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Yeo RX, Noone J, Sparks LM. Translating In Vitro Models of Exercise in Human Muscle Cells: A Mitocentric View. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2024; 52:3-12. [PMID: 38126401 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Human skeletal muscle cell (HSkMC) models provide the opportunity to examine in vivo training-induced muscle-specific mitochondrial adaptations, additionally allowing for deeper interrogation into the effect of in vitro exercise models on myocellular mitochondrial quality and quantity. As such, this review will compare and contrast the effects of in vivo and in vitro models of exercise on mitochondrial adaptations in HSkMCs.
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Ferrara PJ, Lang MJ, Johnson JM, Watanabe S, McLaughlin KL, Maschek JA, Verkerke AR, Siripoksup P, Chaix A, Cox JE, Fisher-Wellman KH, Funai K. Weight loss increases skeletal muscle mitochondrial energy efficiency in obese mice. LIFE METABOLISM 2023; 2:load014. [PMID: 37206438 PMCID: PMC10195096 DOI: 10.1093/lifemeta/load014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Weight loss from an overweight state is associated with a disproportionate decrease in whole-body energy expenditure that may contribute to the heightened risk for weight regain. Evidence suggests that this energetic mismatch originates from lean tissue. Although this phenomenon is well documented, the mechanisms have remained elusive. We hypothesized that increased mitochondrial energy efficiency in skeletal muscle is associated with reduced expenditure under weight loss. Wildtype (WT) male C57BL6/N mice were fed with high fat diet for 10 weeks, followed by a subset of mice that were maintained on the obesogenic diet (OB) or switched to standard chow to promote weight loss (WL) for additional 6 weeks. Mitochondrial energy efficiency was evaluated using high-resolution respirometry and fluorometry. Mass spectrometric analyses were employed to describe the mitochondrial proteome and lipidome. Weight loss promoted ~50% increase in the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation (ATP produced per O2 consumed, or P/O) in skeletal muscle. However, weight loss did not appear to induce significant changes in mitochondrial proteome, nor any changes in respiratory supercomplex formation. Instead, it accelerated the remodeling of mitochondrial cardiolipin (CL) acyl-chains to increase tetralinoleoyl CL (TLCL) content, a species of lipids thought to be functionally critical for the respiratory enzymes. We further show that lowering TLCL by deleting the CL transacylase tafazzin was sufficient to reduce skeletal muscle P/O and protect mice from diet-induced weight gain. These findings implicate skeletal muscle mitochondrial efficiency as a novel mechanism by which weight loss reduces energy expenditure in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J. Ferrara
- Diabetes & Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah
- Department of Nutrition & Integrative Physiology, University of Utah
| | - Marisa J. Lang
- Diabetes & Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah
- Department of Nutrition & Integrative Physiology, University of Utah
| | - Jordan M. Johnson
- Diabetes & Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah
- Department of Nutrition & Integrative Physiology, University of Utah
| | - Shinya Watanabe
- Diabetes & Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah
- Department of Nutrition & Integrative Physiology, University of Utah
| | - Kelsey L. McLaughlin
- East Carolina Diabetes & Obesity Institute, East Carolina University
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina University
| | - J. Alan Maschek
- Diabetes & Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah
- Department of Nutrition & Integrative Physiology, University of Utah
- Metabolomics Core Research Facility, University of Utah
| | - Anthony R.P. Verkerke
- Diabetes & Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah
- Department of Nutrition & Integrative Physiology, University of Utah
| | | | - Amandine Chaix
- Diabetes & Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah
- Department of Nutrition & Integrative Physiology, University of Utah
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah
| | - James E. Cox
- Diabetes & Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah
- Metabolomics Core Research Facility, University of Utah
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah
| | - Kelsey H. Fisher-Wellman
- East Carolina Diabetes & Obesity Institute, East Carolina University
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina University
| | - Katsuhiko Funai
- Diabetes & Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah
- Department of Nutrition & Integrative Physiology, University of Utah
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah
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3
