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Jiménez-Casquet MJ, Conde-Pipo J, Valenzuela-Barranco I, Rienda-Contreras R, Olea-Serrano F, Monserrat-Mesquida M, Tur JA, Bouzas C, Mariscal-Arcas M. Cross-Sectional Study of the Anthropometric Profile and Nutrient Status of Elite Female Ice Hockey Players: Differences by Play Position. Nutrients 2024; 16:471. [PMID: 38398795 PMCID: PMC10891979 DOI: 10.3390/nu16040471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Both the characteristics of ice hockey and the environmental conditions in which it is played affect the maintenance of the player's nutritional status and, therefore, their state of health and performance. The primary aim of this work was to examine the anthropometric profile, estimated energy expenditure, and macronutrient and micronutrient dietary intake of elite female ice hockey players by play position. As a secondary aim, their dietary intakes were compared with the recommendations. Hypotheses suggest variations in body composition based on ice hockey players' positions, with the expectation that these athletes may not align with energy and nutrient recommendations. Fifteen elite female ice hockey players were anthropometrically measured, basal metabolic rate and total energy expenditure were estimated, a 3-day, 24 h recall questionnaire was registered, and the results were compared with the recommended dietary intake for the Spanish population. Each player's position on the field requires an individualized physical and nutritional approach. There are no significant imbalances (p > 0.05) between energy and nutrient intake in relation to the Recommended Daily Intake (RDI); however, increasing the consumption of vegetables and seafood while reducing meat and fat intake would assist these athletes in maintaining a healthier energy balance, optimizing body composition, and aligning with nutritional parameters that are better suited to enhance physical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Jiménez-Casquet
- Health Science and Nutrition Research (HSNR-CTS1118), Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain (J.C.-P.); (F.O.-S.); (M.M.-A.)
| | - Javier Conde-Pipo
- Health Science and Nutrition Research (HSNR-CTS1118), Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain (J.C.-P.); (F.O.-S.); (M.M.-A.)
| | | | - Raquel Rienda-Contreras
- Department of Sports and Women, Andalusian Federation of Winter Sports (FADI), 18008 Granada, Spain;
| | - Fátima Olea-Serrano
- Health Science and Nutrition Research (HSNR-CTS1118), Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain (J.C.-P.); (F.O.-S.); (M.M.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Margalida Monserrat-Mesquida
- Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, Laboratory of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Balearic Islands-IUNICS, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; (M.M.-M.); (J.A.T.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Josep A. Tur
- Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, Laboratory of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Balearic Islands-IUNICS, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; (M.M.-M.); (J.A.T.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Cristina Bouzas
- Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, Laboratory of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Balearic Islands-IUNICS, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; (M.M.-M.); (J.A.T.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Miguel Mariscal-Arcas
- Health Science and Nutrition Research (HSNR-CTS1118), Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain (J.C.-P.); (F.O.-S.); (M.M.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18012 Granada, Spain
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2
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Hollabaugh WL, Meirick PJ, Matarazzo CP, Burston AM, Camery ME, Ferrill-Moseley KA, Bley JA, Pennings JS, Fitch RW, Tanner SB, Karpinos AR. Evaluation of a Vitamin D Screening and Treatment Protocol Using a Seasonal Calculator in Athletes. Curr Sports Med Rep 2022; 21:53-62. [PMID: 35120051 DOI: 10.1249/jsr.0000000000000934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Vitamin D is important in musculoskeletal health, and low serum vitamin D concentration is common in athletes. This study implemented a vitamin D screening and supplementation protocol in a cohort of National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I athletes using summer 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and a seasonal variation calculator to achieve sufficient vitamin D concentration year-round. After implementation of the Vitamin D Protocol, there was a nonsignificant difference in athletes with sufficient winter vitamin D concentrations (72.6%) compared with summer vitamin D concentrations (66.1%) (P = 0.40). The Seasonal Variation Calculator predicted winter vitamin D concentrations (8 ± 18 ng·mL-1) higher than actual winter vitamin D concentrations (P < 0.01). While most athletes (78%) believed vitamin D was important for athletic performance, athlete compliance to the Vitamin D Protocol was inconsistent. In the future, adjustment of vitamin D screening and supplementation protocols may help athletes achieve sufficient vitamin D status year-round.
