Curved Approach in High Jump Induces Greater Jumping Height without Greater Joint Kinetic Exertions than Straight Approach

Mechanical power flow from trunk and lower limb joint power to external horizontal power in the track and field block start

Sprint start performance is measured as the horizontal external power, the time-average rate of horizontal kinetic energy generation. Although joint powers have been examined, not all segment rotations on which positive powers are exerted necessarily contribute to forward propulsion; details regarding horizontal power remain unclear. Here we show the contributions of segment rotations to the forward and upward propulsion. We calculated the joint power exerted on each segment and the contributions from segment rotations to the normalised average horizontal and vertical external powers (P ^ hori z ¯ and P ^ vert ¯ ) during the sprint start by 12 male sprinters. Over half P ^ hori z ¯ (55 ± 6%) is due to the front thigh rotation (0.30 ± 0.04), on which the hip and knee exert positive power. Pelvic rotation does not contribute to P ^ hori z ¯ (0.00 ± 0.01). This highlights the importance of the hip-extensors strength and the need for it accompanied by the lumbar-extensors strength cancelling out the hip-extensors action on the pelvis and promoting hip-extensor-induced thigh rotation. The front thigh rotation decreases P ^ vert ¯ (-0.08 ± 0.02). P ^ vert ¯ is primarily induced by rotations of the thorax (0.04 ± 0.01), lumbar region (0.06 ± 0.02), and pelvis (0.04 ± 0.01). Rotations of the lower-limb segments did not contribute to upward propulsion. Therefore, the front thigh induces downward movement, which is counterbalanced by the trunk segments. We bridge the gap in the current understanding from joint power to P ^ hori z ¯ . We present a case involving segments on which positive joint powers are exerted similarly but play different roles: forward or upward propulsion, thereby providing insights into directional control mechanisms in explosive initiation of motion. HIGHLIGHTSWe examined the contributions of segment rotations to the normalised average horizontal and vertical external powers (P ^ hori z ¯ , P ^ vert ¯ ): the sprint start performance and the parameter to assess upward propulsion.Over half the total P ^ hori z ¯ (55 ± 6%) is due to the front thigh rotation, while the front thigh rotation decreases P ^ vert ¯ , which was counterbalanced by rotations of the thorax, lumbar region, and pelvis.We bridge the gap in the current understanding from joint power to P ^ hori z ¯ and further present a case involving segments on which positive joint powers are exerted but play different roles: forward or upward propulsion.

Fifty years of performance-related sports biomechanics research

Over the past fifty years there has been considerable development in motion analysis systems and in computer simulation modelling of sports movements while the relevance and importance of functional variability of sports technique has become increasingly recognised. Technical developments for experimental work have led to increased, and still increasing, subject numbers. Increased subjects per study give better statistical power, the ability to utilise different data analyses, and thus the determination of more subtle and nuanced factors. The overall number of studies has also increased massively. Most actions in sport can, and have, been studied at some level with even the more challenging ones, such as player on player impacts, having some developing research. Computer simulation models of sports movements have ranged from simple (one or two segment) models to very complex musculoskeletal models and have used parameters ranging from the generic to individual-specific. Simple models have given insights into the key mechanics of movement while individual-specific model optimisations have been used to improve athlete performance. Our depth of understanding of the mechanics of sports techniques has increased across a wide range of sports. In the future there is likely to be more development and use of markerless motion capture, individual-specific model parameters, and more consideration of motor control aspects in the analysis of sports technique.