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El Ouali EM, Kartibou J, Del Coso J, El Makhzen B, Bouguenouch L, El Harane S, Taib B, Weiss K, Knechtle B, Mesfioui A, Zouhal H. Genotypic and Allelic Distribution of the CD36 rs1761667 Polymorphism in High-Level Moroccan Athletes: A Pilot Study. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:419. [PMID: 38674354 PMCID: PMC11049038 DOI: 10.3390/genes15040419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that variations in the CD36 gene may affect phenotypes associated with fat metabolism as the CD36 protein facilitates the transport of fatty acids to the mitochondria for oxidation. However, no previous study has tested whether variations in the CD36 gene are associated with sports performance. We investigated the genotypic and allelic distribution of the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs1761667 in the CD36 gene in elite Moroccan athletes (cyclists and hockey players) in comparison with healthy non-athletes of the same ethnic origin. Forty-three Moroccan elite male athletes (nineteen cyclists and twenty-four field hockey players) belonging to the national teams of their respective sports (athlete group) were compared to twenty-eight healthy, active, male university students (control group). Genotyping of the CD36 rs1761667 (G>A) SNP was performed via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Sanger sequencing. A chi-square (χ2) test was used to assess the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) and to compare allele and genotype frequencies in the "athlete" and "control" groups. The genotypic distribution of the CD36 rs1761667 polymorphism was similar in elite athletes (AA: 23.81, AG: 59.52, and GG: 16.67%) and controls (AA: 19.23, AG: 69.23, and GG: 11.54%; χ2 = 0.67, p = 0.71). However, the genotypic distribution of the CD36 rs1761667 polymorphism was different between cyclists (AA: 0.00, AG: 72.22, and GG: 27.78%) and hockey players (AA: 41.67, AG: 50.00, and GG: 8.33%; χ2 = 10.69, p = 0.004). Specifically, the frequency of the AA genotype was significantly lower in cyclists than in hockey players (p = 0.02). In terms of allele frequency, a significant difference was found between cyclists versus field hockey players (χ2 = 7.72, p = 0.005). Additionally, there was a predominance of the recessive model in cyclists over field hockey players (OR: 0.00, 95% CI: 0.00-0.35, p = 0.002). Our study shows a significant difference between cyclists and field hockey players in terms of the genotypic and allelic frequency of the SNP rs1761667 of the CD36 gene. This divergence suggests a probable association between genetic variations in the CD36 gene and the type of sport in elite Moroccan athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- El Mokhtar El Ouali
- Laboratory of Biology and Health, Department of Biology, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra 14000, Morocco; (E.M.E.O.); (J.K.); (A.M.)
| | - Jihan Kartibou
- Laboratory of Biology and Health, Department of Biology, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra 14000, Morocco; (E.M.E.O.); (J.K.); (A.M.)
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Sport Sciences Research Centre, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28943 Fuenlabrada, Spain
| | - Badreddine El Makhzen
- Medical Genetics Unit, Central Laboratory, CHU Hassan II, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez 30040, Morocco; (B.E.M.); (L.B.)
| | - Laila Bouguenouch
- Medical Genetics Unit, Central Laboratory, CHU Hassan II, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez 30040, Morocco; (B.E.M.); (L.B.)
| | - Sanae El Harane
- Institute of Sports Professions, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra 14000, Morocco;
| | - Bouchra Taib
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland;
| | - Katja Weiss
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; (K.W.); (B.K.)
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; (K.W.); (B.K.)
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Abdelhalem Mesfioui
- Laboratory of Biology and Health, Department of Biology, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra 14000, Morocco; (E.M.E.O.); (J.K.); (A.M.)
