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Ahmadi Hekmatikar A, Nelson A, Petersen A. Highlighting the idea of exerkines in the management of cancer patients with cachexia: novel insights and a critical review. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:889. [PMID: 37730552 PMCID: PMC10512651 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-11391-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exerkines are all peptides, metabolites, and nucleic acids released into the bloodstream during and after physical exercise. Exerkines liberated from skeletal muscle (myokines), the heart (cardiokines), liver (hepatokines), white adipose tissue (adipokines), brown adipose tissue (batokines), and neurons (neurokines) may benefit health and wellbeing. Cancer-related cachexia is a highly prevalent disorder characterized by weight loss with specific skeletal muscle and adipose tissue loss. Many studies have sought to provide exercise strategies for managing cachexia, focusing on musculoskeletal tissue changes. Therefore, understanding the responses of musculoskeletal and other tissue exerkines to acute and chronic exercise may provide novel insight and recommendations for physical training to counteract cancer-related cachexia. METHODS For the purpose of conducting this study review, we made efforts to gather relevant studies and thoroughly discuss them to create a comprehensive overview. To achieve this, we conducted searches using appropriate keywords in various databases. Studies that were deemed irrelevant to the current research, not available in English, or lacking full-text access were excluded. Nevertheless, it is important to acknowledge the limited amount of research conducted in this specific field. RESULTS In order to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the findings, we prioritized human studies in order to obtain results that closely align with the scope of the present study. However, in instances where human studies were limited or additional analysis was required to draw more robust conclusions, we also incorporated animal studies. Finally, 295 studies, discussed in this review. CONCLUSION Our understanding of the underlying physiological mechanisms related to the significance of investigating exerkines in cancer cachexia is currently quite basic. Nonetheless, this demonstrated that resistance and aerobic exercise can contribute to the reduction and control of the disease in individuals with cancer cachexia, as well as in survivors, by inducing changes in exerkines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Ahmadi Hekmatikar
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 14117-13116, Iran
| | - André Nelson
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Aaron Petersen
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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2
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Abstract
CONTEXT Resistance exercise training has recently been considered as an effective type of training to increase energy metabolism and insulin sensitivity. However, mechanisms of the resistance training-induced improvements in energy metabolism and insulin sensitivity have not been fully understood. Zinc-α2-glycoprotein (ZAG), which is a novel adipokine, has beneficial effects on energy metabolism and insulin sensitivity. OBJECTIVE We investigated the effect of a single bout of resistance exercise on the ZAG concentration. METHODS Nine healthy men were enrolled. They performed a single bout of resistance exercise (bench press and leg press) consisting of 10 repetitions of five sets at 70% of maximum strength with 90-s rests in between sets. Blood samples were obtained before and after acute resistance exercise to measure the ZAG concentration. RESULTS The serum ZAG concentration significantly increased following acute resistance exercise. CONCLUSION This result suggests that a single bout of resistance exercise may enhance the ZAG concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihiro Kon
- School of International Liberal Studies, Chukyo University, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Sports Sciences, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Suzuki
- Department of Sports Research, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
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Meri̇c B, Solak S, Aydogdu N, Sut N, Vardar SA. The comparison of endothelial function of moderate intensity interval exercise with continuous exercise in healthy men. Curr Res Physiol 2022; 5:338-343. [PMID: 35880036 PMCID: PMC9307423 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphys.2022.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/aim Materials and methods Results Conclusion
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Meri̇c
- Department of Physiology, Health Science Institute, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Serdar Solak
- Department of Radiology, Trakya University Medical Faculty, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Nurettin Aydogdu
- Department of Physiology, İnönü University Medical Faculty, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Necdet Sut
- Department of Biostatistics, Trakya University Medical Faculty, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Selma Arzu Vardar
- Department of Physiology, Health Science Institute, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
- Department of Physiology, Trakya University, Medical Faculty, Edirne, Turkey
- Corresponding author. Trakya University Medical Faculty Department of Physiology, 22030, Edirne, Turkey.