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Chaves A, Weyrauch LA, Zheng D, Biagioni EM, Krassovskaia PM, Davidson BL, Broskey NT, Boyle KE, May LE, Houmard JA. Influence of Maternal Exercise on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in Offspring Stem Cells: ENHANCED by Mom. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:e3353-e3365. [PMID: 35511592 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Recent preclinical data suggest exercise during pregnancy can improve the metabolic phenotype not only of the mother, but of the developing offspring as well. However, investigations in human offspring are lacking. OBJECTIVE To characterize the effect of maternal aerobic exercise on the metabolic phenotype of the offspring's mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). DESIGN Randomized controlled trial. SETTING Clinical research facility. PATIENTS Healthy female adults between 18 and 35 years of age and ≤ 16 weeks' gestation. INTERVENTION Mothers were randomized into 1 of 2 groups: aerobic exercise (AE, n = 10) or nonexercise control (CTRL, n = 10). The AE group completed 150 minutes of weekly moderate-intensity exercise, according to American College of Sports Medicine guidelines, during pregnancy, whereas controls attended stretching sessions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Following delivery, MSCs were isolated from the umbilical cord of the offspring and metabolic tracer and immunoblotting experiments were completed in the undifferentiated (D0) or myogenically differentiated (D21) state. RESULTS AE-MSCs at D0 had an elevated fold-change over basal in insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis and reduced nonoxidized glucose metabolite (NOGM) production (P ≤ 0.05). At D21, AE-MSCs had a significant elevation in glucose partitioning toward oxidation (oxidation/NOGM ratio) compared with CTRL (P ≤ 0.05). Immunoblot analysis revealed elevated complex I expression in the AE-MSCs at D21 (P ≤ 0.05). Basal and palmitate-stimulated lipid metabolism was similar between groups at D0 and D21. CONCLUSIONS These data provide evidence of a programmed metabolic phenotype in human offspring with maternal AE during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec Chaves
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
- Human Performance Laboratory, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Luke A Weyrauch
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
- Human Performance Laboratory, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Donghai Zheng
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
- Human Performance Laboratory, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Ericka M Biagioni
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
- Human Performance Laboratory, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Polina M Krassovskaia
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
- Human Performance Laboratory, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Breanna L Davidson
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
- Human Performance Laboratory, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Nicholas T Broskey
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
- Human Performance Laboratory, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Kristen E Boyle
- The Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Linda E May
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
- Human Performance Laboratory, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Joseph A Houmard
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
- Human Performance Laboratory, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
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4
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Yeo RX, Dijkstra PJ, De Carvalho FG, Yi F, Pino MF, Smith SR, Sparks LM. Aerobic training increases mitochondrial respiratory capacity in human skeletal muscle stem cells from sedentary individuals. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C606-C616. [PMID: 35785986 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00146.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The impact of aerobic training on human skeletal muscle cell (HSkMC) mitochondrial metabolism is a significant research gap, critical to understanding the mechanisms by which exercise augments skeletal muscle metabolism. We therefore assessed mitochondrial content and capacity in fully differentiated CD56+ HSkMCs from lean active (LA) and sedentary individuals with obesity (OS) at baseline, as well as lean/overweight sedentary individuals (LOS) at baseline and following an 18-day aerobic training intervention. Participants had in vivo skeletal muscle PCr recovery rate by 31P-MRS (mitochondrial oxidative kinetics) and cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max) assessed at baseline. Biopsies of the vastus lateralis were performed for the isolation of skeletal muscle stem cells. LOS individuals repeated all assessments post-training. HSkMCs were evaluated for mitochondrial respiratory capacity by high resolution respirometry. Data were normalized to two indices of mitochondrial content (CS activity and OXPHOS protein expression) and a marker of total cell count (quantity of DNA).LA individuals had significantly higher VO2max than OS and LOS-Pre training; however, no differences were observed in skeletal muscle mitochondrial capacity, nor in carbohydrate- or fatty acid-supported HSkMC respiratory capacity. Aerobic training robustly increased in vivo skeletal muscle mitochondrial capacity of LOS individuals, as well as carbohydrate-supported HSkMC respiratory capacity. Indices of mitochondrial content and total cell count were similar among the groups and did not change with aerobic training.Our findings demonstrate that bioenergetic changes induced with aerobic training in skeletal muscle in vivo are retained in HSkMCs in vitro without impacting mitochondrial content, suggesting that training improves intrinsic skeletal muscle mitochondrial capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reichelle X Yeo
- AdventHealth Translational Research Institute, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Pieter J Dijkstra
- AdventHealth Translational Research Institute, Orlando, FL, United States
| | | | - Fanchao Yi
- AdventHealth Translational Research Institute, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Maria F Pino
- AdventHealth Translational Research Institute, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Steven R Smith