| | - Hassane Zouhal
- M2S (Laboratoire Mouvement, Sport et Santé)—EA 1274, University of Rennes, 35000 Rennes, France
- Institut International des Sciences du Sport (2I2S), 35850 Irodouër, France
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Best R, Williams JM, Pearce J. The Physiological Requirements of and Nutritional Recommendations for Equestrian Riders. Nutrients 2023; 15:4977. [PMID: 38068833 PMCID: PMC10708571 DOI: 10.3390/nu15234977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Equestrian sport is under-researched within the sport science literature, creating a possible knowledge vacuum for athletes and support personnel wishing to train and perform in an evidence-based manner. This review aims to synthesise available evidence from equitation, sport, and veterinary sciences to describe the pertinent rider physiology of equestrian disciplines. Estimates of energy expenditure and the contribution of underpinning energy systems to equestrian performance are used to provide nutrition and hydration recommendations for competition and training in equestrian disciplines. Relative energy deficiency and disordered eating are also considered. The practical challenges of the equestrian environment, including competitive, personal, and professional factors, injury and concussion, and female participation, are discussed to better highlight novelty within equestrian disciplines compared to more commonly studied sports. The evidence and recommendations are supported by example scenarios, and future research directions are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russ Best
- Centre for Sport Science & Human Performance, Waikato Institute of Technology, Te Pūkenga, Hamilton 3200, New Zealand
| | - Jane M. Williams
- Department of Animal Science, Hartpury University, Hartpury Gl19 3BE, UK;
| | - Jeni Pearce
- High Performance Sport New Zealand, Auckland 0632, New Zealand;
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Margolis LM, Pasiakos SM. Low carbohydrate availability impairs hypertrophy and anaerobic performance. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2023; 26:347-352. [PMID: 37057671 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Highlight contemporary evidence examining the effects of carbohydrate restriction on the intracellular regulation of muscle mass and anaerobic performance. RECENT FINDINGS Low carbohydrate diets increase fat oxidation and decrease fat mass. Emerging evidence suggests that dietary carbohydrate restriction increases protein oxidation, thereby limiting essential amino acid availability necessary to stimulate optimal muscle protein synthesis and promote muscle recovery. Low carbohydrate feeding for 24 h increases branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) oxidation and reduces myogenic regulator factor transcription compared to mixed-macronutrient feeding. When carbohydrate restriction is maintained for 8 to 12 weeks, the alterations in anabolic signaling, protein synthesis, and myogenesis likely contribute to limited hypertrophic responses to resistance training. The blunted hypertrophic response to resistance training when carbohydrate availability is low does not affect muscle strength, whereas persistently low muscle glycogen does impair anaerobic output during high-intensity sprint and time to exhaustion tests. SUMMARY Dietary carbohydrate restriction increases BCAA oxidation and impairs muscle hypertrophy and anaerobic performance, suggesting athletes who need to perform high-intensity exercise should consider avoiding dietary strategies that restrict carbohydrate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefan M Pasiakos
- Performance Divisions, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, USA
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Kuang J, McGinley C, Lee MJC, Saner NJ, Garnham A, Bishop DJ. Interpretation of exercise-induced changes in human skeletal muscle mRNA expression depends on the timing of the post-exercise biopsies. PeerJ 2022; 10:e12856. [PMID: 35186464 PMCID: PMC8820226 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise elicits a range of adaptive responses in skeletal muscle, which include changes in mRNA expression. To better understand the health benefits of exercise training, it is important to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms of skeletal muscle adaptation to exercise. However, most studies have assessed the molecular events at only a few time-points within a short time frame post-exercise, and the variations of gene expression kinetics have not been addressed systematically. METHODS We assessed the mRNA expression of 23 gene isoforms implicated in the adaptive response to exercise at six time-points (0, 3, 9, 24, 48, and 72 h post exercise) over a 3-day period following a single session of high-intensity interval exercise. RESULTS The temporal patterns of target gene expression were highly variable and the expression of mRNA transcripts detected was largely dependent on the timing of muscle sampling. The largest fold change in mRNA expression of each tested target gene was observed between 3 and 72 h post-exercise. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight an important gap in knowledge regarding the molecular response to exercise, where the use of limited time-points within a short period post-exercise has led to an incomplete understanding of the molecular response to exercise. Muscle sampling timing for individual studies needs to be carefully chosen based on existing literature and preliminary analysis of the molecular targets of interest. We propose that a comprehensive time-course analysis on the exercise-induced transcriptional response in humans will significantly benefit the field of exercise molecular biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jujiao Kuang
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,Australia Institute for Musculoskeletal Sciences, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cian McGinley
- Sportscotland Institute of Sport, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J-C Lee
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicholas J. Saner
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,Human Integrative Physiology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew Garnham
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David J. Bishop
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Margolis LM, Karl JP, Wilson MA, Coleman JL, Whitney CC, Pasiakos SM. Serum Branched-Chain Amino Acid Metabolites Increase in Males When Aerobic Exercise Is Initiated with Low Muscle Glycogen. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11120828. [PMID: 34940586 PMCID: PMC8708125 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11120828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This study used global metabolomics to identify metabolic factors that might contribute to muscle anabolic resistance, which develops when aerobic exercise is initiated with low muscle glycogen using global metabolomics. Eleven men completed this randomized, crossover study, completing two cycle ergometry glycogen depletion trials, followed by 24 h of isocaloric refeeding to elicit low (LOW; 1.5 g/kg carbohydrate, 3.0 g/kg fat) or adequate (AD; 6.0 g/kg carbohydrate 1.0 g/kg fat) glycogen. Participants then performed 80 min of cycling (64 ± 3% VO2 peak) while ingesting 146 g carbohydrate. Serum was collected before glycogen depletion under resting and fasted conditions (BASELINE), and before (PRE) and after (POST) exercise. Changes in metabolite profiles were calculated by subtracting BASELINE from PRE and POST within LOW and AD. There were greater increases (p < 0.05, Q < 0.10) in 64% of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) metabolites and 69% of acyl-carnitine metabolites in LOW compared to AD. Urea and 3-methylhistidine had greater increases (p < 0.05, Q < 0.10) in LOW compared to AD. Changes in metabolomics profiles indicate a greater reliance on BCAA catabolism for substrate oxidation when exercise is initiated with low glycogen stores. These findings provide a mechanistic explanation for anabolic resistance associated with low muscle glycogen, and suggest that exogenous BCAA requirements to optimize muscle recovery are likely greater than current recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee M. Margolis
- U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, USA; (J.P.K.); (M.A.W.); (J.L.C.); (C.C.W.); (S.M.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +508-206-2335
| | - J Philip Karl
- U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, USA; (J.P.K.); (M.A.W.); (J.L.C.); (C.C.W.); (S.M.P.)
| | - Marques A. Wilson
- U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, USA; (J.P.K.); (M.A.W.); (J.L.C.); (C.C.W.); (S.M.P.)
| | - Julie L. Coleman
- U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, USA; (J.P.K.); (M.A.W.); (J.L.C.); (C.C.W.); (S.M.P.)