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Affiliation(s)
- William L Hollabaugh
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | | | - Chris P Matarazzo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Alda M Burston
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Megan E Camery
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Kimberly A Ferrill-Moseley
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Jordan A Bley
- Department of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | | | | | - S Bobo Tanner
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
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Leitch BA, Wilson PB, Ufholz KE, Roemmich JN, Orysiak J, Walch TJ, Short SE, Fitzgerald JS. Vitamin D Awareness and Intake in Collegiate Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:2742-2748. [PMID: 31373981 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Leitch, BA, Wilson, PB, Ufholz, KE, Roemmich, JN, Orysiak, J, Walch, TJ, Short, SE, and Fitzgerald, JS. Vitamin D awareness and intake in collegiate athletes. J Strength Cond Res 35(10): 2742-2748, 2021-Poor vitamin D status is a risk factor for negative health and performance outcomes in athletes, but little is known about how athletes' awareness and beliefs about vitamin D affect their consumption of vitamin D. This observational study investigated awareness of vitamin D for health and performance among collegiate athletes and evaluated the association of vitamin D awareness with its dietary intake. Fifty-two female and 29 male Division I collegiate athletes completed an online vitamin D awareness and dietary intake questionnaire between November 1, 2015, and January 30, 2016. Median intake of vitamin D was 330 International Units (IU), which is below the recommended daily allowance (RDA) of 600 IU, but was greater in male athletes (693 IU) than female athletes (263 IU, p < 0.01). The RDA for vitamin D was met by 62% of men and 30% of women. Athletes responded that vitamin D "probably" or "definitely" will play a role in their health (88.9%) and athletic performance (71.6%). However, only 23.4 and 28.4% of athletes reported concern for their vitamin D levels or believed that they were at risk for deficiency, respectively. Results showed small-to-moderate, positive correlations (r = 0.28-0.495, p < 0.05) between aspects of vitamin D awareness and vitamin D intake, particularly with supplemental forms of vitamin D. Given the lack of awareness concerning risk of vitamin D deficiency, and the links between aspects of vitamin D awareness and vitamin D intake, nutritional education programs designed to increase vitamin D awareness in athletes may be an effective strategy to reduce deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bennett A Leitch
- Department of Education, Health and Behavior Studies, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota
| | - Patrick B Wilson
- Human Movement Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia
| | - Kelsey E Ufholz
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, North Dakota; and
| | - James N Roemmich
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, North Dakota; and
| | - Joanna Orysiak
- Department of Nutrition Physiology and Dietetics, Institute of Sport, National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tanis J Walch
- Department of Education, Health and Behavior Studies, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota
| | - Sandra E Short
- Department of Education, Health and Behavior Studies, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota
| | - John S Fitzgerald
- Department of Education, Health and Behavior Studies, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota
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Knechtle B, Jastrzębski Z, Hill L, Nikolaidis PT. Vitamin D and Stress Fractures in Sport: Preventive and Therapeutic Measures-A Narrative Review. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2021; 57:223. [PMID: 33804459 PMCID: PMC7999420 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57030223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
There are numerous risk factors for stress fractures that have been identified in literature. Among different risk factors, a prolonged lack of vitamin D (25(OH)D) can lead to stress fractures in athletes since 25(OH)D insufficiency is associated with an increased incidence of a fracture. A 25(OH)D value of <75.8 nmol/L is a risk factor for a stress fracture. 25(OH)D deficiency is, however, only one of several potential risk factors. Well-documented risk factors for a stress fracture include female sex, white ethnicity, older age, taller stature, lower aerobic fitness, prior physical inactivity, greater amounts of current physical training, thinner bones, 25(OH)D deficiency, iron deficiency, menstrual disturbances, and inadequate intake of 25(OH)D and/or calcium. Stress fractures are not uncommon in athletes and affect around 20% of all competitors. Most athletes with a stress fracture are under 25 years of age. Stress fractures can affect every sporty person, from weekend athletes to top athletes. Stress fractures are common in certain sports disciplines such as basketball, baseball, athletics, rowing, soccer, aerobics, and classical ballet. The lower extremity is increasingly affected for stress fractures with the locations of the tibia, metatarsalia and pelvis. Regarding prevention and therapy, 25(OH)D seems to play an important role. Athletes should have an evaluation of 25(OH)D -dependent calcium homeostasis based on laboratory tests of 25-OH-D3, calcium, creatinine, and parathyroid hormone. In case of a deficiency of 25(OH)D, normal blood levels of ≥30 ng/mL may be restored by optimizing the athlete's lifestyle and, if appropriate, an oral substitution of 25(OH)D. Very recent studies suggested that the prevalence of stress fractures decreased when athletes are supplemented daily with 800 IU 25(OH)D and 2000 mg calcium. Recommendations of daily 25(OH)D intake may go up to 2000 IU of 25(OH)D per day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beat Knechtle