- AdventHealth Translational Research Institute, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Lauren M Sparks
- AdventHealth Translational Research Institute, Orlando, FL, United States
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5
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Lavin KM, Coen PM, Baptista LC, Bell MB, Drummer D, Harper SA, Lixandrão ME, McAdam JS, O’Bryan SM, Ramos S, Roberts LM, Vega RB, Goodpaster BH, Bamman MM, Buford TW. State of Knowledge on Molecular Adaptations to Exercise in Humans: Historical Perspectives and Future Directions. Compr Physiol 2022; 12:3193-3279. [PMID: 35578962 PMCID: PMC9186317 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c200033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
For centuries, regular exercise has been acknowledged as a potent stimulus to promote, maintain, and restore healthy functioning of nearly every physiological system of the human body. With advancing understanding of the complexity of human physiology, continually evolving methodological possibilities, and an increasingly dire public health situation, the study of exercise as a preventative or therapeutic treatment has never been more interdisciplinary, or more impactful. During the early stages of the NIH Common Fund Molecular Transducers of Physical Activity Consortium (MoTrPAC) Initiative, the field is well-positioned to build substantially upon the existing understanding of the mechanisms underlying benefits associated with exercise. Thus, we present a comprehensive body of the knowledge detailing the current literature basis surrounding the molecular adaptations to exercise in humans to provide a view of the state of the field at this critical juncture, as well as a resource for scientists bringing external expertise to the field of exercise physiology. In reviewing current literature related to molecular and cellular processes underlying exercise-induced benefits and adaptations, we also draw attention to existing knowledge gaps warranting continued research effort. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12:3193-3279, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaleen M. Lavin
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Center for Human Health, Resilience, and Performance, Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, Florida, USA
| | - Paul M. Coen
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Advent Health, Orlando, Florida, USA
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Liliana C. Baptista
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Care, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Margaret B. Bell
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Devin Drummer
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Sara A. Harper
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Care, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Manoel E. Lixandrão
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jeremy S. McAdam
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Samia M. O’Bryan
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Sofhia Ramos
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Advent Health, Orlando, Florida, USA
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Lisa M. Roberts
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Care, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Rick B. Vega
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Advent Health, Orlando, Florida, USA
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Bret H. Goodpaster
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Advent Health, Orlando, Florida, USA
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Marcas M. Bamman
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Center for Human Health, Resilience, and Performance, Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, Florida, USA
| | - Thomas W. Buford
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Care, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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6
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Tang Y, Zong H, Kwon H, Qiu Y, Pessin JB, Wu L, Buddo KA, Boykov I, Schmidt CA, Lin CT, Neufer PD, Schwartz GJ, Kurland IJ, Pessin J. TIGAR deficiency enhances skeletal muscle thermogenesis by increasing neuromuscular junction cholinergic signaling. eLife 2022; 11:73360. [PMID: 35254259 PMCID: PMC8947760 DOI: 10.7554/elife.73360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholinergic and sympathetic counter-regulatory networks control numerous physiological functions, including learning/memory/cognition, stress responsiveness, blood pressure, heart rate, and energy balance. As neurons primarily utilize glucose as their primary metabolic energy source, we generated mice with increased glycolysis in cholinergic neurons by specific deletion of the fructose-2,6-phosphatase protein TIGAR. Steady-state and stable isotope flux analyses demonstrated increased rates of glycolysis, acetyl-CoA production, acetylcholine levels, and density of neuromuscular synaptic junction clusters with enhanced acetylcholine release. The increase in cholinergic signaling reduced blood pressure and heart rate with a remarkable resistance to cold-induced hypothermia. These data directly demonstrate that increased cholinergic signaling through the modulation of glycolysis has several metabolic benefits particularly to increase energy expenditure and heat production upon cold exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Tang
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, United States
| | - Haihong Zong
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, United States
| | - Hyokjoon Kwon
