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Coombs CV, Wardle SL, Shroff R, Eisenhauer A, Tang JCY, Fraser WD, Greeves JP, O'Leary TJ. The effect of calcium supplementation on calcium and bone metabolism during load carriage in women: protocol for a randomised controlled crossover trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2023; 24:496. [PMID: 37328859 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-023-06600-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Military field exercises are characterised by high volumes of exercise and prolonged periods of load carriage. Exercise can decrease circulating serum calcium and increase parathyroid hormone and bone resorption. These disturbances to calcium and bone metabolism can be attenuated with calcium supplementation immediately before exercise. This randomised crossover trial will investigate the effect of calcium supplementation on calcium and bone metabolism, and bone mineral balance, during load carriage exercise in women. METHODS Thirty women (eumenorrheic or using the combined oral contraceptive pill, intrauterine system, or intrauterine device) will complete two experimental testing sessions either with, or without, a calcium supplement (1000 mg). Each experimental testing session will involve one 120 min session of load carriage exercise carrying 20 kg. Venous blood samples will be taken and analysed for biochemical markers of bone resorption and formation, calcium metabolism, and endocrine function. Urine will be collected pre- and post-load carriage to measure calcium isotopes for the calculation of bone calcium balance. DISCUSSION The results from this study will help identify whether supplementing women with calcium during load carriage is protective of bone and calcium homeostasis. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT04823156 (clinicaltrials.gov).
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte V Coombs
- Army Health and Performance Research, Army Headquarters, Andover, SP11 8HT, UK
| | - Sophie L Wardle
- Army Health and Performance Research, Army Headquarters, Andover, SP11 8HT, UK
| | - Rukshana Shroff
- Renal Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust and Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Julie P Greeves
- Army Health and Performance Research, Army Headquarters, Andover, SP11 8HT, UK
| | - Thomas J O'Leary
- Army Health and Performance Research, Army Headquarters, Andover, SP11 8HT, UK.
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2
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LUNDY BRONWEN, MCKAY ALANNAHKA, FENSHAM NIKITAC, TEE NICOLIN, ANDERSON BRYCE, MORABITO AIMEE, ROSS MEGANLR, SIM MARC, ACKERMAN KATHRYNE, BURKE LOUISEM. The Impact of Acute Calcium Intake on Bone Turnover Markers during a Training Day in Elite Male Rowers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:55-65. [PMID: 35977107 PMCID: PMC9770130 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although an acute exercise session typically increases bone turnover markers (BTM), the impact of subsequent sessions and the interaction with preexercise calcium intake remain unclear despite the application to the "real-life" training of many competitive athletes. METHODS Using a randomized crossover design, elite male rowers ( n = 16) completed two trials, a week apart, consisting of two 90-min rowing ergometer sessions (EX1, EX2) separated by 150 min. Before each trial, participants consumed a high (CAL; ~1000 mg) or isocaloric low (CON; <10 mg) calcium meal. Biochemical markers including parathyroid hormone (PTH), serum ionized calcium (iCa) and BTMs (C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen, osteocalcin) were monitored from baseline to 3 h after EX2. RESULTS Although each session caused perturbances of serum iCa, CAL maintained calcium concentrations above those of CON for most time points, 4.5% and 2.4% higher after EX1 and EX2, respectively. The decrease in iCa in CON was associated with an elevation of blood PTH ( P < 0.05) and C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen ( P < 0.0001) over this period of repeated training sessions and their recovery, particularly during and after EX2. Preexercise intake of calcium-rich foods lowered BTM over the course of a day with several training sessions. CONCLUSIONS Preexercise intake of a calcium-rich meal before training sessions undertaken within the same day had a cumulative and prolonged effect on the stabilization of blood iCa during exercise. In turn, this reduced the postexercise PTH response, potentially attenuating the increase in markers of bone resorption. Such practical strategies may be integrated into the athlete's overall sports nutrition plan, with the potential to safeguard long-term bone health and reduce the risk of bone stress injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- BRONWEN LUNDY
- Mary McKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA,Rowing Australia, Yarralumla, Australian Capital Territory, AUSTRALIA
| | - ALANNAH K. A. MCKAY
- Mary McKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA
| | - NIKITA C. FENSHAM
- Mary McKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA
| | - NICOLIN TEE
- Mary McKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA
| | - BRYCE ANDERSON
- Mary McKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA
| | - AIMEE MORABITO
- Mary McKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA
| | - MEGAN L. R. ROSS
- Mary McKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA
| | - MARC SIM
- Institute for Nutrition Research, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, AUSTRALIA,School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, AUSTRALIA
| | - KATHRYN E. ACKERMAN
- Female Athlete Program, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - LOUISE M. BURKE