- Oak Ridge Institute of Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Claire C. Whitney
- U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, USA; (J.P.K.); (M.A.W.); (J.L.C.); (C.C.W.); (S.M.P.)
| | - Stefan M. Pasiakos
- U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, USA; (J.P.K.); (M.A.W.); (J.L.C.); (C.C.W.); (S.M.P.)
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Margolis LM, Wilson MA, Whitney CC, Carrigan CT, Murphy NE, Hatch-McChesney A, Pasiakos SM. Initiating aerobic exercise with low glycogen content reduces markers of myogenesis but not mTORC1 signaling. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2021; 18:56. [PMID: 34246303 PMCID: PMC8272266 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-021-00455-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The effects of low muscle glycogen on molecular markers of protein synthesis and myogenesis before and during aerobic exercise with carbohydrate ingestion is unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of initiating aerobic exercise with low muscle glycogen on mTORC1 signaling and markers of myogenesis. Methods Eleven men completed two cycle ergometry glycogen depletion trials separated by 7-d, followed by randomized isocaloric refeeding for 24-h to elicit low (LOW; 1.5 g/kg carbohydrate, 3.0 g/kg fat) or adequate (AD; 6.0 g/kg carbohydrate, 1.0 g/kg fat) glycogen. Participants then performed 80-min of cycle ergometry (64 ± 3% VO2peak) while ingesting 146 g carbohydrate. mTORC1 signaling (Western blotting) and gene transcription (RT-qPCR) were determined from vastus lateralis biopsies before glycogen depletion (baseline, BASE), and before (PRE) and after (POST) exercise. Results Regardless of treatment, p-mTORC1Ser2448, p-p70S6KSer424/421, and p-rpS6Ser235/236 were higher (P < 0.05) POST compared to PRE and BASE. PAX7 and MYOGENIN were lower (P < 0.05) in LOW compared to AD, regardless of time, while MYOD was lower (P < 0.05) in LOW compared to AD at PRE, but not different at POST. Conclusion Initiating aerobic exercise with low muscle glycogen does not affect mTORC1 signaling, yet reductions in gene expression of myogenic regulatory factors suggest that muscle recovery from exercise may be reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee M Margolis
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Avenue, Bldg. 42, Natick, MA, 01760, USA.
| | - Marques A Wilson
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Avenue, Bldg. 42, Natick, MA, 01760, USA
| | - Claire C Whitney
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Avenue, Bldg. 42, Natick, MA, 01760, USA
| | - Christopher T Carrigan
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Avenue, Bldg. 42, Natick, MA, 01760, USA
| | - Nancy E Murphy
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Avenue, Bldg. 42, Natick, MA, 01760, USA
| | - Adrienne Hatch-McChesney
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Avenue, Bldg. 42, Natick, MA, 01760, USA
| | - Stefan M Pasiakos
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Avenue, Bldg. 42, Natick, MA, 01760, USA
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Garibotto G, Saio M, Aimasso F, Russo E, Picciotto D, Viazzi F, Verzola D, Laudon A, Esposito P, Brunori G. How to Overcome Anabolic Resistance in Dialysis-Treated Patients? Front Nutr 2021; 8:701386. [PMID: 34458305 PMCID: PMC8387577 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.701386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A current hypothesis is that dialysis-treated patients are "anabolic resistant" i. e., their muscle protein synthesis (MPS) response to anabolic stimuli is blunted, an effect which leads to muscle wasting and poor physical performance in aging and in several chronic diseases. The importance of maintaining muscle mass and MPS is often neglected in dialysis-treated patients; better than to describe mechanisms leading to energy-protein wasting, the aim of this narrative review is to suggest possible strategies to overcome anabolic resistance in this patient's category. Food intake, in particular dietary protein, and physical activity, are the two major anabolic stimuli. Unfortunately, dialysis patients are often aged and have a sedentary behavior, all conditions which per se may induce a state of "anabolic resistance." In addition, patients on dialysis are exposed to amino acid or protein deprivation during the dialysis sessions. Unfortunately, the optimal amount and formula of protein/amino acid composition in supplements to maximixe MPS is still unknown in dialysis patients. In young healthy subjects, 20 g whey protein maximally stimulate MPS. However, recent observations suggest that dialysis patients need greater amounts of proteins than healthy subjects to maximally stimulate MPS. Since unneccesary amounts of amino acids could stimulate ureagenesis, toxins and acid production, it is urgent to obtain information on the optimal dose of proteins or amino acids/ketoacids to maximize MPS in this patients' population. In the meantime, the issue of maintaining muscle mass and function in dialysis-treated CKD patients needs not to be overlooked by the kidney community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Garibotto
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genova, Italy
- *Correspondence: Giacomo Garibotto
| | - Michela Saio
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genova, Italy
| | - Francesca Aimasso
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, Istituto di Ricerca a Carattere Scientifico Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Elisa Russo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genova, Italy
- Clinica Nefrologica, Dialisi e Trapianto, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Daniela Picciotto
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genova, Italy