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, United States
| | - Yunping Qiu
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, United States
| | - Jacob B Pessin
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, United States
| | - Licheng Wu
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, United States
| | - Katherine A Buddo
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, United States
| | - Ilya Boykov
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, United States
| | - Cameron A Schmidt
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, United States
| | - Chien-Te Lin
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, United States
| | - P Darrell Neufer
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, United States
| | - Gary J Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, United States
| | - Irwin J Kurland
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, United States
| | - Jeffrey Pessin
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, United States
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7
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Krassovskaia PM, Chaves AB, Houmard JA, Broskey NT. Exercise during Pregnancy: Developmental Programming Effects and Future Directions in Humans. Int J Sports Med 2021; 43:107-118. [PMID: 34344043 DOI: 10.1055/a-1524-2278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies show that low birth weight is associated with mortality from cardiovascular disease in adulthood, indicating that chronic diseases could be influenced by hormonal or metabolic insults encountered in utero. This concept, now known as the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease hypothesis, postulates that the intrauterine environment may alter the structure and function of the organs of the fetus as well as the expression of genes that impart an increased vulnerability to chronic diseases later in life. Lifestyle interventions initiated during the prenatal period are crucial as there is the potential to attenuate progression towards chronic diseases. However, how lifestyle interventions such as physical activity directly affect human offspring metabolism and the potential mechanisms involved in regulating metabolic balance at the cellular level are not known. The purpose of this review is to highlight the effects of exercise during pregnancy on offspring metabolic health and emphasize gaps in the current human literature and suggestions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polina M Krassovskaia
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, United States.,East Carolina Diabetes & Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, United States
| | - Alec B Chaves
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, United States.,East Carolina Diabetes & Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, United States
| | - Joseph A Houmard
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, United States.,East Carolina Diabetes & Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, United States
| | - Nicholas T Broskey
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, United States.,East Carolina Diabetes & Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, United States
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8
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Ferrara PJ, Rong X, Maschek JA, Verkerke AR, Siripoksup P, Song H, Green TD, Krishnan KC, Johnson JM, Turk J, Houmard JA, Lusis AJ, Drummond MJ, McClung JM, Cox JE, Shaikh SR, Tontonoz P, Holland WL, Funai K. Lysophospholipid acylation modulates plasma membrane lipid organization and insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:135963. [PMID: 33591957 DOI: 10.1172/jci135963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant lipid metabolism promotes the development of skeletal muscle insulin resistance, but the exact identity of lipid-mediated mechanisms relevant to human obesity remains unclear. A comprehensive lipidomic analysis of primary myocytes from individuals who were insulin-sensitive and lean (LN) or insulin-resistant with obesity (OB) revealed several species of lysophospholipids (lyso-PLs) that were differentially abundant. These changes coincided with greater expression of lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 3 (LPCAT3), an enzyme involved in phospholipid transacylation (Lands cycle). Strikingly, mice with skeletal muscle-specific knockout of LPCAT3 (LPCAT3-MKO) exhibited greater muscle lysophosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylcholine, concomitant with improved skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity. Conversely, skeletal muscle-specific overexpression of LPCAT3 (LPCAT3-MKI) promoted glucose intolerance. The absence of LPCAT3 reduced phospholipid packing of cellular membranes and increased plasma membrane lipid clustering, suggesting that LPCAT3 affects insulin receptor phosphorylation by modulating plasma membrane lipid organization. In conclusion, obesity accelerates the skeletal muscle Lands cycle, whose consequence might induce the disruption of plasma membrane organization that suppresses muscle insulin action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Ferrara
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center and.,Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute and.,Human Performance Laboratory, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA.,Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Xin Rong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - J Alan Maschek
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center and.,Metabolomics, Mass Spectrometry, and Proteomics Core and
| | - Anthony Rp Verkerke