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Institute of Primary Care, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Pestalozzistrasse 24, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Zbigniew Jastrzębski
- Department of Health and Life Sciences, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Lee Hill
- Division of Gastroenterology & Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada;
| | - Pantelis T. Nikolaidis
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, 18450 Nikaia, Greece;
- School of Health and Caring Sciences, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece
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5
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Abstract
Vitamin D Deficiency in Sports Abstract. A deficiency in vitamin D is very common in the general population as well as in athletes. The aim of this overview is to assess the level of knowledge about the importance of vitamin D for athletes. A deficiency in vitamin D is present in up to 90 % of athletes. Risk groups are young athletes, female athletes, athletes with a limitation such as paraplegia, vegetarians, athletes with a resorption disorder such as celiac disease, athletes training and competing indoors (e.g. ice hockey, basketball, boxing, rhythmic gymnastics), and older athletes. Dark skin pigmentation, the use of sunscreen, the time of day of the training (early morning, late evening) and the geographical location influence the risk for a deficiency in vitamin D. Exposure to the sun and a balanced diet are often not enough to prevent a vitamin D deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beat Knechtle
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, St. Gallen
- Institut für Hausarztmedizin, Universität Zürich, Zürich
| | | | - Pantelis T Nikolaidis
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Nikaia, Griechenland
- School of Health and Caring Sciences, University of West Attica, Athen, Griechenland
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Larson-Meyer DE, Douglas CS, Thomas JJ, Johnson EC, Barcal JN, Heller JE, Hollis BW, Halliday TM. Validation of a Vitamin D Specific Questionnaire to Determine Vitamin D Status in Athletes. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11112732. [PMID: 31717985 PMCID: PMC6893639 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The study objective was to validate a food frequency and lifestyle questionnaire (FFLQ) to assess vitamin D intake and lifestyle factors affecting status. Methods: Data collected previously during the fall (n = 86), winter (n = 49), and spring (n = 67) in collegiate-athletes (Study 1) and in active adults (n = 123) (Study 2) were utilized. Study 1: Vitamin D intake and ultraviolet B exposure were estimated using the FFLQ and compared to serum 25(OH)D concentrations via simple correlation and linear regression modeling. Study 2: Vitamin D intake from food was estimated using FFLQ and compared to vitamin D intake reported in 7-Day food diaries via paired t-test and Bland–Altman analysis. Results: Study 1: Serum 25(OH)D was not associated with vitamin D intake from food, food plus supplements, or sun exposure, but was associated with tanning bed use (r = 0.39) in spring, supplement use in fall (r = 0.28), and BMI (body mass index) (r = −0.32 to −0.47) across all seasons. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations were explained by BMI, tanning bed use, and sun exposure in fall, (R = 0.42), BMI in winter (R = 0.32), and BMI and tanning bed use in spring (R = 0.52). Study 2: Estimated Vitamin D intake from food was 186.4 ± 125.7 via FFLQ and 148.5 ± 228.2 IU/day via food diary. There was no association between intake estimated by the two methodologies (r = 0.12, p < 0.05). Conclusions: FFLQ-estimated vitamin D intake was not associated with serum 25(OH)D concentration or food-record-estimated vitamin D intake. Results highlight the difficulty of designing/utilizing intake methodologies for vitamin D, as its status is influenced by body size and both endogenous and exogenous (dietary) sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Enette Larson-Meyer
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA;
- Division of Kinesiology & Health, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82017, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-307-766-4378; Fax: +1-307-766-5686
| | - Corey S. Douglas
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA;
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, PA 16509, USA
| | - Joi J. Thomas
- University of Minnesota Athletics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Evan C. Johnson
- Division of Kinesiology & Health, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82017, USA;
| | | | - Jenna E. Heller
- Wellness Department, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA;
| | - Bruce W. Hollis
- Dr Bruce Hollis’ Laboratory, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