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Frampton J, Cobbold B, Nozdrin M, Oo HTH, Wilson H, Murphy KG, Frost G, Chambers ES. The Effect of a Single Bout of Continuous Aerobic Exercise on Glucose, Insulin and Glucagon Concentrations Compared to Resting Conditions in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression. Sports Med 2021; 51:1949-1966. [PMID: 33905087 PMCID: PMC8363558 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01473-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Background Elevated glucose and insulin levels are major risk factors in the development of cardiometabolic disease. Aerobic exercise is widely recommended to improve glycaemic control, yet its acute effect on glycaemia and glucoregulatory hormones has not been systematically reviewed and analysed in healthy adults. Objective To determine the effect of a single bout of continuous aerobic exercise on circulating glucose, insulin, and glucagon concentrations in healthy adults. Methods CENTRAL, CINAHL, Embase, Global Health, HMIC, Medline, PubMed, PsycINFO, ScienceDirect, Scopus and Web of Science databases were searched from inception to May 2020. Papers were included if they reported a randomised, crossover study measuring glucose and/or insulin and/or glucagon concentrations before and immediately after a single bout of continuous aerobic exercise (≥ 30 min) compared to a time-matched, resting control arm in healthy adults. The risk of bias and quality of evidence were assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool and GRADE approach, respectively. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed for glucose, insulin, and glucagon. Sub-group meta-analyses and meta-regression were performed for categorical (metabolic state [postprandial or fasted], exercise mode [cycle ergometer or treadmill]) and continuous (age, body mass index, % males, maximal aerobic capacity, exercise duration, exercise intensity) covariates, respectively. Results 42 papers (51 studies) were considered eligible: glucose (45 studies, 391 participants), insulin (38 studies, 377 participants) and glucagon (5 studies, 47 participants). Acute aerobic exercise had no significant effect on glucose concentrations (mean difference: − 0.05 mmol/L; 95% CI, − 0.22 to 0.13 mmol/L; P = 0.589; I2: 91.08%, large heterogeneity; moderate-quality evidence). Acute aerobic exercise significantly decreased insulin concentrations (mean difference: − 18.07 pmol/L; 95% CI, − 30.47 to − 5.66 pmol/L; P = 0.004; I2: 95.39%, large heterogeneity; moderate-quality evidence) and significantly increased glucagon concentrations (mean difference: 24.60 ng/L; 95% CI, 16.25 to 32.95 ng/L; P < 0.001; I2: 79.36%, large heterogeneity; moderate-quality evidence). Sub-group meta-analyses identified that metabolic state modified glucose and insulin responses, in which aerobic exercise significantly decreased glucose (mean difference: − 0.27 mmol/L; 95% CI, − 0.55 to − 0.00 mmol/L; P = 0.049; I2: 89.72%, large heterogeneity) and insulin (mean difference: − 42.63 pmol/L; 95% CI, − 66.18 to − 19.09 pmol/L; P < 0.001; I2: 81.29%, large heterogeneity) concentrations in the postprandial but not fasted state. Meta-regression revealed that the glucose concentrations were also moderated by exercise duration and maximal aerobic capacity. Conclusions Acute aerobic exercise performed in the postprandial state decreases glucose and insulin concentrations in healthy adults. Acute aerobic exercise also increases glucagon concentrations irrespective of metabolic state. Therefore, aerobic exercise undertaken in the postprandial state is an effective strategy to improve acute glycaemic control in healthy adults, supporting the role of aerobic exercise in reducing cardiometabolic disease incidence. PROSPERO registration number CRD42020191345. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40279-021-01473-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Frampton
- Section for Nutrition Research, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK.