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center and.,Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute and.,Human Performance Laboratory, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Piyarat Siripoksup
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center and.,Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Haowei Song
- Division of Endocrinology Metabolism and Lipid Research, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | | | - Jordan M Johnson
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center and.,Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute and.,Human Performance Laboratory, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - John Turk
- Division of Endocrinology Metabolism and Lipid Research, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Joseph A Houmard
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute and.,Human Performance Laboratory, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Aldons J Lusis
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Micah J Drummond
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center and.,Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | | | - James E Cox
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center and.,Metabolomics, Mass Spectrometry, and Proteomics Core and.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Saame Raza Shaikh
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute and.,Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Peter Tontonoz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - William L Holland
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center and.,Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Katsuhiko Funai
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center and.,Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute and.,Human Performance Laboratory, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA.,Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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9
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What and How Can Physical Activity Prevention Function on Parkinson's Disease? OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:4293071. [PMID: 32215173 PMCID: PMC7042542 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4293071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Aim This study was aimed at investigating the effects and molecular mechanisms of physical activity intervention on Parkinson's disease (PD) and providing theoretical guidance for the prevention and treatment of PD. Methods Four electronic databases up to December 2019 were searched (PubMed, Springer, Elsevier, and Wiley database), 176 articles were selected. Literature data were analyzed by the logic analysis method. Results (1) Risk factors of PD include dairy products, pesticides, traumatic brain injury, and obesity. Protective factors include alcohol, tobacco, coffee, black tea, and physical activity. (2) Physical activity can reduce the risk and improve symptoms of PD and the beneficial forms of physical activity, including running, dancing, traditional Chinese martial arts, yoga, and weight training. (3) Different forms of physical activity alleviate the symptoms of PD through different mechanisms, including reducing the accumulation of α-syn protein, inflammation, and oxidative stress, while enhancing BDNF activity, nerve regeneration, and mitochondrial function. Conclusion Physical activity has a positive impact on the prevention and treatment of PD. Illustrating the molecular mechanism of physical activity-induced protective effect on PD is an urgent need for improving the efficacy of PD therapy regimens in the future.
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10
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Heden TD, Johnson JM, Ferrara PJ, Eshima H, Verkerke ARP, Wentzler EJ, Siripoksup P, Narowski TM, Coleman CB, Lin CT, Ryan TE, Reidy PT, de Castro Brás LE, Karner CM, Burant CF, Maschek JA, Cox JE, Mashek DG, Kardon G, Boudina S, Zeczycki TN, Rutter J, Shaikh SR, Vance JE, Drummond MJ, Neufer PD, Funai K. Mitochondrial PE potentiates respiratory enzymes to amplify skeletal muscle aerobic capacity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaax8352. [PMID: 31535029 PMCID: PMC6739096 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax8352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Exercise capacity is a strong predictor of all-cause mortality. Skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiratory capacity, its biggest contributor, adapts robustly to changes in energy demands induced by contractile activity. While transcriptional regulation of mitochondrial enzymes has been extensively studied, there is limited information on how mitochondrial membrane lipids are regulated. Here, we show that exercise training or muscle disuse alters mitochondrial membrane phospholipids including phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). Addition of PE promoted, whereas removal of PE diminished, mitochondrial respiratory capacity. Unexpectedly, skeletal muscle-specific inhibition of mitochondria-autonomous synthesis of PE caused respiratory failure because of metabolic insults in the diaphragm muscle. While mitochondrial PE deficiency coincided with increased oxidative stress, neutralization of the latter did not rescue lethality. These findings highlight the previously underappreciated role of mitochondrial membrane phospholipids in dynamically controlling skeletal muscle energetics and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D. Heden
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jordan M. Johnson
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