- Clinica Nefrologica, Dialisi e Trapianto, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Francesca Viazzi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genova, Italy
- Clinica Nefrologica, Dialisi e Trapianto, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Daniela Verzola
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Laudon
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Ospedale Santa Chiara, Trento, Italy
| | - Pasquale Esposito
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genova, Italy
- Clinica Nefrologica, Dialisi e Trapianto, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Giuliano Brunori
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Ospedale Santa Chiara, Trento, Italy
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Areta JL, Iraki J, Owens DJ, Joanisse S, Philp A, Morton JP, Hallén J. Achieving energy balance with a high‐fat meal does not enhance skeletal muscle adaptation and impairs glycaemic response in a sleep‐low training model. Exp Physiol 2020; 105:1778-1791. [DOI: 10.1113/ep088795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José L. Areta
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences Liverpool John Moores University Liverpool UK
- Department of Physical Performance Norwegian School of Sport Sciences Oslo Norway
| | - Juma Iraki
- Department of Physical Performance Norwegian School of Sport Sciences Oslo Norway
| | - Daniel J. Owens
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences Liverpool John Moores University Liverpool UK
| | - Sophie Joanisse
- Department of Kinesiology McMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada
| | - Andrew Philp
- Mitochondrial Metabolism and Ageing Laboratory Diabetes and Metabolism Division Garvan Institute of Medical Research Darlinghurst Australia
- St Vincent's Medical School UNSW Medicine UNSW Sydney Sydney Australia
| | - James P. Morton
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences Liverpool John Moores University Liverpool UK
| | - Jostein Hallén
- Department of Physical Performance Norwegian School of Sport Sciences Oslo Norway
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Intramuscular Mechanisms Mediating Adaptation to Low-Carbohydrate, High-Fat Diets during Exercise Training. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092496. [PMID: 32824957 PMCID: PMC7551624 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Interest in low-carbohydrate, high-fat (LCHF) diets has increased over recent decades given the theorized benefit of associated intramuscular adaptations and shifts in fuel utilization on endurance exercise performance. Consuming a LCHF diet during exercise training increases the availability of fat (i.e., intramuscular triglyceride stores; plasma free fatty acids) and decreases muscle glycogen stores. These changes in substrate availability increase reliance on fat oxidation for energy production while simultaneously decreasing reliance on carbohydrate oxidation for fuel during submaximal exercise. LCHF diet-mediated changes in substrate oxidation remain even after endogenous or exogenous carbohydrate availability is increased, suggesting that the adaptive response driving changes in fat and carbohydrate oxidation lies within the muscle and persists even when the macronutrient content of the diet is altered. This narrative review explores the intramuscular adaptations underlying increases in fat oxidation and decreases in carbohydrate oxidation with LCHF feeding. The possible effects of LCHF diets on protein metabolism and post-exercise muscle remodeling are also considered.
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Pinto AP, Vieira TS, Marafon BB, Batitucci G, Cabrera EMB, da Rocha AL, Kohama EB, Rodrigues KCC, de Moura LP, Pauli JR, Cintra DE, Ropelle ER, de Freitas EC, da Silva ASR. The Combination of Fasting, Acute Resistance Exercise, and Protein Ingestion Led to Different Responses of Autophagy Markers in Gastrocnemius and Liver Samples. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12030641. [PMID: 32121154 PMCID: PMC7146592 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study verified the responses of proteins related to the autophagy pathway after 10 h of fast with resistance exercise and protein ingestion in skeletal muscle and liver samples. The rats were distributed into five experimental groups: control (CT; sedentary and without gavage after fast), exercise immediately (EXE-imm; after fast, rats were submitted to the resistance protocol and received water by gavage immediately after exercise), exercise after 1 h (EXE-1h; after fast, rats were submitted to the resistance protocol and received water by gavage 1 h after exercise), exercise and supplementation immediately after exercise (EXE/Suppl-imm; after fast, rats were submitted to the resistance protocol and received a mix of casein: whey protein 1:1 (w/w) by gavage immediately after exercise), exercise and supplementation 1 h after exercise (EXE/Suppl-1h; after fast, rats were submitted to the resistance protocol and received a mix of casein: whey protein 1:1 (w/w) by gavage 1 h after exercise). In summary, the current findings show that the combination of fasting, acute resistance exercise, and protein blend ingestion (immediately or 1 h after the exercise stimulus) increased the serum levels of leucine, insulin, and glucose, as well as the autophagy protein contents in skeletal muscle, but decreased other proteins related to the autophagic pathway in the liver. These results deserve further mechanistic investigations since athletes are combining fasting with physical exercise to enhance health and performance outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P. Pinto
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil; (A.P.P.); (A.L.d.R.); (E.B.K.)
| | - Tales S. Vieira
- Postgraduate Program in Nutritional Science, State University of São Paulo Júlio de Mesquita Filho (Araraquara). Araraquara, São Paulo 14800-903, Brazil; (T.S.V.); (G.B.); (E.C.d.F.)
