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Oja P, Memon AR, Titze S, Jurakic D, Chen ST, Shrestha N, Em S, Matolic T, Vasankari T, Heinonen A, Grgic J, Koski P, Kokko S, Kelly P, Foster C, Podnar H, Pedisic Z. Health Benefits of Different Sports: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal and Intervention Studies Including 2.6 Million Adult Participants. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2024; 10:46. [PMID: 38658416 PMCID: PMC11043276 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-024-00692-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several reviews have examined the health benefits of participation in specific sports, such as baseball, cricket, cross-country skiing, cycling, downhill skiing, football, golf, judo, rugby, running and swimming. However, new primary studies on the topic have recently been published, and the respective meta-analytic evidence needs to be updated. OBJECTIVES To systematically review, summarise and appraise evidence on physical health benefits of participation in different recreational sports. METHODS Searches for journal articles were conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, SpoLit, SPORTDiscus, Sports Medicine & Education Index and Web of Science. We included longitudinal and intervention studies investigating physical health outcomes associated with participation in a given sport among generally healthy adults without disability. RESULTS A total of 136 papers from 76 studies conducted among 2.6 million participants were included in the review. Our meta-analyses of available evidence found that: (1) cycling reduces the risk of coronary heart disease by 16% (pooled hazard ratio [HR] = 0.84; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.80, 0.89), all-cause mortality by 21% (HR = 0.79; 95% CI: 0.73, 0.84), cancer mortality by 10% (HR = 0.90; 95% CI: 0.85, 0.96) and cardiovascular mortality by 20% (HR = 0.80; 95% CI: 0.74, 0.86); (2) football has favourable effects on body composition, blood lipids, fasting blood glucose, blood pressure, cardiovascular function at rest, cardiorespiratory fitness and bone strength (p < 0.050); (3) handball has favourable effects on body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness (p < 0.050); (4) running reduces the risk of all-cause mortality by 23% (HR = 0.77; 95% CI: 0.70, 0.85), cancer mortality by 20% (HR = 0.80; 95% CI: 0.72, 0.89) and cardiovascular mortality by 27% (HR = 0.73; 95% CI: 0.57, 0.94) and improves body composition, cardiovascular function at rest and cardiorespiratory fitness (p < 0.010); and (5) swimming reduces the risk of all-cause mortality by 24% (HR = 0.76; 95% CI: 0.63, 0.92) and improves body composition and blood lipids (p < 0.010). CONCLUSIONS A range of physical health benefits are associated with participation in recreational cycling, football, handball, running and swimming. More studies are needed to enable meta-analyses of health benefits of participation in other sports. PROSPERO registration number CRD42021234839.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pekka Oja
- UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
| | - Aamir Raoof Memon
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sylvia Titze
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Danijel Jurakic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Si-Tong Chen
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nipun Shrestha
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sowannry Em
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Tena Matolic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tommi Vasankari
- UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ari Heinonen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jozo Grgic
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Pasi Koski
- Department of Teacher Education, University of Turku, Rauma, Finland
| | - Sami Kokko
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Paul Kelly
- Institute for Sport, Physical Education and Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Charlie Foster
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Hrvoje Podnar
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zeljko Pedisic
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.