- Diabetes & Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Patrick J. Ferrara
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
- Diabetes & Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Hiroaki Eshima
- Diabetes & Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Anthony R. P. Verkerke
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
- Diabetes & Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Edward J. Wentzler
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Piyarat Siripoksup
- Diabetes & Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Tara M. Narowski
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Chanel B. Coleman
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Chien-Te Lin
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Terence E. Ryan
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
- Department of Applied Physiology & Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Paul T. Reidy
- Diabetes & Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Courtney M. Karner
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery & Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Charles F. Burant
- Michigan Regional Comprehensive Metabolomics Resource Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - J. Alan Maschek
- Metabolomics Core Research Facility, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - James E. Cox
- Diabetes & Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Metabolomics Core Research Facility, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Douglas G. Mashek
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Gabrielle Kardon
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Sihem Boudina
- Diabetes & Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Tonya N. Zeczycki
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Jared Rutter
- Diabetes & Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Saame Raza Shaikh
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jean E. Vance
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Micah J. Drummond
- Diabetes & Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - P. Darrell Neufer
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Katsuhiko Funai
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
- Diabetes & Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Corresponding author.
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11
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Gundersen AE, Kugler BA, McDonald PM, Veraksa A, Houmard JA, Zou K. Altered mitochondrial network morphology and regulatory proteins in mitochondrial quality control in myotubes from severely obese humans with or without type 2 diabetes. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 45:283-293. [PMID: 31356754 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Healthy mitochondrial networks are maintained via balanced integration of mitochondrial quality control processes (biogenesis, fusion, fission, and mitophagy). The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of severe obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) on mitochondrial network morphology and expression of proteins regulating mitochondrial quality control processes in cultured human myotubes. Primary human skeletal muscle cells were isolated from biopsies from lean, severely obese nondiabetic individuals and severely obese type 2 diabetic individuals (n = 8-9/group) and were differentiated to myotubes. Mitochondrial network morphology was determined in live cells via confocal microscopy and protein markers of mitochondrial quality control were measured by immunoblotting. Myotubes from severely obese nondiabetic and type 2 diabetic humans exhibited fragmented mitochondrial networks (P < 0.05). Mitochondrial fission protein Drp1 (Ser616) phosphorylation was higher in myotubes from severely obese nondiabetic humans when compared with the lean controls (P < 0.05), while mitophagy protein Parkin expression was lower in myotubes from severely obese individuals with T2D in comparison to the other groups (P < 0.05). These data suggest that regulatory proteins in mitochondrial quality control processes, specifically mitochondrial fission protein Drp1 (Ser616) phosphorylation and mitophagy protein Parkin, are intrinsically dysregulated at cellular level in skeletal muscle from severely obese nondiabetic and type 2 diabetic humans, respectively. These differentially expressed mitochondrial quality control proteins may play a role in mitochondrial fragmentation evident in skeletal muscle from severely obese and type 2 diabetic humans. Novelty Mitochondrial network morphology and mitochondrial quality control proteins are intrinsically dysregulated in skeletal muscle cells from severely obese humans with or without T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders E Gundersen
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Benjamin A Kugler
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Paul M McDonald
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Alexey Veraksa
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Joseph A Houmard
- Human Performance Laboratory, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA.,Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA.,East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Kai Zou
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
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12