| | - Bruno B. Marafon
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-907, Brazil;
| | - Gabriela Batitucci
- Postgraduate Program in Nutritional Science, State University of São Paulo Júlio de Mesquita Filho (Araraquara). Araraquara, São Paulo 14800-903, Brazil; (T.S.V.); (G.B.); (E.C.d.F.)
| | - Elisa M. B. Cabrera
- Institute of Translational Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics, Department of Molecular Biology and Genomics, Health Sciences University Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44100, Mexico;
| | - Alisson L. da Rocha
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil; (A.P.P.); (A.L.d.R.); (E.B.K.)
| | - Eike B. Kohama
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil; (A.P.P.); (A.L.d.R.); (E.B.K.)
| | - Kellen C. C. Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo 13484-350, Brazil; (K.C.C.R.); (L.P.d.M.); (J.R.P.); (D.E.C.); (E.R.R.)
| | - Leandro P. de Moura
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo 13484-350, Brazil; (K.C.C.R.); (L.P.d.M.); (J.R.P.); (D.E.C.); (E.R.R.)
| | - José R. Pauli
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo 13484-350, Brazil; (K.C.C.R.); (L.P.d.M.); (J.R.P.); (D.E.C.); (E.R.R.)
| | - Dennys E. Cintra
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo 13484-350, Brazil; (K.C.C.R.); (L.P.d.M.); (J.R.P.); (D.E.C.); (E.R.R.)
| | - Eduardo R. Ropelle
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo 13484-350, Brazil; (K.C.C.R.); (L.P.d.M.); (J.R.P.); (D.E.C.); (E.R.R.)
| | - Ellen C. de Freitas
- Postgraduate Program in Nutritional Science, State University of São Paulo Júlio de Mesquita Filho (Araraquara). Araraquara, São Paulo 14800-903, Brazil; (T.S.V.); (G.B.); (E.C.d.F.)
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-907, Brazil;
| | - Adelino S. R. da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil; (A.P.P.); (A.L.d.R.); (E.B.K.)
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-907, Brazil;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-16-33150522; Fax: +55-16-33150551
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11
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Granata C, Oliveira RSF, Little JP, Bishop DJ. Forty high-intensity interval training sessions blunt exercise-induced changes in the nuclear protein content of PGC-1α and p53 in human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 318:E224-E236. [PMID: 31794264 PMCID: PMC7052577 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00233.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Exercise-induced increases in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) and p53 protein content in the nucleus mediate the initial phase of exercise-induced mitochondrial biogenesis. Here, we investigated whether exercise-induced increases in these and other markers of mitochondrial biogenesis were altered after 40 sessions of twice-daily high-volume, high-intensity interval training (HVT) in human skeletal muscle. Vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were collected from 10 healthy recreationally active participants before, immediately postexercise, and 3 h after a session of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) performed at the same absolute exercise intensity before and after HVT (pre-HVT and post-HVT, respectively). The protein content of common markers of exercise-induced mitochondrial biogenesis was assessed in nuclear- and cytosolic-enriched fractions by immunoblotting; mRNA contents of key transcription factors and mitochondrial genes were assessed by qPCR. Despite exercise-induced increases in PGC-1α, p53, and plant homeodomain finger-containing protein 20 (PHF20) protein content, the phosphorylation of p53 and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (p-p53 Ser15 and p-ACC Ser79, respectively), and PGC-1α mRNA Pre-HVT, no significant changes were observed post-HVT. Forty sessions of twice-daily high-intensity interval training blunted all of the measured exercise-induced molecular events associated with mitochondrial biogenesis that were observed pre-HVT. Future studies should determine whether this loss relates to the decrease in relative exercise intensity, habituation to the same exercise stimulus, or a combination of both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesare Granata
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rodrigo S F Oliveira
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jonathan P Little
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - David J Bishop
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
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12
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Song Q, Zhang Y. Application of high-fat cell model in steady-state regulation of vascular function. Saudi J Biol Sci 2019; 26:2132-2135. [PMID: 31889808 PMCID: PMC6923454 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2019.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to effectively apply the high-fat cell model to the regulation of vascular homeostasis and the repair of vascular endothelial cell injury, and to provide a new theoretical basis for the treatment of vascular homeostasis imbalance in the future, in this study, the mouse thoracic aorta tissue is extracted by using mouse endothelial cells. Western blotting and immunofluorescence resonance energy transfer (Immuno-FRET) are then used to verify the distribution and physical coupling properties of TRPV4 and Nox2 in cells. Finally, mouse mesenteric endothelial cells are isolated and cultured to induce FFA high-fat cell model. The results show that the nucleic acid expression levels of TRPV4 and Nox2 in RNA are significantly different from those of TRPV4 and Nox2 in protein. The relative values of TRPV4 and Nox2 in the control group are relatively low (0.8 ± 0.11). However, the relative values of TRPV4 and Nox2 are higher in the FFA high-fat cell model induced by the experimental group, and the values are (1.7 ± 0.8). Obviously, the relative values of TRPV4 and Nox2 in the experimental group are higher than those in the control group. The expression of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vascular endothelial cells of control group is (1.0 ± 0.16), and that in FFA group is (2.5 ± 0.46). The expression of ROS in FFA cell model with HC067047A inhibitor is (1.5 ± 0.38). In the FFA cell model with apo inhibitor, ROS expression is (1.2 ± 0.23). Thus, in the FFA high-fat cell model induced successfully, the physical coupling of TRPV4 and Nox2 increases in primary endothelial cells, and the increase of physical coupling of TRPV4 and Nox2 results in the increase of ROS expression, which also means the imbalance of ROS homeostasis in vascular endothelial cells and the change of vascular endothelial cell permeability. The expression levels of TRPV4 and Nox2 are used as indicators of whether the vascular function is stable or unbalanced, thus providing a new theoretical basis for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghong Song
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Tianjin People's Hospital (Nankai University Affiliated Hospital), Tianjin 300121, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin 4th Center Hospital, Tianjin 300171, China
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13
