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Van Hooren B, Jukic I, Cox M, Frenken KG, Bautista I, Moore IS. The Relationship Between Running Biomechanics and Running Economy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. Sports Med 2024; 54:1269-1316. [PMID: 38446400 PMCID: PMC11127892 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-01997-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Running biomechanics is considered an important determinant of running economy (RE). However, studies examining associations between running biomechanics and RE report inconsistent findings. OBJECTIVE The aim of this systematic review was to determine associations between running biomechanics and RE and explore potential causes of inconsistency. METHODS Three databases were searched and monitored up to April 2023. Observational studies were included if they (i) examined associations between running biomechanics and RE, or (ii) compared running biomechanics between groups differing in RE, or (iii) compared RE between groups differing in running biomechanics during level, constant-speed, and submaximal running in healthy humans (18-65 years). Risk of bias was assessed using a modified tool for observational studies and considered in the results interpretation using GRADE. Meta-analyses were performed when two or more studies reported on the same outcome. Meta-regressions were used to explore heterogeneity with speed, coefficient of variation of height, mass, and age as continuous outcomes, and standardization of running shoes, oxygen versus energetic cost, and correction for resting oxygen or energy cost as categorical outcomes. RESULTS Fifty-one studies (n = 1115 participants) were included. Most spatiotemporal outcomes showed trivial and non-significant associations with RE: contact time r = - 0.02 (95% confidence interval [CI] - 0.15 to 0.12); flight time r = 0.11 (- 0.09 to 0.32); stride time r = 0.01 (- 0.8 to 0.50); duty factor r = - 0.06 (- 0.18 to 0.06); stride length r = 0.12 (- 0.15 to 0.38), and swing time r = 0.12 (- 0.13 to 0.36). A higher cadence showed a small significant association with a lower oxygen/energy cost (r = - 0.20 [- 0.35 to - 0.05]). A smaller vertical displacement and higher vertical and leg stiffness showed significant moderate associations with lower oxygen/energy cost (r = 0.35, - 0.31, - 0.28, respectively). Ankle, knee, and hip angles at initial contact, midstance or toe-off as well as their range of motion, peak vertical ground reaction force, mechanical work variables, and electromyographic activation were not significantly associated with RE, although potentially relevant trends were observed for some outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Running biomechanics can explain 4-12% of the between-individual variation in RE when considered in isolation, with this magnitude potentially increasing when combining different variables. Implications for athletes, coaches, wearable technology, and researchers are discussed in the review. PROTOCOL REGISTRATION https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/293 ND (OpenScience Framework).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas Van Hooren
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Ivan Jukic
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Maartje Cox
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Koen G Frenken
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Iker Bautista
- Institute of Sport, Nursing and Allied Health, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK
- Department of Physiotherapy, Catholic University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Isabel S Moore
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
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Kearns ZC, DeVita P, Paquette MR. Gender differences on the age-related distal-to-proximal shift in joint kinetics during running. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14552. [PMID: 38116683 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The increased running participation in women and men over 40 years has contributed to scientific interest on the age-related and gender differences in running performance and biomechanics over the last decade. Gender differences in running biomechanics have been studied extensively in young runners, with inconsistent results. Understanding how gender influences the age-related differences in running mechanics could help develop population-specific training interventions or footwear to address any potential different mechanical demands. The purpose of this study was to assess gender and age effects on lower limb joint mechanics while running. Middle-aged men (57 ± 5 years) and women (57 ± 8 years) and young men (28 ± 6 years) and women (30 ± 6 years) completed five overground running trials at a set speed of 2.7 m/s while lower limb kinematics and ground reaction forces were collected. Lower limb joint kinetics were computed, normalized to body mass and compared between age and gender groups using two-factor analyses of variance. Women reported slower average running paces than men and middle-aged runners reported slower running paces than young runners. We confirmed that young runners run with more ankle, but less hip positive work and peak positive power compared to middle-aged runners (i.e., age-related distal-to-proximal shift in joint kinetics). We also present a novel finding that women run with more ankle, but less hip peak positive power compared to men suggesting an ankle dominant strategy in women at a preferred and comfortable running pace. However, the age-related distal-to-proximal shift in joint kinetics was not different between genders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoey C Kearns