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Terson de Paleville DG, Harkema SJ, Angeli CA. Epidural stimulation with locomotor training improves body composition in individuals with cervical or upper thoracic motor complete spinal cord injury: A series of case studies. J Spinal Cord Med 2019; 42. [PMID: 29537940 PMCID: PMC6340278 DOI: 10.1080/10790268.2018.1449373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Four individuals with motor complete SCI with an implanted epidural stimulator who were enrolled in another study were assessed for cardiovascular fitness, metabolic function and body composition at four time points before, during, and after task specific training. Following 80 locomotor training sessions, a 16-electrode array was surgically placed on the dura (L1-S1 cord segments) to allow for electrical stimulation. After implantation individuals received 160 sessions of task specific training with epidural stimulation (stand and step). OUTCOME MEASURES Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), resting metabolic rate and peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) were measured before locomotor training, after locomotor training but before epidural stimulator implant, at mid-locomotor training with spinal cord epidural stimulation (scES) and after locomotor training with scES. FINDINGS Participants showed increases in lean body mass with decreases on percentage of body fat, particularly android body fat, and android/gynoid ratio from baseline to post training; resting metabolic rate and VO2peak also show increases that are of clinical relevance in this population. CONCLUSIONS Task specific training combined with epidural stimulation has the potential to show improvements in cardiovascular fitness and body composition in individuals with cervical or upper thoracic motor complete SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan J. Harkema
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky,Human Locomotion Research Center, Frazier Rehab Institute, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Claudia A. Angeli
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky,Human Locomotion Research Center, Frazier Rehab Institute, Louisville, Kentucky,Correspondence to: Claudia A. Angeli, PhD, University of Louisville Neuroscience Collaborative Center, 220 Abraham Flexner, suite 1515, Louisville, KY, 40202; Ph: 502-582-7443, 502-582-7605.
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13
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Ryan TE, Yamaguchi DJ, Schmidt CA, Zeczycki TN, Shaikh SR, Brophy P, Green TD, Tarpey MD, Karnekar R, Goldberg EJ, Sparagna GC, Torres MJ, Annex BH, Neufer PD, Spangenburg EE, McClung JM. Extensive skeletal muscle cell mitochondriopathy distinguishes critical limb ischemia patients from claudicants. JCI Insight 2018; 3:123235. [PMID: 30385731 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.123235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The most severe manifestation of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is critical limb ischemia (CLI). CLI patients suffer high rates of amputation and mortality; accordingly, there remains a clear need both to better understand CLI and to develop more effective treatments. Gastrocnemius muscle was obtained from 32 older (51-84 years) non-PAD controls, 27 claudicating PAD patients (ankle-brachial index [ABI] 0.65 ± 0.21 SD), and 19 CLI patients (ABI 0.35 ± 0.30 SD) for whole transcriptome sequencing and comprehensive mitochondrial phenotyping. Comparable permeabilized myofiber mitochondrial function was paralleled by both similar mitochondrial content and related mRNA expression profiles in non-PAD control and claudicating patient tissues. Tissues from CLI patients, despite being histologically intact and harboring equivalent mitochondrial content, presented a unique bioenergetic signature. This signature was defined by deficits in permeabilized myofiber mitochondrial function and a unique pattern of both nuclear and mitochondrial encoded gene suppression. Moreover, isolated muscle progenitor cells retained both mitochondrial functional deficits and gene suppression observed in the tissue. These findings indicate that muscle tissues from claudicating patients and non-PAD controls were similar in both their bioenergetics profile and mitochondrial phenotypes. In contrast, CLI patient limb skeletal muscles harbor a unique skeletal muscle mitochondriopathy that represents a potentially novel therapeutic site for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence E Ryan
- Department of Physiology.,East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute
| | | | - Cameron A Schmidt
- Department of Physiology.,East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute
| | - Tonya N Zeczycki
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Saame Raza Shaikh
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Thomas D Green
- Department of Physiology.,East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute
| | - Michael D Tarpey
- Department of Physiology.,East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute
| | - Reema Karnekar
- Department of Physiology.,East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute
| | - Emma J Goldberg
- Department of Physiology.,East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute
| | | | | | - Brian H Annex
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - P Darrell Neufer
- Department of Physiology.,East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute
| | | | - Joseph M McClung
- Department of Physiology.,East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute.,Department of Cardiovascular Sciences
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14
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Modulation of mitochondrial phenotypes by endurance exercise contributes to neuroprotection against a MPTP-induced animal model of PD. Life Sci 2018; 209:455-465. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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