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Hammond KM, Sale C, Fraser W, Tang J, Shepherd SO, Strauss JA, Close GL, Cocks M, Louis J, Pugh J, Stewart C, Sharples AP, Morton JP. Post-exercise carbohydrate and energy availability induce independent effects on skeletal muscle cell signalling and bone turnover: implications for training adaptation. J Physiol 2019; 597:4779-4796. [PMID: 31364768 DOI: 10.1113/jp278209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Reduced carbohydrate (CHO) availability before and after exercise may augment endurance training-induced adaptations of human skeletal muscle, as mediated via modulation of cell signalling pathways. However, it is not known whether such responses are mediated by CHO restriction, energy restriction or a combination of both. In recovery from a twice per day training protocol where muscle glycogen concentration is maintained within 200-350 mmol kg-1 dry weight (dw), we demonstrate that acute post-exercise CHO and energy restriction (i.e. < 24 h) does not potentiate potent cell signalling pathways that regulate hallmark adaptations associated with endurance training. In contrast, consuming CHO before, during and after an acute training session attenuated markers of bone resorption, effects that are independent of energy availability. Whilst the enhanced muscle adaptations associated with CHO restriction may be regulated by absolute muscle glycogen concentration, the acute within-day fluctuations in CHO availability inherent to twice per day training may have chronic implications for bone turnover. ABSTRACT We examined the effects of post-exercise carbohydrate (CHO) and energy availability (EA) on potent skeletal muscle cell signalling pathways (regulating mitochondrial biogenesis and lipid metabolism) and indicators of bone metabolism. In a repeated measures design, nine males completed a morning (AM) and afternoon (PM) high-intensity interval (HIT) (8 × 5 min at 85% V ̇ O 2 peak ) running protocol (interspersed by 3.5 h) under dietary conditions of (1) high CHO availability (HCHO: CHO ∼12 g kg-1 , EA∼ 60 kcal kg-1 fat free mass (FFM)), (2) reduced CHO but high fat availability (LCHF: CHO ∼3 (-1 , EA∼ 60 kcal kg-1 FFM) or (3), reduced CHO and reduced energy availability (LCAL: CHO ∼3 g kg-1 , EA∼ 20 kcal kg-1 FFM). Muscle glycogen was reduced to ∼200 mmol kg-1 dw in all trials immediately post PM HIT (P < 0.01) and remained lower at 17 h (171, 194 and 316 mmol kg-1 dw) post PM HIT in LCHF and LCAL (P < 0.001) compared to HCHO. Exercise induced comparable p38MAPK phosphorylation (P < 0.05) immediately post PM HIT and similar mRNA expression (all P < 0.05) of PGC-1α, p53 and CPT1 mRNA in HCHO, LCHF and LCAL. Post-exercise circulating βCTX was lower in HCHO (P < 0.05) compared to LCHF and LCAL whereas exercise-induced increases in IL-6 were larger in LCAL (P < 0.05) compared to LCHF and HCHO. In conditions where glycogen concentration is maintained within 200-350 mmol kg-1 dw, we conclude post-exercise CHO and energy restriction (i.e. < 24 h) does not potentiate cell signalling pathways that regulate hallmark adaptations associated with endurance training. In contrast, consuming CHO before, during and after HIT running attenuates bone resorption, effects that are independent of energy availability and circulating IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Hammond
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom St Campus, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Craig Sale
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, UK
| | - William Fraser
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norfolk, NR4 7UY, UK
| | - Jonathan Tang
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norfolk, NR4 7UY, UK
| | - Sam O Shepherd
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom St Campus, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Juliette A Strauss
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom St Campus, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Graeme L Close
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom St Campus, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Matt Cocks
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom St Campus, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Julien Louis
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom St Campus, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Jamie Pugh
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom St Campus, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Claire Stewart
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom St Campus, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Adam P Sharples
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom St Campus, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - James P Morton
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom St Campus, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
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14
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The Muscle Protein Synthetic Response to Meal Ingestion Following Resistance-Type Exercise. Sports Med 2019; 49:185-197. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01053-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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15
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Principles of Exercise Prescription, and How They Influence Exercise-Induced Changes of Transcription Factors and Other Regulators of Mitochondrial Biogenesis. Sports Med 2019; 48:1541-1559. [PMID: 29675670 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-018-0894-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Physical inactivity represents the fourth leading risk factor for mortality, and it has been linked with a series of chronic disorders, the treatment of which absorbs ~ 85% of healthcare costs in developed countries. Conversely, physical activity promotes many health benefits; endurance exercise in particular represents a powerful stimulus to induce mitochondrial biogenesis, and it is routinely used to prevent and treat chronic metabolic disorders linked with sub-optimal mitochondrial characteristics. Given the importance of maintaining a healthy mitochondrial pool, it is vital to better characterize how manipulating the endurance exercise dose affects cellular mechanisms of exercise-induced mitochondrial biogenesis. Herein, we propose a definition of mitochondrial biogenesis and the techniques available to assess it, and we emphasize the importance of standardizing biopsy timing and the determination of relative exercise intensity when comparing different studies. We report an intensity-dependent regulation of exercise-induced increases in nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) protein content, nuclear phosphorylation of p53 (serine 15), and PGC-1α messenger RNA (mRNA), as well as training-induced increases in PGC-1α and p53 protein content. Despite evidence that PGC-1α protein content plateaus within a few exercise sessions, we demonstrate that greater training volumes induce further increases in PGC-1α (and p53) protein content, and that short-term reductions in training volume decrease the content of both proteins, suggesting training volume is still a factor affecting training-induced mitochondrial biogenesis. Finally, training-induced changes in mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) protein content are regulated in a training volume-dependent manner and have been linked with training-induced changes in mitochondrial content.