- College of Health Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Paul DeVita
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Max R Paquette
- College of Health Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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Beltran RT, Powell DW, Greenwood D, Paquette MR. The Influence of Footwear Longitudinal Bending Stiffness on Running Economy and Biomechanics in Older Runners. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2023; 94:1062-1072. [PMID: 36094795 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2022.2114589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: This study assessed the effects of footwear longitudinal bending stiffness on running economy and biomechanics of rearfoot striking older runners. Methods: Nine runners over 60 years of age completed two running bouts at their preferred running pace in each of three footwear conditions: low (4.4 ± 1.8 N·m-1), moderate (5.7 ± 1.7 N·m-1), and high (6.4 ± 1.6 N·m-1) bending stiffness. Testing order was randomized and a mirror protocol was used (i.e., A,B,C,C,B,A). Expired gases, lower limb kinematics, and ground reaction forces were collected simultaneously and lower limb joint kinetics, running economy (i.e., VO2), leg stiffness, and spatio-temporal variables were calculated. Results: Running economy was not different among stiffness conditions (p = 0.60, p = 0.53 [mass adjusted]). Greater footwear stiffness reduced step length (p = 0.046) and increased peak vertical ground reaction force (p = 0.019) but did not change peak ankle plantarflexor torque (p = 0.65), peak positive ankle power (p = 0.48), ankle positive work (p = 0.86), propulsive force (p = 0.081), and leg stiffness (p = 0.46). Moderate footwear stiffness yielded greater peak negative knee power compared to low (p = 0.04) and high (p = 0.03) stiffness. Conclusions: These novel findings demonstrate that increasing footwear longitudinal bending stiffness using flat carbon fiber inserts does not improve running economy and generally does not alter lower limb joint mechanics of rearfoot strike runners over 60 years. Future studies should investigate how other footwear characteristics (e.g., midsole material, plate location, and sole curvature) influence economy and biomechanics in this population.
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Looney DP, Hoogkamer W, Kram R, Arellano CJ, Spiering BA. Estimating Metabolic Energy Expenditure During Level Running in Healthy, Military-Age Women and Men. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:2496-2503. [PMID: 38015737 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Looney, DP, Hoogkamer, W, Kram, R, Arellano, CJ, and Spiering, BA. Estimating metabolic energy expenditure during level running in healthy, military-age women and men. J Strength Cond Res 37(12): 2496-2503, 2023-Quantifying the rate of metabolic energy expenditure (Ṁ) of varied aerobic exercise modalities is important for optimizing fueling and performance and maintaining safety in military personnel operating in extreme conditions. However, although equations exist for estimating oxygen uptake during running, surprisingly, there are no general equations that estimate Ṁ. Our purpose was to generate a general equation for estimating Ṁ during level running in healthy, military-age (18-44 years) women and men. We compiled indirect calorimetry data collected during treadmill running from 3 types of sources: original individual subject data (n = 45), published individual subject data (30 studies; n = 421), and published group mean data (20 studies, n = 619). Linear and quadratic equations were fit on the aggregated data set using a mixed-effects modeling approach. A chi-squared (χ2) difference test was conducted to determine whether the more complex quadratic equation was justified (p < 0.05). Our primary indicator of model goodness-of-fit was the root-mean-square deviation (RMSD). We also examined whether individual characteristics (age, height, body mass, and maximal oxygen uptake [V̇O2max]) could minimize prediction errors. The compiled data set exhibited considerable variability in Ṁ (14.54 ± 3.52 W·kg-1), respiratory exchange ratios (0.89 ± 0.06), and running speeds (3.50 ± 0.86 m·s-1). The quadratic regression equation had reduced residual sum of squares compared with the linear fit (χ2, 3,484; p < 0.001), with higher combined accuracy and precision (RMSD, 1.31 vs. 1.33 W·kg-1). Age (p = 0.034), height (p = 0.026), and body mass (p = 0.019) were associated with the magnitude of under and overestimation, which was not the case for V̇O2max (p = 0.898). The newly derived running energy expenditure estimation (RE3) model accurately predicts level running Ṁ at speeds from 1.78 to 5.70 m·s-1 in healthy, military-age women and men. Users can rely on the following equations for improved predictions of running Ṁ as a function of running speed (S, m·s-1) in either watts (W·kg-1 = 4.43 + 1.51·S + 0.37·S2) or kilocalories per minute (kcal·kg-1·min-1 = 308.8 + 105.2·S + 25.58·S2).