| | - Tanya M. Halliday
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Recreation, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA;
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Bezuglov E, Tikhonova A, Zueva A, Khaitin V, Waśkiewicz Z, Gerasimuk D, Żebrowska A, Rosemann T, Nikolaidis P, Knechtle B. Prevalence and Treatment of Vitamin D Deficiency in Young Male Russian Soccer Players in Winter. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11102405. [PMID: 31597404 PMCID: PMC6835528 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D (25(OH)D) insufficiency and deficiency are highly prevalent in adult soccer players and can exceed 80% even in regions with high insolation; however, the treatment of this condition is often complicated. The aim of the present study was to examine the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency in youth Russian soccer players and the efficacy of its treatment. Participants were 131 young male football players (age 15.6 ± 2.4 years). Low vitamin D levels (below 30 ng/mL) were observed in 42.8% of the analyzed participants. These athletes were split in two groups composed of persons with vitamin D deficiency (serum vitamin D below 21 ng/mL) and insufficiency (serum vitamin D in range of 21–29 ng/mL). A dietary supplement of 5000 IU cholecalciferol per day was administered for two months. After the treatment, an average 92% increase in vitamin D concentration was observed (before treatment—19.7 ± 5.4 ng/mL, after treatment—34.7 ± 8.6 ng/mL, p < 0.001) and 74% of the post-treatment values were within the reference range (30–60 ng/mL). Serum concentration of vitamin D increased by 200% ± 98% (p < 0.001) during the first month of treatment with vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency being successfully treated in 83% of the football players. In summary, the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency was high in young Russian soccer players. Furthermore, it was indicated that the daily usage of cholecalciferol in a dose 5000 IU was an effective and well-tolerated treatment for vitamin D insufficiency. No linear dependency between the duration of treatment and increase in vitamin 25(OH)D concentration was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Bezuglov
- Department of Sport Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia
- FC Lokomotiv, 107553 Moscow, Russia
- Russi An Football Union, 115172 Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksandra Tikhonova
- Department of Sport Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasiya Zueva
- Department of Sport Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Zbigniew Waśkiewicz
- Department of Sport Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Sport Science, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Dagmara Gerasimuk
- Department of Sports Training, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Żebrowska
- Department of Physiological and Medical Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Thomas Rosemann
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | | | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland;
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-(0)-71-226-93-00
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The Dependence of Running Speed and Muscle Strength on the Serum Concentration of Vitamin D in Young Male Professional Football Players Residing in the Russian Federation. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11091960. [PMID: 31438463 PMCID: PMC6769888 DOI: 10.3390/nu11091960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Vitamin D insufficiency is prevalent among athletes, and it can negatively affect physical performance. At the same time, most of the available data were obtained from untrained individuals of various ages, and published studies performed in athletes led to contradictory conclusions. Methods: This cohort prospective study examined the serum concentration of 25-hydroxycalciferol (25(OH)D) and its association with running speed and muscle power in 131 young football players (mean age 15.6 ± 2.4 years). Results: 25(OH)D levels were below reference in 42.8% (serum 25(OH)D <30 ng/mL) and above reference in 30.5% of the participants (serum 25(OH)D 61–130 ng/mL). A comparison of the results of 5, 15, and 30 m sprint tests and the standing long jump test found no statistically significant differences between the two groups. Athletes from the 25(OH)D-insufficient group were treated with 5000 IU cholecalciferol supplement daily for 60 days. After the treatment, the 25(OH)D concentration increased by 79.2% and was within reference in 84% of the treated athletes (serum 25(OH)D 30–60 ng/mL). Testing was repeated after the end of treatment, and a statistically significant increase in the results of the 5, 15, and 30 m sprint tests was observed (Cohen’s d was 0.46, 0.33, and 0.34, respectively), while the results of the standing long jump test remained unchanged. Body height, body weight, and lean body mass of the football players also increased. Conclusions: These findings indicate that there is likely no correlation between serum levels of 25(OH)D, muscle power, and running speed in young professional football players, and the changes observed post-treatment might have been caused by changes in the anthropometric parameters. During the study, all the anthropometric parameters changed, but the amount of lean body mass only correlated with the results of the 5 m sprint.