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16
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Impey SG, Hearris MA, Hammond KM, Bartlett JD, Louis J, Close GL, Morton JP. Fuel for the Work Required: A Theoretical Framework for Carbohydrate Periodization and the Glycogen Threshold Hypothesis. Sports Med 2018; 48:1031-1048. [PMID: 29453741 PMCID: PMC5889771 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-018-0867-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Deliberately training with reduced carbohydrate (CHO) availability to enhance endurance-training-induced metabolic adaptations of skeletal muscle (i.e. the 'train low, compete high' paradigm) is a hot topic within sport nutrition. Train-low studies involve periodically training (e.g., 30-50% of training sessions) with reduced CHO availability, where train-low models include twice per day training, fasted training, post-exercise CHO restriction and 'sleep low, train low'. When compared with high CHO availability, data suggest that augmented cell signalling (73% of 11 studies), gene expression (75% of 12 studies) and training-induced increases in oxidative enzyme activity/protein content (78% of 9 studies) associated with 'train low' are especially apparent when training sessions are commenced within a specific range of muscle glycogen concentrations. Nonetheless, such muscle adaptations do not always translate to improved exercise performance (e.g. 37 and 63% of 11 studies show improvements or no change, respectively). Herein, we present our rationale for the glycogen threshold hypothesis, a window of muscle glycogen concentrations that simultaneously permits completion of required training workloads and activation of the molecular machinery regulating training adaptations. We also present the 'fuel for the work required' paradigm (representative of an amalgamation of train-low models) whereby CHO availability is adjusted in accordance with the demands of the upcoming training session(s). In order to strategically implement train-low sessions, our challenge now is to quantify the glycogen cost of habitual training sessions (so as to inform the attainment of any potential threshold) and ensure absolute training intensity is not compromised, while also creating a metabolic milieu conducive to facilitating the endurance phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel G Impey
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom St Campus, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Mark A Hearris
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom St Campus, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Kelly M Hammond
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom St Campus, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Jonathan D Bartlett
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Footscray Park, Ballarat Road, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia
| | - Julien Louis
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom St Campus, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Graeme L Close
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom St Campus, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - James P Morton
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom St Campus, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK.
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17
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Whey Protein Augments Leucinemia and Postexercise p70S6K1 Activity Compared With a Hydrolyzed Collagen Blend When in Recovery From Training With Low Carbohydrate Availability. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2018; 28:651-659. [DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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18
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Rothschild J, Earnest CP. Dietary Manipulations Concurrent to Endurance Training. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2018; 3:jfmk3030041. [PMID: 33466970 PMCID: PMC7739303 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk3030041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of an athlete's dietary intake (both timing and food type) goes beyond simply providing fuel to support the body's vital processes. Nutritional choices also have an impact on the metabolic adaptations to training. Over the past 20 years, research has suggested that strategically reducing carbohydrate (CHO) availability during an athlete's training can modify the metabolic responses in lieu of simply maintaining a high CHO diet. Several methods have been explored to manipulate CHO availability and include: Low-carb, high-fat (LCHF) diets, performing two-a-day training without glycogen restoration between sessions, and a "sleep-low" approach entailing a glycogen-depleting session in the evening without consuming CHO until after a morning training session performed in an overnight fasted state. Each of these methods can confer beneficial metabolic adaptations for the endurance athlete including increases in mitochondrial enzyme activity, mitochondrial content, and rates of fat oxidation, yet data showing a direct performance benefit is still unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Conrad P. Earnest
- Exercise and Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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19
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Pickering C, Kiely J. Understanding Personalized Training Responses: Can Genetic Assessment Help? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.2174/1875399x01710010191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:Traditional exercise prescription is based on the assumption that exercise adaptation is predictable and standardised across individuals. However, evidence has emerged in the past two decades demonstrating that large inter-individual variation exists regarding the magnitude and direction of adaption following exercise.Objective:The aim of this paper was to discuss the key factors influencing this personalized response to exercise in a narrative review format.Findings:Genetic variation contributes significantly to the personalized training response, with specific polymorphisms associated with differences in exercise adaptation. These polymorphisms exist in a number of pathways controlling exercise adaptation. Environmental factors such as nutrition, psycho-emotional response, individual history and training programme design also modify the inter-individual adaptation following training. Within the emerging field of epigenetics, DNA methylation, histone modifications and non-coding RNA allow environmental and lifestyle factors to impact genetic expression. These epigenetic mechanisms are themselves modified by genetic and non-genetic factors, illustrating the complex interplay between variables in determining the adaptive response. Given that genetic factors are such a fundamental modulator of the inter-individual response to exercise, genetic testing may provide a useful and affordable addition to those looking to maximise exercise adaption, including elite athletes. However, there are ethical issues regarding the use of genetic tests, and further work is needed to provide evidence based guidelines for their use.Conclusion:There is considerable inter-individual variation in the adaptive response to exercise. Genetic assessments may provide an additional layer of information allowing personalization of training programmes to an individual’s unique biology.