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Looney
- Military Performance Division (MPD), United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Wouter Hoogkamer
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Rodger Kram
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Christopher J Arellano
- Center for Neuromotor and Biomechanics Research, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, Texas; and
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Jamkrajang P, Suwanmana S, Limroongreungrat W, Verheul J. Spatiotemporal and kinematic adjustments in master runners may be associated with the relative physiological effort during running. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1271502. [PMID: 37886221 PMCID: PMC10598343 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1271502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Master runners maintain a similar running economy to young runners, despite displaying biomechanical characteristics that are associated with a worse running economy. This apparent paradox may be explained by a greater physiological effort-i.e., percentage of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2-max)-that master runners perform at a given speed. Moreover, age-related responses to non-exhaustive sustained running are yet underexplored. The aims of this study were, therefore, to examine if biomechanical adjustments in master runners are physiological-effort dependent, and to explore the age-related biomechanical changes during a non-exhaustive sustained run. Young (23.9 ± 6; n = 12) and master (47.3 ± 6.9; n = 12) runners performed a sustained 30-minute treadmill run matched for relative physiological effort (70% VO2-max), while spatiotemporal and lower-limb kinematic characteristics were collected during the 1st and 30th minute. Group differences were observed in step/stride length, knee touch-down angle, and knee stiffness. However, both groups of runners had a similar step frequency, vertical center of mass oscillation, and knee range of motion. Age-related adjustment in these latter characteristics may thus not be an inevitable result of the aging process but rather a strategy to maintain running economy. The relative physiological effort of runners should, therefore, be considered when examining age-related adjustments in running biomechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parunchaya Jamkrajang
- College of Sports Science and Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Sarit Suwanmana
- College of Sports Science and Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | | | - Jasper Verheul
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Santos TRT, Araújo PA, Okai-Nóbrega LA, Gomide RDS, Araújo VL, Saucedo F, Vieira MF, Fonseca ST. Vertical stiffness and lower limb inter-joint coordination in older versus younger runners. J Biomech 2023; 157:111705. [PMID: 37421910 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Older runners (OR) are increasing their participation in races. Aging may impact the adopted running pattern. Hence, the analysis of stiffness and the inter-joint lower limb coordination in the sagittal plane could contribute to investigating this impact. This study aimed to compare the vertical stiffness (Kvert) and the inter-joint lower limb coordination in the sagittal plane between younger runners (YR) and OR. This cross-sectional study recruited 15 YR males and 15 OR males. The pelvis and lower limb motions were assessed while running on a treadmill at self-selected (range OR: 1.94-3.75 m.s-1, YR: 2.08-4.17 m.s-1) and fixed speeds (3.33 m.s-1). Hip-ankle, knee-ankle, and hip-knee coupling angle (CA) and its variability (CAV) were extracted using the vector coding method. Mann-Whitney U tests compared Kvert between groups at each running speed. Watson's U2 tests compared the mean CA between groups in three intervals of the contact phase at each running speed. Statistical Parametric Mapping independent t-test compared the CAV curve between groups at each running speed. OR showed greater Kvert than YR at both speeds. Hip-ankle CA pattern differed between groups during the early stance at both speed conditions. OR showed in-phase, distal dominancy in hip-ankle CA, whereas YR showed anti-phase, proximal dominancy. Knee-ankle CA was distinct only at self-selected speed, in which OR showed in-phase, proximal dominancy, while YR exhibited anti-phase, proximal dominancy. CAV did not differ between groups. The findings showed that OR adopted a stiffer pattern characterized by distinct inter-joint lower limb CA, at early stance, during self-selected and fixed speeds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Priscila Albuquerque Araújo