- Mary McKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA
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Smith C, Hiam D, Tacey A, Lin X, Woessner MN, Zarekookandeh N, Garnham A, Chubb P, Lewis JR, Sim M, Herrmann M, Duque G, Levinger I. Higher bone remodeling biomarkers are related to a higher muscle function in older adults: Effects of acute exercise. Bone 2022; 165:116545. [PMID: 36108920 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2022.116545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bone and muscle are closely linked mechanically and biochemically. Bone hormones secreted during bone remodeling might be linked to muscle mass and strength maintenance. Exercise elicits high mechanical strain and is essential for bone health. However, the relationship between commonly used bone turnover markers (BTMs) and muscle function in community dwelling older adults remains unclear. It is also unknown how acute exercise with differing mechanical strain may affect BTMs, and whether baseline muscle function alters BTM responses differently. We tested the hypothesis that BTMs are associated with muscle function, and that acute exercise could change the circulating levels of BTMs. Thirty-five older adults (25 females/10 males, 72.8 ± 6.0 years) participated. Baseline assessments included body composition (DXA), handgrip strength and a physical performance test (PPT) (gait speed, timed-up-and-go [TUG], stair ascent/descent). Leg muscle quality (LMQ) and stair climb power (SCP) were calculated. Participants performed (randomized) 30 min aerobic (AE) (cycling 70%HRPeak) and resistance (RE) (leg press 70%RM, jumping) exercise. Serum β-isomerized C-terminal telopeptides (β-CTX), procollagen of type I propeptide (P1NP), total osteocalcin (t)OC and ucOC were assessed at baseline and post-exercise. Data were analyzed using linear mixed models and simple regressions, adjusted for sex. At baseline, higher muscle strength (LMQ, handgrip) was related to higher P1NP, higher SCP was related to higher P1NP and β-CTX, and better physical performance (lower PPT) related to higher P1NP and β-CTX (p < 0.05). Exercise, regardless of mode, decreased β-CTX and tOC (all p < 0.05), while P1NP and ucOC remained unaltered. Higher baseline handgrip strength, SCP and LMQ was associated with lower post-exercise β-CTX responses, and poorer baseline mobility (increased TUG time) was associated with higher post-exercise β-CTX. Independently of exercise mode, acute exercise decreased β-CTX and tOC. Our data suggest that in older adults at baseline, increased BTM levels were linked to better muscle function. Altogether, our data strengthens the evidence for bone-muscle interaction, however, mechanisms behind this specific component of bone-muscle crostalk remain unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Smith
- Nutrition & Health Innovation Research Institute, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Danielle Hiam
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Alexander Tacey
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia
| | - Xuzhu Lin
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Mary N Woessner
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Navabeh Zarekookandeh
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew Garnham
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul Chubb
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Australia; Medical School, University Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Joshua R Lewis
- Nutrition & Health Innovation Research Institute, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Medical School, University Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Centre for Kidney Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Marc Sim
- Nutrition & Health Innovation Research Institute, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Medical School, University Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Markus Herrmann
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Gustavo Duque
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Itamar Levinger
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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The Bone Biomarker Response to an Acute Bout of Exercise: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2022; 52:2889-2908. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01718-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Wherry SJ, Swanson CM, Kohrt WM. Acute catabolic bone metabolism response to exercise in young and older adults: A narrative review. Exp Gerontol 2022; 157:111633. [PMID: 34826573 PMCID: PMC10103539 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Exercise is recommended for cardiometabolic benefits and to preserve or improve bone health, especially for older adults at increased risk of fracture. However, exercise interventions have modest benefits on areal bone mineral density (aBMD), and exercise can lead to bone loss in young athletes under certain conditions. In this narrative review, we discuss evidence for a disruption in calcium homeostasis during exercise that may diminish the skeletal benefits of exercise. Topics include 1) a general overview of the effects of exercise on aBMD; 2) discussion of the exercise-induced disruption in calcium homeostasis; 3) factors that influence the magnitude of the exercise-induced disruption in calcium homeostasis, including age, sex, and exercise mode, intensity, and duration; 4) oral calcium supplementation to minimize the exercise-induced disruption in calcium homeostasis; and 5) potential for exercise-induced increase in parathyroid hormone to be both catabolic and anabolic to bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Wherry
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America; VA Eastern Colorado Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America.