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Benjamin Cobbold
- Section for Nutrition Research, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Mikhail Nozdrin
- Section for Nutrition Research, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Htet T H Oo
- Section for Nutrition Research, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Holly Wilson
- Section for Nutrition Research, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Kevin G Murphy
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Gary Frost
- Section for Nutrition Research, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Edward S Chambers
- Section for Nutrition Research, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
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Kon M, Ebi Y, Nakagaki K. Effects of a single bout of high-intensity interval exercise on C1q/TNF-related proteins. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 44:47-51. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is known to be an effective exercise training regimen to improve energy substrate metabolism and insulin sensitivity. However, the underlying mechanisms of improvement in insulin sensitivity due to HIIT have not yet been fully clarified. C1q/tumor necrosis factor-related protein (CTRP) 1 and CTRP9, which are adiponectin paralogs and novel adipokines, have favorable effects on energy substrate metabolism and insulin sensitivity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a single bout of HIIT on CTRP1 and CTRP9 secretions in healthy men. Eight healthy male subjects (mean ± SE: age, 23.4 ± 1.1 years; height, 172.1 ± 1.7 cm; body mass, 68.0 ± 2.0 kg; body mass index, 22.9 ± 0.5 kg/m2) participated in this study. They performed a single bout of HIIT consisted of four 30-s maximal cycling bouts with 4 min of rest between bouts using a cycle ergometer. Blood samples were collected before the exercise, at 0 (immediately after the exercise), 15, 30, and 120 min after the single bout of HIIT. Serum CTRP1, CTRP9, and high-molecular-weight (HMW) adiponectin concentrations were measured using enzyme-linked immunosolvent assay kits. CTRP1 concentration significantly increased at 120 min after the HIIT. CTRP9 concentration also significantly increased immediately after the single bout of HIIT. In contrast, there were no significant differences in HMW adiponectin concentration before and after the acute HIIT. These findings suggest that a single bout of HIIT may stimulate CTRP1 and CTRP9 secretions in healthy men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihiro Kon
- School of International Liberal Studies, Chukyo University, 101-2 Yagotohonmachi, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8666, Japan
- Department of Sports Sciences, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, 3-15-1 Nishigaoka, Kita-ku, Tokyo, 115-0056, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Ebi
- Department of Sports Sciences, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, 3-15-1 Nishigaoka, Kita-ku, Tokyo, 115-0056, Japan
| | - Kohei Nakagaki
- Department of Sports Sciences, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, 3-15-1 Nishigaoka, Kita-ku, Tokyo, 115-0056, Japan
- Department of Sports Sciences, Yamanashi Gakuin University, 2-4-5 Sakaori, Kofu, Yamanashi 158-8508, Japan
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Rausch LK, Hofer M, Pramsohler S, Kaser S, Ebenbichler C, Haacke S, Gatterer H, Netzer NC. Adiponectin, Leptin and Visfatin in Hypoxia and its Effect for Weight Loss in Obesity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:615. [PMID: 30405530 PMCID: PMC6200908 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Hypoxia induces leptin gene expression in human adipocytes via hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF-α/β). Under ambient moderate hypoxia, leptin in adipocytes is elevated for at least 14 days. Leptin is supposedly involved in the reduced food intake, increased utilization of fatty acids for energy production and possible weight loss observed at high altitudes. Literature on adiponectin and visfatin in high altitude is inconsistent with reports of elevated levels and non-elevated levels. Exercise in hypoxia studies in obese subjects have shown a significant weight loss after up to 3 weeks, but it is unclear if this effect holds up for longer time periods. Therefore, we aimed to investigate 32 obese subjects completing 52 exercise and rest sessions within 8 months at either moderate or sham hypoxia and to analyze leptin, adiponectin, and visfatin mRNA-expression at different time points of exposure. Methods: Abdominal subcutaneous fat biopsies were taken from 32 obese subjects before, after 3 months and after 8 months of intervention. Subjects were randomly divided into two groups and exercised at moderate intensity at two different study sites twice a week. The IG was exposed to normobaric hypoxia (FiO2: 14.0 ± 0.2%,) at exercise and at rest (FiO2: 12.0 ± 0.2%) and the CG to sham hypoxia. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used in order to determine mRNA-levels of leptin, adiponectin, and visfatin. Results: No differences in leptin levels after 3 and 8 months compared to baseline and between groups were found. There was no significant difference regarding adiponectin or visfatin at any time point compared to baseline in the hypoxia group, but an increase after 3 months was seen in the control group at normoxia compared to the hypoxia group (adiponectin: p = 0.029 and visfatin: p = 0.014). Conclusion: In this first several months' duration randomized sham controlled hypoxia exercise and rest study with obese subjects, we found no time extended leptin mRNA-expression in subjects under hypoxia after 3 and 8 months compared to baseline levels. Moderate exercise in normoxia not in hypoxia leads to elevated adiponectin and visfatin levels after 3 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda K Rausch
- Hermann Buhl Institute for Hypoxia and Sleep Medicine Research, Bad Aibling, Germany
- Department Sports Science, University Innsbruck, Tirol, Austria
| | - Maximilian Hofer
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Medical University of Innsbruck, Tirol, Austria