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Liria Akie Okai-Nóbrega
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo de Sousa Gomide
- Bioengineering and Biomechanics Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Lara Araújo
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Marcus Fraga Vieira
- Bioengineering and Biomechanics Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Sergio Teixeira Fonseca
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Gill PK, Kipp S, Beck ON, Kram R. It is time to abandon single-value oxygen uptake energy equivalents. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 134:887-890. [PMID: 36825641 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00353.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Physiologists commonly use single-value energy equivalents (e.g., 20.1 kJ/LO2 and 20.9 kJ/LO2) to convert oxygen uptake (V̇o2) to energy, but doing so ignores how the substrate oxidation ratio (carbohydrate:fat) changes across aerobic intensities. Using either 20.1 kJ/LO2 or 20.9 kJ/LO2 can incur systematic errors of up to 7%. In most circumstances, the best approach for estimating energy expenditure is to measure both V̇o2 and V̇co2 and use accurate, species-appropriate stoichiometry. However, there are circumstances when V̇co2 measurements may be unreliable. In those circumstances, we recommend that the research report or compare only V̇o2.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We quantify that the common practice of using single-value oxygen uptake energy equivalents for exercising subjects can incur systematic errors of up to 7%. We argue that such errors can be greatly reduced if researchers measure both V̇o2 and V̇co2 and adopt appropriate stoichiometry equations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavreet K Gill
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Shalaya Kipp
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Owen N Beck
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, United States
| | - Rodger Kram
- Integrative Physiology Department, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States
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Van Hooren B, Lepers R. A physiological comparison of the new-over 70 years of age-marathon record holder and his predecessor: A case report. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1122315. [PMID: 36860525 PMCID: PMC9969103 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1122315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: This study assessed the body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, fiber type and mitochondrial function, and training characteristics of a 71-year-old runner who broke the world record marathon of the men's 70-74 age category and held several other world records. The values were compared to those of the previous world-record holder. Methods: Body fat percentage was assessed using air-displacement plethysmography. V ˙ O 2 max , running economy, and maximum heart rate were measured during treadmill running. Muscle fiber typology and mitochondrial function were evaluated using a muscle biopsy. Results: Body fat percentage was 13.5%, V ˙ O 2 max was 46.6 ml kg-1 min-1, and maximum heartrate was 160 beats∙min-1. At the marathon pace (14.5 km h-1), his running economy was 170.5 ml kg-1 km-1. The gas exchange threshold and respiratory compensation point occurred at 75.7% and 93.9% of the V ˙ O 2 max , i.e., 13 km h-1 and 15 km h-1, respectively. The oxygen uptake at the marathon pace corresponded to 88.5% of V ˙ O 2 max . Vastus lateralis fiber content was 90.3% type I and 9.7% type II. Average distance was 139 km∙w-1 in the year prior to the record. Conclusion: The 71-year-old world-record holder marathon showed a relatively similar V ˙ O 2 max , lower percentage of V ˙ O 2 max at marathon pace, but a substantially better running economy than his predecessor. The better running economy may result from an almost double weekly training volume compared to the predecessor and a high type I fiber content. He trained every day in the last ∼1.5 years and achieved international performance in his age group category with a small (<5% per decade) age-related decline in marathon performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas Van Hooren
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht, Netherlands,*Correspondence: Bas Van Hooren,
| | - Romuald Lepers
- INSERM UMR1093, Cognition Action et Plasticité Sensorimotrice, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Bourgogne, Dijon, France
