT dosage considers program duration. A keyword search strategy utilising interchangeable terms for population (adult), intervention (resistance training), and outcomes (strength) will be conducted across three databases (CINAHL, MEDLINE, and SPORTDiscus). Novel to the field of exercise prescription, an analytical approach to determine the dose-response function for continuous outcomes will be used. The pooled standardised mean differences for muscle strength will be estimated using DerSimonian and Laird random effects method. Linear and non-linear dose-response relationships will be estimated by fitting fixed effects and random effects models using the one-stage approach to evaluate if there is a relationship between exercise dose, dosing and dosage and the effect on muscle strength. Maximised log-likelihood and the Akaike Information Criteria will be used to compare alternative best fitting models. Meta regressions will investigate between-study variances and a funnel plot and Egger's test will assess publication bias. The results from this study will identify if an optimal prescription range for dose, dosing and dosage exists to develop muscle strength.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip M. Lyristakis
- Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel W. T. Wundersitz
- Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emma K. Zadow
- Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
| | - George Mnatzaganian
- Rural Department of Community Health, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brett A. Gordon
- Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Blazevich AJ, Collins DF, Millet GY, Vaz MA, Maffiuletti NA. Enhancing Adaptations to Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Training Interventions. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2021; 49:244-252. [PMID: 34107505 PMCID: PMC8460078 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) applied to skeletal muscles is an effective rehabilitation and exercise training modality. However, the relatively low muscle force and rapid muscle fatigue induced by NMES limit the stimulus provided to the neuromuscular system and subsequent adaptations. We hypothesize that adaptations to NMES will be enhanced by the use of specific stimulation protocols and adjuvant interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J. Blazevich
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research (CESSR), School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - David F. Collins
- Human Neurophysiology Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Guillaume Y. Millet
- Université de Lyon, UJM, Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, EA 7424, Saint-Etienne
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Marco A. Vaz
- Laboratório de Pesquisa do Exercício (LAPEX), Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Dança, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hernández-Davó JL, Sabido R, Blazevich AJ. High-speed stretch-shortening cycle exercises as a strategy to provide eccentric overload during resistance training. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 31:2211-2220. [PMID: 34536969 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Resistance exercises eliciting eccentric overload (EO) are considered to strongly promote muscular hypertrophy and broad neuromuscular adaptations but typically require specialized equipment. The aims of these experiments were to assess whether EO is achieved during common high-speed stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) exercises (rebound bench press throw [RBPT] and squat jump [SJ]), and to test the effect of the external load on the EO achieved. Twenty-nine under 18 handball players and fifteen physically active males (24.9 ± 3.2 years) took part in the experiments. Testing consisted of a single set of 6 repetitions with light (25%-30% 1-RM), moderate (50% 1-RM), and heavy (70%-75% 1-RM) loads. Eccentric and concentric force near the zero-velocity point (50-200 ms) as well as eccentric-concentric force ratio (EO; %) were calculated. In RBPT, higher EO values were found at 50% 1-RM than 70% 1-RM in the time interval 50 ms before and after the zero-velocity point. Higher EO values were also found at 50% 1-RM than both 30% 1-RM and 70% 1-RM 100 ms before and after the zero-velocity point. For the SJ, higher EO values were found at 50% 1-RM and 75% 1-RM than 25% 1-RM 100 ms before and after the zero-velocity point. Higher EO values were found at 50% 1-RM than 25% 1-RM 200 ms before and after the zero-velocity point. However, the higher EO values in the SJ were found far from the zero-velocity point. High-speed SSC resistance training provides similar EO to other methods and thus should promote muscle hypertrophy and other neuromuscular adaptations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafael Sabido
- Department of Sport Sciences, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
| | - Anthony J Blazevich
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Naimo MA, Varanoske AN, Hughes JM, Pasiakos SM. Skeletal Muscle Quality: A Biomarker for Assessing Physical Performance Capabilities in Young Populations. Front Physiol 2021; 12:706699. [PMID: 34421645 PMCID: PMC8376973 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.706699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle quality (MQ), defined as the amount of strength and/or power per unit of muscle mass, is a novel index of functional capacity that is increasingly relied upon as a critical biomarker of muscle health in low functioning aging and pathophysiological adult populations. Understanding the phenotypical attributes of MQ and how to use it as an assessment tool to explore the efficacy of resistance exercise training interventions that prioritize functional enhancement over increases in muscle size may have implications for populations beyond compromised adults, including healthy young adults who routinely perform physically demanding tasks for competitive or occupational