- CD Laboratory for Metabolic Crosstalk, Department of Internal Medicine 1, Medical University of Innsbruck, Tirol, Austria
| | - Stephan Pramsohler
- Hermann Buhl Institute for Hypoxia and Sleep Medicine Research, Bad Aibling, Germany
| | - Susanne Kaser
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Medical University of Innsbruck, Tirol, Austria
- CD Laboratory for Metabolic Crosstalk, Department of Internal Medicine 1, Medical University of Innsbruck, Tirol, Austria
| | | | | | - Hannes Gatterer
- Institute for Mountain Emergency Medicine, Eurac Research, Bozen, Italy
| | - Nikolaus C Netzer
- Hermann Buhl Institute for Hypoxia and Sleep Medicine Research, Bad Aibling, Germany
- Department Sports Science, University Innsbruck, Tirol, Austria
- Institute for Mountain Emergency Medicine, Eurac Research, Bozen, Italy
- Division of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Medicine, University Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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Akbarpour M. The effect of aerobic training on serum adiponectin and leptin levels and inflammatory markers of coronary heart disease in obese men. Biol Sport 2013; 30:21-7. [PMID: 24744461 PMCID: PMC3944554 DOI: 10.5604/20831862.1029817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of aerobic training on the serum levels of adiponectin and leptin and on inflammatory markers of coronary heart disease in obese men. Sixteen non-athlete obese men were randomly assigned to one of two experimental groups. The experimental group underwent aerobic training consisting of three sessions per week for 12 weeks, while the control group did not participate in the training programme during the study period. Five millilitres of venous blood was taken from each participant at the beginning of the study, during week six and at the end of week 12 to measure the levels of leptin, adiponectin, C-reactive protein, interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-α. The findings showed that aerobic training led to decreases in the levels of CRP (P = 0.002), IL-6 (P = 0.001) and leptin (P = 0.003) and an increase in the level of adiponectin (P = 0.002) in the experimental group relative to the control group. In addition, the level of TNF-α decreased in the experimental group after the 12-week aerobic training period, although this change was not statistically significant. According to the results of this study, regular aerobic exercise decreases the potential risk of coronary heart disease by improving the plasma levels of IL-6, adiponectin, leptin and CRP. Additionally, aerobic exercise can be used as effective non-pharmacological treatment to prevent diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Akbarpour
- Department of Physical Education, University of Qom, Qom, Iran
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9
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Smith JD, Cianflone K, Martin J, Poirier P, Broderick TL, Noël M. Plasma adipokine and hormone changes in mountaineers on ascent to 5300 meters. Wilderness Environ Med 2011; 22:107-14. [PMID: 21664558 DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Revised: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The current study evaluated multiple metabolic and inflammatory hormone responses in recreational climbers (7 men and 3 women, age 26-49 years) over 9 days. In particular, acylation-stimulating protein (ASP), which influences fat storage in adipose tissue, has not been measured at high altitude. METHODS Serial measurements were taken at sea level (SL), or 353 m, on day 0, 4000 m on day 3, 4750 m on day 6, and 5300 m on day 9 of the expedition. RESULTS Body mass index (BMI) decreased upon ascent to 5300 m from SL (SL 23.2 ± 1.5 kg/m(2); 4000 m 23.2 ± 1.4 kg/m(2); 4750 m 22.9 ± 1.3 kg/m(2); 5300 m 22.3 ± 1.2 kg/m(2); P<.001). Similarly, plasma non-esterified fatty acids and triglycerides increased, while HDL cholesterol decreased (P<.05 to <.001) from SL to 5300 m. Acylation-stimulating protein (SL 42.2 ± 40.2 nm; 4000 m 117.0 ± 69.6 nm; 4750 m 107.9 ± 44.5 nm; 5300 m 82.2 ± 20.2 nm; P=.019) and adiponectin (SL 10.4 ± 6.5 ng/mL, 4000 m 13.9 ± 8.5 ng/mL, 4750 m 18.3 ± 8.3 ng/mL, 5300 m 14.7 ± 8.0 ng/mL; P=.015) increased, as did insulin and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels (up to 71% and 168%, respectively; P<.05) with no change in leptin, complement C3 (C3), high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) or cortisol levels throughout the mountain ascent from SL to 5300 m. CONCLUSION Acylation-stimulating protein and adiponectin are increased during a 9-day period of high altitude (SL to 5300 m) exposure despite weight loss in healthy mountaineers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica D Smith
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada
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Otani H. Oxidative stress as pathogenesis of cardiovascular risk associated with metabolic syndrome. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:1911-26. [PMID: 21126197 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is characterized by accumulation of visceral fat associated with the clustering of metabolic and pathophysiological cardiovascular risk factors: impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. Although the definition of MetS is different among countries, visceral obesity is an indispensable component of MetS. A growing body of evidence suggests that increased oxidative stress to adipocytes is central to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease in MetS. Increased oxidative stress to adipocytes causes dysregulated expression of inflammation-related adipocytokines in MetS, which contributes to obesity-associated vasculopathy and cardiovascular risk primarily through endothelial dysfunction. The purpose of present review is to unravel the mechanistic link between oxidative stress and cardiovascular risk in MetS, focusing on insulin resistance, hypertension, and atherosclerosis. Then, therapeutic opportunities translated from the bench to bedside will be provided to develop novel strategies to cardiovascular risk factors in MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Otani
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, 10-15-Fumizono-cho, Moriguchi City, Japan.