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Association between vitamin D status and testosterone and cortisol in ice hockey players. Biol Sport 2018; 35:207-213. [PMID: 30449937 PMCID: PMC6224848 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2018.74631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of the vitamin D receptor in tissues related to testosterone and cortisol production, in conjunction with the observed correlations between vitamin D levels and these hormones in the general population, suggest vitamin D may influence testosterone and cortisol concentrations in athletes. A cross-sectional study design was used to evaluate the association between 25(OH)D and testosterone and cortisol concentrations in young male ice hockey players (n = 50). All athletes were recruited during October from the Sosnowiec area, Poland (50° N). Commercially available ELISA kits were used to determine total serum 25(OH)D, testosterone and cortisol concentrations. Serum 25(OH)D concentration was analyzed as both a continuous and dichotomous variable, binned at the criteria for deficiency (< 20 ng·ml-1), to investigate a threshold effect. Neither continuous (r = 0.18, p = 0.20) nor dichotomous (r = 0.16, p = 0.27) 25(OH)D concentration was significantly correlated with testosterone concentration. A small, inverse correlation (r = -0.30, p = 0.04) was detected between 25(OH)D and cortisol concentrations when analyzed as a dichotomous variable only. Serum 25(OH)D concentration was neither associated with testosterone (p = 0.09) nor cortisol concentrations (p = 0.11) after adjusting for age, fat free mass and fat mass in sequential linear regression. The inability of vitamin D status to independently predict testosterone and cortisol concentrations suggests that any performance-enhancing effects of vitamin D in athletes are unlikely to be mediated primarily through these hormones, at least amongst young male ice-hockey players.
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Vitamin D supplementation and body fat mass: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Nutr 2018; 72:1345-1357. [PMID: 29563638 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-018-0132-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Studies have indicated that 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) level in obese is lower than normal weight subjects; however, results of studies that investigated relationship between 25(OH)D and fat mass are inconsistent. In addition, several randomized clinical trials (RCTs) have studied the influence of cholecalciferol supplement on percentage fat mass (PFM) but their results are conflicting. The objectives were to investigate the association between vitamin D3 and PFM pooling together observational studies and RCTs. PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane, and Scopus were comprehensively searched from inception to September 2016. The Fisher's Z (SE) of correlation coefficient and mean (SD) of changes in PFM from baseline were used to perform meta-analysis in observational studies and RCTs, respectively. To determine potential source of heterogeneity, subgroup and meta-regression analyses were conducted. Pooling correlation coefficients showed an inverse association between PFM (Fisher's Z: - 0.24, 95% CI: - 0.30 to -0 .18) and FM (Fisher's Z: - 0.32, 95% CI: - 0.43 to - 0.22) and 25(OH)D. Subgroup analysis revealed continent but not gender influence on the effect size. Meta-regression analysis indicated that age, latitude, and longitude are not sources of heterogeneity. Combining trials showed vitamin D3 supplementation had a mild but insignificant effect on PFM (- 0.31%, 95% CI: - 1.07 to 0.44). Subgroup analyses indicated that type of cholecalciferol and treatment regimens explain source of heterogeneity. Age, baseline body mass index, dose of cholecalciferol, length of study, female (%), and baseline 25(OH)D are not source of heterogeneity. In conclusion, our results state that 25(OH)D level is inversely correlated with PFM but cholecalciferol supplementation had no effect on PFM.