| | - Christine M Swanson
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America
| | - Wendy M Kohrt
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America; VA Eastern Colorado Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America
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Wherry SJ, Blatchford PJ, Swanson CM, Wellington T, Boxer RS, Kohrt WM. Maintaining serum ionized calcium during brisk walking attenuates the increase in bone resorption in older adults. Bone 2021; 153:116108. [PMID: 34252605 PMCID: PMC8478867 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endurance exercise can cause a decrease in serum ionized calcium (iCa) and increases in parathyroid hormone (PTH) and bone resorption, reflected by serum carboxy-terminal collagen crosslinks (CTX). We developed a calcium clamp to prevent the decrease in iCa during exercise, which attenuated increases in PTH and CTX during vigorous cycling in young men. The goal was to determine whether this occurs in older adults during brisk walking. METHODS Twelve older adults (6 men, 6 women) performed two identical 60-min treadmill walking bouts with Ca gluconate or half-normal saline infusion. Blood sampling for iCa, total calcium (tCa), phosphate (P), PTH, and CTX, occurred before, during, and for 4 h after exercise. RESULTS iCa decreased during exercise with the saline infusion (p = 0.04) and this provoked increases in PTH and CTX (both p < 0.01). The Ca clamp prevented the decrease in serum iCa during exercise and attenuated the PTH and CTX responses. CONCLUSIONS Preventing the exercise-induced decrease in iCa markedly attenuated the increases in PTH and CTX. The cause of the decrease in iCa during exercise remains unclear, but the increases in PTH and CTX are likely counter-regulatory responses to defend serum iCa. This contention is supported by previous observations that the disruption of Ca homeostasis during exercise occurs regardless of training status. It will be important to establish whether this acute catabolic effect of exercise diminishes the potential chronic anabolic effects of exercise on bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Wherry
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America; VA Eastern Colorado Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America.
| | - Patrick J Blatchford
- VA Eastern Colorado Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America; Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America
| | - Christine M Swanson
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America
| | - Toby Wellington
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America
| | - Rebecca S Boxer
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America; VA Eastern Colorado Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America
| | - Wendy M Kohrt
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America; VA Eastern Colorado Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America
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7
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Wherry SJ, Miller RM, Jeong SH, Beavers KM. The Ability of Exercise to Mitigate Caloric Restriction-Induced Bone Loss in Older Adults: A Structured Review of RCTs and Narrative Review of Exercise-Induced Changes in Bone Biomarkers. Nutrients 2021; 13:1250. [PMID: 33920153 PMCID: PMC8070587 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the adverse metabolic and functional consequences of obesity, caloric restriction- (CR) induced weight loss is often contra-indicated in older adults with obesity due to the accompanying loss of areal bone mineral density (aBMD) and subsequent increased risk of fracture. Several studies show a positive effect of exercise on aBMD among weight-stable older adults; however, data on the ability of exercise to mitigate bone loss secondary to CR are surprisingly equivocal. The purpose of this review is to provide a focused update of the randomized controlled trial literature assessing the efficacy of exercise as a countermeasure to CR-induced bone loss among older adults. Secondarily, we present data demonstrating the occurrence of exercise-induced changes in bone biomarkers, offering insight into why exercise is not more effective than observed in mitigating CR-induced bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Wherry
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
- VA Eastern Colorado Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Ryan M. Miller
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sections on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA;
| | - Sarah H. Jeong
- Z. Smith Reynolds Library, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA;
| | - Kristen M. Beavers
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA
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Smith C, Tacey A, Mesinovic J, Scott D, Lin X, Brennan-Speranza TC, Lewis JR, Duque G, Levinger I. The effects of acute exercise on bone turnover markers in middle-aged and older adults: A systematic review. Bone 2021; 143:115766. [PMID: 33227507 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone turnover is the cellular machinery responsible for bone integrity and strength and, in the clinical setting, it is assessed using bone turnover markers (BTMs). Acute exercise can induce mechanical stress on bone which is needed for bone remodelling, but to date, there are conflicting results in regards to the effects of varying mechanical stimuli on BTMs. OBJECTIVES This systematic review examines the effects of acute aerobic, resistance and impact exercises on BTMs in middle and older-aged adults and examines whether the responses are determined by the exercise mode, intensity, age and sex. METHODS We searched PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science and