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Mackala K, Mroczek D, Chmura P, Konefał M, Pawlik D, Ochman B, Chmura J, Paleczny B, Seredyński R, Wyciszkiewicz M, Nowicka-Czudak A, Łopusiewicz W, Adamiec D, Wiecha S, Ponikowski P, Ponikowska B. Impact of marathon performance on muscles stiffness in runners over 50 years old. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1069774. [PMID: 36910804 PMCID: PMC9998500 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1069774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The research examines the relationship between marathon performance and muscle stiffness changes from pre to marathon in recreational runners aged 50+ years. Methods Thirty-one male long-distance runners aged 50-73 years participated in the experiment. The muscle stiffness of quadriceps and calves was measured in two independent sessions: the day before the marathon and 30 min after the completed marathon run using a Myoton device. Results and Discussion The 42.195-km run was completed in 4.30,05 h ± 35.12 min, which indicates an intensity of 79.3% ± 7.1% of HRmax. The long-term, low-intensity running exercise (marathon) in older recreational runners and the low level of HRmax and VO2max showed no statistically significant changes in muscle stiffness (quadriceps and calves). There was reduced muscle stiffness (p = 0.016), but only in the triceps of the calf in the dominant (left) leg. Moreover, to optimally evaluate the marathon and adequately prepare for the performance training program, we need to consider the direct and indirect analyses of the running economy, running technique, and HRmax and VO2max variables. These variables significantly affect marathon exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Mackala
- Department of Track and Field, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dariusz Mroczek
- Department of Human Motor Skills, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Chmura
- Department of Sport Team Games, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marek Konefał
- Department of Human Motor Skills, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Damian Pawlik
- Department of Human Motor Skills, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Bartosz Ochman
- Department of Physiology, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jan Chmura
- Department of Human Motor Skills, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Paleczny
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Seredyński
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Wojciech Łopusiewicz
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Adamiec
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Szczepan Wiecha
- Department of Physical Education and Health in Biala Podlaska, Faculty in Biala Podlaska, The Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Biala Podlaska, Poland
| | - Piotr Ponikowski
- Department of Heart Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Beata Ponikowska
- Center for Heart Diseases, University Hospital in Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
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Borgia B, Dufek JS, Radzak KN, Freedman Silvernail J. The effect of exercise modality on age-related changes observed during running. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act 2022; 19:21. [PMID: 36115944 PMCID: PMC9482262 DOI: 10.1186/s11556-022-00302-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION With the increase in participation by older adults in endurance events, research is needed to evaluate how exercising throughout the lifespan can affect the aging process regarding gait and mobility. The purpose of this study was to determine how the type of exercise modality one participates in will affect age-related declines observed during running. METHODS Fifty-six individuals between the ages of 18-65 who considered running, resistance training or cycling/swimming as their primary form of activity participated in this study. Kinematics were captured using a 10-camera motion capture system while participants ran at a controlled pace of 3.5 m/s (± 5%) over a 10-m runway with force platforms collecting kinetic data. Eight successful trials were chosen for analysis. A one-way ANOVA assessed differences in mean kinematic and kinetic variables of interest between physical activity groups (α = 0.05). RESULTS Older resistance trainers exhibited greater maximal knee power compared to older runners. No other group differences were observed. CONCLUSION Despite type of exercise modality, regularly participating in exercise has positive effects. This is evident through the preservation of the function of the lower extremity with age, specifically function of the ankle, and its contribution to healthy movement patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianne Borgia
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA.