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11
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Mehran N, Schulz BM, Neri BR, Robertson WJ, Limpisvasti O. Prevalence of Vitamin D Insufficiency in Professional Hockey Players. Orthop J Sports Med 2016; 4:2325967116677512. [PMID: 28203589 PMCID: PMC5298407 DOI: 10.1177/2325967116677512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Vitamin D is a fat-soluble hormone that plays a role in bone health, muscle function, and athletic performance. Studies have shown that low levels of vitamin D can lead to slower muscle recovery and function, increased rates of stress fractures, and even poorer athletic performance. Insufficient vitamin D levels have been demonstrated in professional basketball and football players, however, there have been no studies to date reviewing vitamin D insufficiency in professional hockey players. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to perform a cross-sectional review to determine the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency in professional hockey players. The hypothesis was that there would be a high percentage of players with vitamin D insufficiency. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: The preseason serum 25-hydroxy (OH) vitamin D laboratory test results of 105 professional hockey players were retrospectively reviewed. All players on 3 National Hockey League (NHL) teams were included. Player parameters evaluated included age, height, weight, body mass index, and 25(OH) vitamin D level. Players were divided into 4 groups based on serum vitamin D levels: deficient (<20 ng/mL), insufficient (20-31.9 ng/mL), sufficient (≥32 ng/mL), and ideal (≥40 ng/mL). Descriptive statistics were performed, in addition to 2-group and 3-group comparisons. Results: The average 25(OH) vitamin D level of 105 players was 45.8 ± 13.7 ng/mL (range, 24-108 ng/mL). No players in the study were considered deficient. A total of 14 players (13.3%) were considered insufficient, while 91 players (86.7%) were considered sufficient. However, only 68 players (64.8%) were considered ideal. When comparing groups, athletes with sufficient vitamin D levels were older than athletes with insufficient vitamin D levels (25.9 vs 23.1 years; P = .018). All other player parameters demonstrated no significant difference between groups. Conclusion: Despite playing a winter sport and spending a great deal of time training indoors, professional hockey players have low levels of vitamin D insufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Mehran
- Kerlan-Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Brian M Schulz
- Kerlan-Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Brian R Neri
- Sports Medicine Long Island, New Hyde Park, New York, USA
| | | | - Orr Limpisvasti
- Kerlan-Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Backx EMP, Tieland M, Maase K, Kies AK, Mensink M, van Loon LJC, de Groot LCPGM. The impact of 1-year vitamin D supplementation on vitamin D status in athletes: a dose–response study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2016; 70:1009-14. [DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2016.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Cassity EP, Redzic M, Teager CR, Thomas DT. The effect of body composition and BMI on 25(OH)D response in vitamin D-supplemented athletes. Eur J Sport Sci 2015; 16:773-9. [PMID: 26698109 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2015.1125952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Fat mass is inversely associated with vitamin D status, and athletes with the most adipose tissue may have the greatest risk for insufficient (25(OH)D 20-32 ng mL(-1)) or deficient (25(OH)D < 20 ng ml(-1)) status. The effects of fat and lean mass on 25(OH)D change in response to vitamin D supplementation have yet to be elucidated in athletes. In addition, vitamin D has a known role in bone health yet a link between short-term changes in 25(OH)D and bone turnover in indoor athletes have not yet been described. Thirty-two collegiate swimmers and divers (19 male, 13 female; 19 (1) years) participated in a 6-month randomized controlled trial and consumed either 4000 IU d(-1) of vitamin D3 (n = 19) or placebo (PLA; n = 13). Anthropometry and blood collection of 25(OH)D, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (B-ALP) and N-terminal telopeptide (NTx) occurred at three time points. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measured body composition analysis at baseline and endpoint. In the vitamin D group, BMI was negatively correlated with 6-month 25(OH)D change (R = -0.496; P = .03) and a stronger predictor of 25(OH)D change (P = .04) than ultraviolet B exposure and fat mass change. Athletes in the high bone turnover group showed significantly greater losses of 25(OH)D over 6-months compared to athletes in the low bone turnover group (P = .03). These results suggest athletes within the normal BMI category experience a diminished response to 4000 IU d(-1) of vitamin D3 supplementation, and periods of high bone turnover may be an additional risk factor for developing compromised vitamin D status in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan P Cassity
- a Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine , University of Kentucky , Lexington , KY , USA
| | - Maja Redzic
- b Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences , University of Kentucky , Lexington , KY , USA
| | - Cassidy R Teager
- c College of Health Sciences , University of Kentucky , Lexington , KY , USA
| | - D Travis Thomas
- c College of Health Sciences , University of Kentucky , Lexington , KY , USA
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