EMBASE up to 22nd April 2020. Eligibility criteria included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and single-arm studies that included middle-aged (50 to 65 years) and older adults (>65 years) and, a single-bout, acute-exercise (aerobic, resistance, impact) intervention with measurement of BTMs. PROSPERO registration number CRD42020145359. RESULTS Thirteen studies were included; 8 in middle-aged (n = 275, 212 women/63 men, mean age = 57.9 ± 1.5 years) and 5 in older adults (n = 93, 50 women/43 men, mean age = 68.2 ± 2.2 years). Eleven studies included aerobic exercise (AE, 7 middle-aged/4 older adults), and two included resistance exercise (RE, both middle-aged). AE significantly increased C-terminal telopeptide (CTX), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and bone-ALP in middle-aged and older adults. AE also significantly increased total osteocalcin (tOC) in middle-aged men and Procollagen I Carboxyterminal Propeptide and Cross-Linked Carboxyterminal Telopeptide of Type I Collagen in older women. RE alone decreased ALP in older adults. In middle-aged adults, RE with impact had no effect on tOC or BALP, but significantly decreased CTX. Impact (jumping) exercise alone increased Procollagen Type 1 N Propeptide and tOC in middle-aged women. CONCLUSION Acute exercise is an effective tool to modify BTMs, however, the response appears to be exercise modality-, intensity-, age- and sex-specific. There is further need for higher quality and larger RCTs in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Smith
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia
| | - Alexander Tacey
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia
| | - Jakub Mesinovic
- School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David Scott
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia; School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Xuzhu Lin
- Diabetes & Metabolic Disease Laboratory, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Tara C Brennan-Speranza
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Joshua R Lewis
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia; Centre for Kidney Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead, School of Public Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Medical School, University Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Gustavo Duque
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Itamar Levinger
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia.
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Dolan E, Varley I, Ackerman KE, Pereira RMR, Elliott-Sale KJ, Sale C. The Bone Metabolic Response to Exercise and Nutrition. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2020; 48:49-58. [PMID: 31913188 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bone (re)modeling markers can help determine how the bone responds to different types, intensities, and durations of exercise. They also might help predict those at risk of bone injury. We synthesized evidence on the acute and chronic bone metabolic responses to exercise, along with how nutritional factors can moderate this response. Recommendations to optimize future research efforts are made.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian Varley
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health, and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn E Ackerman
- Division of Sports Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Rosa Maria R Pereira
- Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kirsty Jayne Elliott-Sale
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health, and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Craig Sale
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health, and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Acute response of biochemical bone turnover markers and the associated ground reaction forces to high-impact exercise in postmenopausal women. Biol Sport 2020; 37:41-48. [PMID: 32205909 PMCID: PMC7075221 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2020.91497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to examine the acute response of biochemical bone turnover markers (BTM) to high-impact jumping exercise, and to quantify the ground reaction forces (GRF) achieved during each jumping exercise, in postmenopausal women. In a randomized controlled cross-over study over three days, 29 postmenopausal women (age (mean±SD): 60.0±5.6 years) were randomly assigned to 6 x 10 repetitions of three different jumps: countermovement jump (CMJ), drop jump (DJ), diagonal drop jump (DDJ). A fourth day without jumping served as a control (CON). Blood samples were collected before (PRE), after (POST), and 2 hours after (2Hr) exercise. Bone turnover was evaluated by bone formation markers (procollagen type-1 amino-terminal propeptide (P1NP) and osteocalcin (OC)) and the bone resorption marker C-terminal telopeptide of type-1 collagen (CTX). Peak anteroposterior (Fx), mediolateral (Fy), and vertical (Fz) GRF were measured using a force platform. From PRE to POST, P1NP increased (p<0.01) by 7.7±1.8%, 9.4±1.3%, and 10.6±1.6% for CMJ, DJ, and DDJ, which were higher (p<0.01) than CON. OC increased (p<0.05) by 5.5±1.8% for DJ, which was higher (p<0.05) than CON. CTX was not significantly changed at POST. There were no significant differences in BTM Δ-values between the jumps at any time point. For the CMJ, the combined three-axis peak GRF was positively associated with the PRE to POST Δ-change in P1NP (r=0.71, p<0.05). The acute, jumping-induced increase in P1NP and OC without any rise in CTX may indicate increased bone formation. Moreover, the study shows a dose-response relationship between GRF and the acute P1NP response after countermovement jumps.
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