| | - Janet S. Dufek
- grid.272362.00000 0001 0806 6926Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV USA
| | - Kara N. Radzak
- grid.272362.00000 0001 0806 6926Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV USA
| | - Julia Freedman Silvernail
- grid.272362.00000 0001 0806 6926Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV USA
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Fong HB, Powell DW. Greater Breast Support Is Associated With Reduced Oxygen Consumption and Greater Running Economy During a Treadmill Running Task. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:902276. [PMID: 35774380 PMCID: PMC9237383 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.902276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Breast pain is a major barrier to running for women. While breast support through the use of sports bras reduces breast-related discomfort, the effect of breast support on running performance is less understood. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to evaluate the effect of greater breast support on oxygen consumption and running economy during a treadmill running task. Methods Fifteen female recreational runners performed a 10-min treadmill running task at their preferred running speed in each of two sports bra conditions: low support and high support. Participants ran on an instrumented treadmill (1,200 Hz, Bertec) while indirect calorimetry was performed using a metabolic measurement system (100 Hz, TrueOne, ParvoMedics). Average VO2 (absolute and relative) from the third to 10th minutes was used to evaluate oxygen consumption. Running economy was calculated as the distance traveled per liter of oxygen consumed. Paired samples t-tests were used to compare mean oxygen consumption and running economy values between breast support conditions. Correlation analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between breast size and change in running performance. Results Greater breast support was associated with reductions in absolute (p < 0.001) and relative oxygen consumption (p < 0.001; LOW: 30.9 ± 7.1 ml/kg/min; HIGH: 28.7 ± 6.7 ml/kg/min). Greater breast support was associated with increases in running economy (p < 0.001; LOW: 88.6 ± 29.1 m/L O2; HIGH: 95.2 ± 31.1 m/L O2). No changes in temporospatial characteristics of running were observed including cadence (p = 0.149), step length (p = 0.300) or ground contact time (p = 0.151). Strong positive linear correlations were observed between the change in running performance metrics and breast size (Oxygen Consumption: p < 0.001, r = 0.770; Relative Oxygen Consumption: p < 0.001, r = 0769; Running Economy: p < 0.001, r = 0.807). Conclusions Greater breast support was associated with reduced oxygen consumption and increased running economy. These findings demonstrate that greater breast support is not only associated with improved comfort but also improved running performance.
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Borgia B, Radzak KN, Freedman Silvernail J. Similarities in joint stiffness across footwear conditions in younger and masters-aged runners. FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2021.1906331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brianne Borgia
- Departments of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Kara N. Radzak
- Departments of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Julia Freedman Silvernail
- Departments of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
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Lepers R, Burfoot A, Stapley PJ. Sub 3-Hour Marathon Runners for Five Consecutive Decades Demonstrate a Reduced Age-Related Decline in Performance. Front Physiol 2021; 12:649282. [PMID: 33732172 PMCID: PMC7959843 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.649282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Estimation of the age-related decline in athletic performance by analyzing age-group world record performances presents an inherent limitation because the records generally belong to different individuals. Longitudinal studies describing the changes in performance with advancing age for the same individuals with a consistent training regimen are more appropriate to determine age-related changes in performance. The aim of this longitudinal study was to examine the age-related decline in running performance of sub 3-h marathoners for five consecutive calendar decades. The best marathon performances for each decade from the 1970s to the 2010s were analyzed for 40 sub 3-h runners (39 males and 1 female). The cohort mean personal best performance was 2 h 23 min ± 9 min at an age of 28.6 ± 4.7 years. The mean difference in age between the first and the last sub 3-h marathon races was 32.9 ± 1.6 years. The time difference in marathon performance between the personal best and the worst performance during the 5th decade was 26 ± 9 min, corresponding to a mean increase of 1 min 4 s per year, i.e., a decrease in running speed of 0.67 ± 0.29% per year. These results suggest that with consistent training and racing regimens, it is possible to limit the age-related decline in marathon performance to less than 7% per decade at least until 60 years of age. Further studies are required to verify if such a low rate of age-related decline in endurance performance could be maintained after 60 years of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romuald Lepers
- CAPS UMR1093, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Faculté des Sciences du Sport, UFR STAPS, Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | | | - Paul J Stapley
- Neural Control of Movement Laboratory, School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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Abstract
The Master runner (age 35 y and above) represents a unique athletic patient. Lifelong participation in endurance running slows the inevitable age-related decline in aerobic function and muscular strength. Still, the Master runner does not escape the inevitable effects of aging. Master runners experience a steady decline in running performance, that is, typical and maximal running speeds, after the age of 50 years of age. Age-related declines in running performance are driven by a host of factors, including declining cardiovascular function, reduced muscular capacity, altered biomechanics, and greater susceptibility to running-related injury. This review discusses age-related changes in physiology, biomechanics, and running injury susceptibility and practical strategies to maximize running participation in the Master runner.