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20
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Hector AJ, McGlory C, Damas F, Mazara N, Baker SK, Phillips SM. Pronounced energy restriction with elevated protein intake results in no change in proteolysis and reductions in skeletal muscle protein synthesis that are mitigated by resistance exercise. FASEB J 2017; 32:265-275. [PMID: 28899879 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700158rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Preservation of lean body mass (LBM) may be important during dietary energy restriction (ER) and requires equal rates of muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and muscle protein breakdown (MPB). Currently, the relative contribution of MPS and MPB to the loss of LBM during ER in humans is unknown. We aimed to determine the impact of dietary protein intake and resistance exercise on MPS and MPB during a controlled short-term energy deficit. Adult men (body mass index, 28.6 ± 0.6 kg/m2; age 22 ± 1 yr) underwent 10 d of 40%-reduced energy intake while performing unilateral resistance exercise and consuming lower protein (1.2 g/kg/d, n = 12) or higher protein (2.4 g/kg/d, n = 12). Pre- and postintervention testing included dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, primed constant infusion of ring-[13C6]phenylalanine, and 15[N]phenylalanine to measure acute postabsorptive MPS and MPB; D2O to measure integrated MPS; and gene and protein expression. There was a decrease in acute MPS after ER (higher protein, 0.059 ± 0.006 to 0.051 ± 0.009%/h; lower protein, 0.061 ± 0.005 to 0.045 ± 0.006%/h; P < 0.05) that was attenuated with resistance exercise (higher protein, 0.067 ± 0.01%/h; lower protein, 0.061 ± 0.006%/h), and integrated MPS followed a similar pattern. There was no change in MPB (energy balance, 0.080 ± 0.01%/hr; ER rested legs, 0.078 ± 0.008%/hr; ER exercised legs, 0.079 ± 0.006%/hr). We conclude that a reduction in MPS is the main mechanism that underpins LBM loss early in ER in adult men.-Hector, A. J., McGlory, C., Damas, F., Mazara, N., Baker, S. K., Phillips, S. M. Pronounced energy restriction with elevated protein intake results in no change in proteolysis and reductions in skeletal muscle protein synthesis that are mitigated by resistance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy J Hector
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chris McGlory
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Felipe Damas
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nicole Mazara
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steven K Baker
- Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada;
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21
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Granata C, Oliveira RSF, Little JP, Renner K, Bishop DJ. Sprint-interval but not continuous exercise increases PGC-1α protein content and p53 phosphorylation in nuclear fractions of human skeletal muscle. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44227. [PMID: 28281651 PMCID: PMC5345041 DOI: 10.1038/srep44227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sprint interval training has been reported to induce similar or greater mitochondrial adaptations to continuous training. However, there is limited knowledge about the effects of different exercise types on the early molecular events regulating mitochondrial biogenesis. Therefore, we compared the effects of continuous and sprint interval exercise on key regulatory proteins linked to mitochondrial biogenesis in subcellular fractions of human skeletal muscle. Nineteen men, performed either 24 min of moderate-intensity continuous cycling at 63% of WPeak (CE), or 4 × 30-s “all-out” cycling sprints (SIE). Muscle samples (vastus lateralis) were collected pre-, immediately (+0 h) and 3 (+3 h) hours post-exercise. Nuclear p53 and PHF20 protein content increased at +0 h, with no difference between groups. Nuclear p53 phosphorylation and PGC-1α protein content increased at +0 h after SIE, but not CE. We demonstrate an exercise-induced increase in nuclear p53 protein content, an event that may relate to greater p53 stability - as also suggested by increased PHF20 protein content. Increased nuclear p53 phosphorylation and PGC-1α protein content immediately following SIE but not CE suggests these may represent important early molecular events in the exercise-induced response to exercise, and that SIE is a time-efficient and possibly superior option than CE to promote these adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesare Granata
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rodrigo S F Oliveira
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jonathan P Little
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kathrin Renner
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - David J Bishop
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
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