purposes. However, MQ has received far less attention in healthy young populations than it has in compromised adults. Researchers and practitioners continue to rely upon static measures of lean mass or isolated measures of strength and power, rather than using MQ, to assess integrated functional responses to resistance exercise training and physical stress. Therefore, this review will critically examine MQ and the evidence base to establish this metric as a practical and important biomarker for functional capacity and performance in healthy, young populations. Interventions that enhance MQ, such as high-intensity stretch shortening contraction resistance exercise training, will be highlighted. Finally, we will explore the potential to leverage MQ as a practical assessment tool to evaluate function and enhance performance in young populations in non-traditional research settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marshall A Naimo
- Military Performance Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States
| | - Alyssa N Varanoske
- Military Nutrition Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Julie M Hughes
- Military Performance Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States
| | - Stefan M Pasiakos
- Military Nutrition Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Effects of Adding Inter-Set Static Stretching to Flywheel Resistance Training on Flexibility, Muscular Strength, and Regional Hypertrophy in Young Men. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18073770. [PMID: 33916599 PMCID: PMC8038434 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Performing static stretching (SS) during resistance training (RT) rest periods is posited to potentiate muscular adaptations, but the literature is scarce on the topic. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of adding inter-set SS to a lower-limb flywheel RT program on joint flexibility, muscular strength, and regional hypertrophy. Sixteen untrained male adults (21 ± 1 y) completed the study, where they performed progressive flywheel bilateral squatting twice a week for 5 weeks. One leg of each participant was randomly allocated to perform SS during the inter-set rest period (RT+SS), while the other leg served as control (RT only). Before and after the intervention, knee flexion range of motion; knee extension isometric, concentric, and eccentric peak torque; 1-repetition maximum; and muscle thickness of the lower-limb muscles were assessed. Following the training period, additional effects were observed for the inter-set SS side on increasing joint flexibility (p < 0.05), whereas the average increase in strength measures was 5.3% for the control side, and 10.1% for the inter-set SS side, however, SS intervention induced significantly greater gains only for knee extension isometric strength, but not for dynamic 1-RM, concentric, and eccentric tests. Hamstrings and gluteus maximus did not hypertrophy with training; increases quadriceps muscle thickness depended on the site/portion analyzed, but no significant difference was observed between legs (average: RT = 7.3%, RT+SS = 8.0%). The results indicate that adding inter-set SS to RT may provide large gains in flexibility, slightly benefits for muscular strength (especially for isometric action), but do not impact muscle hypertrophy in untrained young men.
Collapse
|
27
|
Hortobágyi T, Granacher U, Fernandez-Del-Olmo M, Howatson G, Manca A, Deriu F, Taube W, Gruber M, Márquez G, Lundbye-Jensen J, Colomer-Poveda D. Functional relevance of resistance training-induced neuroplasticity in health and disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 122:79-91. [PMID: 33383071 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Repetitive, monotonic, and effortful voluntary muscle contractions performed for just a few weeks, i.e., resistance training, can substantially increase maximal voluntary force in the practiced task and can also increase gross motor performance. The increase in motor performance is often accompanied by neuroplastic adaptations in the central nervous system. While historical data assigned functional relevance to such adaptations induced by resistance training, this claim has not yet been systematically and critically examined in the context of motor performance across the lifespan in health and disease. A review of muscle activation, brain and peripheral nerve stimulation, and imaging data revealed that increases in motor performance and neuroplasticity tend to be uncoupled, making a mechanistic link between neuroplasticity and motor performance inconclusive. We recommend new approaches, including causal mediation analytical and hypothesis-driven models to substantiate the functional relevance of resistance training-induced neuroplasticity in the improvements of gross motor function across the lifespan in health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Hortobágyi
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical CenterGroningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Miguel Fernandez-Del-Olmo
- Area of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, Center for Sport Studies, King Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Glyn Howatson
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle, UK; Water Research Group, North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Andrea Manca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Franca Deriu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Wolfgang Taube
- Department of Neurosciences and Movement Sciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Markus Gruber
- Human Performance Research Centre, Department of Sport Science, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Gonzalo Márquez
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Jesper Lundbye-Jensen
- Movement & Neuroscience, Department of Nutrition, Exercise & Sports Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagenk, Faculty of Health Science, Universidad Isabel I, Burgos, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|