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Beck ON, Grabowski AM. Athletes With Versus Without Leg Amputations: Different Biomechanics, Similar Running Economy. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2019; 47:15-21. [PMID: 30334850 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Athletes with transtibial amputations use carbon-fiber prostheses to run. Compared with biological legs, these devices differ in structure and function, and consequently yield affected leg running biomechanics that are theoretically more economical than those of nonamputees. However, experimental data indicate that athletes with unilateral and bilateral transtibial amputations exhibit running economy values that are well within the range of nonamputee values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen N Beck
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, and.,School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
| | - Alena M Grabowski
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder.,Department of Veterans Affairs, Eastern Colorado Healthcare System, Denver, CO
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Arakelian VM, Goulart CDL, Mendes RG, Sousa NMD, Trimer R, Guizilini S, Sampaio LMM, Baldissera V, Arena R, Reis MS, Borghi-Silva A. Physiological responses in different intensities of resistance exercise - Critical load and the effects of aging process. J Sports Sci 2019; 37:1420-1428. [PMID: 30595098 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1561389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Aim was to identify critical load (CL) in young and elderly apparently healthy male cohorts. To contrast the metabolic, cardiovascular and perceptual responses on CL according to age. We evaluated 12 young (23 ± 3 years) and 10 elderly (70 ± 2 years) apparently healthy active males, who underwent: (1) 1 repetition maximum (1RM) test on a 45° Leg Press; (2) on different days, three high-intensity resistance exercise constant load tests (60%, 75% and 90% 1RM) until fatigue (Tlim). Absolute values of both the CL asymptote and curvature constant (kg) were significantly lower in elderly subjects (P < 0.05). In contrast, elderly subjects demonstrated a significantly higher number of repetitions at CL when compared with young subjects (P < 0.05). As expected, oxygen uptake (VO2) and heart rate (HR) during maximal aerobic exercise testing were significantly reduced in older subjects. However, percent-predicted aerobic capacity were higher in older subjects (P < 0.05). In addition, blood lactate ([La-]) corrected to Tlim and rating of perceived exertion values were greater in younger subjects at all intensities (P < 0.05). These findings, despite reduced force production in older subjects, endurance-related parameters are well preserved according to age-adjusted percent-predicted values in apparently healthy males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Maria Arakelian
- a Laboratório de Fisioterapia Cardiopulmonar, Departamento de Fisioterapia , Universidade Federal de São Carlos, UFSCar , São Carlos , Brazil.,b Programa de Pós-graduação Interunidades em Bioengenharia , EESC/FMRP/IQSC, Universidade de São Paulo, USP , São Carlos , Brazil
| | - Cássia da Luz Goulart
- a Laboratório de Fisioterapia Cardiopulmonar, Departamento de Fisioterapia , Universidade Federal de São Carlos, UFSCar , São Carlos , Brazil
| | - Renata Gonçalves Mendes
- a Laboratório de Fisioterapia Cardiopulmonar, Departamento de Fisioterapia , Universidade Federal de São Carlos, UFSCar , São Carlos , Brazil
| | - Nuno Manoel de Sousa
- a Laboratório de Fisioterapia Cardiopulmonar, Departamento de Fisioterapia , Universidade Federal de São Carlos, UFSCar , São Carlos , Brazil.,c Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas , Universidade Federal de São Carlos, UFSCar , São Carlos , Brazil
| | - Renata Trimer
- a Laboratório de Fisioterapia Cardiopulmonar, Departamento de Fisioterapia , Universidade Federal de São Carlos, UFSCar , São Carlos , Brazil
| | - Solange Guizilini
- d Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery Disciplines, São Paulo Hospital, Escola Paulista de Medicina , Federal University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil.,e Department of Human Motion Sciences, Physical Therapy School , Federal University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | | | - Vilmar Baldissera