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Hong HJ, Huang WH, Yen HY. Health comparisons between active and inactive transport modes in urban adults with chronic conditions: A cross-sectional study. Nurs Health Sci 2023; 25:323-331. [PMID: 37336553 DOI: 10.1111/nhs.13028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
An active transport mode provides an opportunity for integrating physical activity into one's daily life through walking, cycling, and the use of public transportation. The purpose of this study was to compare urban adults with chronic conditions who used active and inactive transport modes and to find differences in their health outcomes. A cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2019 to May 2020. Participants were urban adults who self-reported being overweight or obese, or having a diagnosis of chronic disease. Anonymous structured self-reported questionnaires were used for data collection, including the World Health Organization Quality-of-Life Scale, International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short-Form, and the frequency of eight modes of transportation. According to differences between the frequency score of weekly active and inactive transportation, participants were categorized into inactive, balanced, and active transport modes. In total, 617 valid responses were obtained. Participants who engaged in an active transport mode were found to have significantly less sedentary time, and better comprehensive, social, and environmental aspects of quality of life than those with an inactive transport mode. Engaging in active transportation and avoiding inactive transportation are recommended for urban adults with chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsien-Jang Hong
- School of Gerontology and Long-Term Care, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Hsin-Yen Yen
- School of Gerontology and Long-Term Care, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Gaesser GA, Angadi SS. Obesity treatment: Weight loss versus increasing fitness and physical activity for reducing health risks. iScience 2021; 24:102995. [PMID: 34755078 PMCID: PMC8560549 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We propose a weight-neutral strategy for obesity treatment on the following grounds: (1) the mortality risk associated with obesity is largely attenuated or eliminated by moderate-to-high levels of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) or physical activity (PA), (2) most cardiometabolic risk markers associated with obesity can be improved with exercise training independent of weight loss and by a magnitude similar to that observed with weight-loss programs, (3) weight loss, even if intentional, is not consistently associated with lower mortality risk, (4) increases in CRF or PA are consistently associated with greater reductions in mortality risk than is intentional weight loss, and (5) weight cycling is associated with numerous adverse health outcomes including increased mortality. Adherence to PA may improve if health care professionals consider PA and CRF as essential vital signs and consistently emphasize to their patients the myriad benefits of PA and CRF in the absence of weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn A. Gaesser
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Siddhartha S. Angadi
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Education and Human Development, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
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Peruzzi M, Sanasi E, Pingitore A, Marullo AG, Carnevale R, Sciarretta S, Sciarra L, Frati G, Cavarretta E. An overview of cycling as active transportation and as benefit for health. Minerva Cardioangiol 2021; 68:81-97. [PMID: 32429627 DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4725.20.05182-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Active transportation is defined as travelling on foot, by bicycle or other non-motorized means, sometimes in combination with other forms of public transportation, in contrast with the use of motor vehicles. The prevalence of sedentary lifestyle and physical inactivity is a growing epidemic in most developed countries that spread over the last three decades; active transportation may be a promising approach to increase physical activity and reduce the risk of non-communicable diseases improving cardiorespiratory fitness and cardiometabolic health. The health benefits of physical activity in reducing mortality and morbidity have been proved by several publications. Cardiorespiratory fitness can be improved by regular physical activity with an amelioration of insulin sensitivity, blood lipid profile, body composition, inflammation, and blood pressure. Active transportation as a daily physical activity is less expensive compared to motor vehicle use. The advantages are remarkable in terms of contrasting obesity and sedentary lifestyle, decrease motor traffic congestion and mitigate climate change. Massive investments in policies and interventions aimed to increase active transportation are not generally promoted and there are differences in the prevalence of active transportation in the daily routine among different areas. As in the literature several studies as randomized trials or observational studies have been published, with different end-points, in order to investigate if active commuting may be the right answer to improve cardiorespiratory fitness and cardiometabolic health, we aimed to review the available evidences of cycling as an active transportation and to consider its benefits on health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Sanasi
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University, Latina, Italy
| | | | - Antonino G Marullo
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University, Latina, Italy
| | - Roberto Carnevale
- Mediterranea Cardiocentro, Naples, Italy.,Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University, Latina, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Sciarretta
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University, Latina, Italy.,Department of Angio-Cardio-Neurology, IRCCS NeuroMed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
| | - Luigi Sciarra
- Division of Cardiology, Policlinico Casilino, Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Frati
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University, Latina, Italy.,Department of Angio-Cardio-Neurology, IRCCS NeuroMed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
| | - Elena Cavarretta
- Mediterranea Cardiocentro, Naples, Italy - .,Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University, Latina, Italy
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