- c Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas , Universidade Federal de São Carlos, UFSCar , São Carlos , Brazil
| | - Ross Arena
- g Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Health Sciences , University of Illinois Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Michel S Reis
- h Cardiorespiratory Rehabilitation (GECARE) and Department of Physical Therapy, Faculdade de Medicina , Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Audrey Borghi-Silva
- a Laboratório de Fisioterapia Cardiopulmonar, Departamento de Fisioterapia , Universidade Federal de São Carlos, UFSCar , São Carlos , Brazil.,b Programa de Pós-graduação Interunidades em Bioengenharia , EESC/FMRP/IQSC, Universidade de São Paulo, USP , São Carlos , Brazil.,g Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Health Sciences , University of Illinois Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
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PAQUETTE MAXR, DEVITA PAUL, WILLIAMS DSBLAISE. Biomechanical Implications of Training Volume and Intensity in Aging Runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018; 50:510-515. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Beck ON, Taboga P, Grabowski AM. How do prosthetic stiffness, height and running speed affect the biomechanics of athletes with bilateral transtibial amputations? J R Soc Interface 2017; 14:rsif.2017.0230. [PMID: 28659414 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2017.0230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Limited available information describes how running-specific prostheses and running speed affect the biomechanics of athletes with bilateral transtibial amputations. Accordingly, we quantified the effects of prosthetic stiffness, height and speed on the biomechanics of five athletes with bilateral transtibial amputations during treadmill running. Each athlete performed a set of running trials with 15 different prosthetic model, stiffness and height combinations. Each set of trials began with the athlete running on a force-measuring treadmill at 3 m s-1, subsequent trials incremented by 1 m s-1 until they achieved their fastest attainable speed. We collected ground reaction forces (GRFs) during each trial. Prosthetic stiffness, height and running speed each affected biomechanics. Specifically, with stiffer prostheses, athletes exhibited greater peak and stance average vertical GRFs (β = 0.03; p < 0.001), increased overall leg stiffness (β = 0.21; p < 0.001), decreased ground contact time (β = -0.07; p < 0.001) and increased step frequency (β = 0.042; p < 0.001). Prosthetic height inversely associated with step frequency (β = -0.021; p < 0.001). Running speed inversely associated with leg stiffness (β = -0.58; p < 0.001). Moreover, at faster running speeds, the effect of prosthetic stiffness and height on biomechanics was mitigated and unchanged, respectively. Thus, prosthetic stiffness, but not height, likely influences distance running performance more than sprinting performance for athletes with bilateral transtibial amputations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen N Beck
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Paolo Taboga
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Sacramento State University, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Alena M Grabowski
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs, Eastern Colorado Healthcare System, Denver, CO, USA
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Smoliga JM. What is running economy? A clinician's guide to key concepts, applications and myths. Br J Sports Med 2016; 51:831-832. [PMID: 27834674 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James M Smoliga
- Department of Physical Therapy, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina, USA
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PANTOJA PATRÍCIADIAS, MORIN JEANBENOIT, PEYRÉ-TARTARUGA LEONARDOALEXANDRE, BRISSWALTER JEANICK. Running Energy Cost and Spring-Mass Behavior in Young versus Older Trained Athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016; 48:1779-86. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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