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11
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Acute effects of walking in forest environments on cardiovascular and metabolic parameters. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 111:2845-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-1918-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Jürimäe J, Mäestu J, Jürimäe T, Mangus B, von Duvillard SP. Peripheral signals of energy homeostasis as possible markers of training stress in athletes: a review. Metabolism 2011; 60:335-50. [PMID: 20304442 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2010.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2009] [Revised: 01/24/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The importance of physical exercise in regulating energy balance and ultimately body mass is widely recognized. There have been several investigative efforts in describing the regulation of the energy homeostasis. Important in this regulatory system is the existence of several peripheral signals that communicate the status of body energy stores to the hypothalamus including leptin, adiponectin, ghrelin, interleukin-6, interleukin-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α--different cytokines and other peptides that affect energy homeostasis. In certain circumstances, all these peripheral signals may be used to reveal the condition of the athlete as the result of several months of prolonged exercise training. These hormone and cytokine concentrations characterize a physical stress condition in which different hormone and cytokine responses are apparently linked to changes in physical performance. The possibility to use these peripheral signals as markers of training stress (and possible overreaching/overtraining) in elite athletes should be considered. These measured hormone and cytokine levels could also be used to characterize the physical stress of single exercise session, as the hormone and cytokine response to exercise may actually be a response to the concurrent energy deficit. In summary, different peripheral signals of energy homeostasis may be sensitive to changes in specific training stress and may be useful for predicting the onset of possible overreaching/overtraining in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaak Jürimäe
- Institute of Sport Pedagogy and Coaching Sciences, Center for Behavioral and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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Numao S, Katayama Y, Hayashi Y, Matsuo T, Tanaka K. Influence of acute aerobic exercise on adiponectin oligomer concentrations in middle-aged abdominally obese men. Metabolism 2011; 60:186-94. [PMID: 20102772 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2009.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2009] [Revised: 11/13/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Exercise intensity may induce changes in total adiponectin and adiponectin oligomer levels. However, the effects of acute aerobic exercise on total adiponectin and adiponectin oligomers in middle-aged abdominally obese men remain unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of aerobic exercise intensity on changes in the concentrations of total adiponectin and adiponectin oligomers (high-molecular weight [HMW] and middle- plus low-molecular weight [MLMW] adiponectin), and the endocrine mechanisms involved in exercise-induced changes in adiponectin oligomer profiles in middle-aged abdominally obese men. Using a crossover design, 9 middle-aged abdominally obese men (age, 54.1 ± 2.4 years; body mass index, 27.9 ± 0.6 kg/m²) underwent 2 trials that consisted of 60 minutes of stationary cycle exercise at either moderate-intensity (ME) or high-intensity (HE) aerobic exercise (50% or 70% of peak oxygen uptake, respectively). Blood samples were collected to measure the concentrations of adiponectin oligomers, hormones (catecholamines, insulin, and growth hormone), metabolites (free fatty acid, glycerol, triglyceride, and glucose), and cytokines (interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α). After exercise, plasma catecholamine concentrations were higher during HE than during ME (P < .05). Total adiponectin concentration decreased at the end of HE (P < .05), but remained unchanged after ME. The HMW adiponectin concentration did not change at either intensity, whereas the MLMW concentration decreased at the end of HE (P < .05). The ratio of HMW to total adiponectin concentration increased significantly (P < .05), whereas the ratio of MLMW to total adiponectin concentration decreased significantly (P < .05), at the end of HE. The percentage changes in epinephrine concentration from baseline to the end of exercise were correlated with the percentage changes in total adiponectin concentration (r = -0.67, P < .05) and MLMW adiponectin concentration (r = -0.82, P < .05) from baseline to the end of HE. Our results indicate that the change in total adiponectin was mainly due to a change in MLMW adiponectin concentration during high-intensity exercise in middle-aged abdominally obese men. Epinephrine may partially regulate the decrease in total and MLMW adiponectin concentrations during high-intensity exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeharu Numao
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-1192, Japan.
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14
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Chang RY, Koo M, Ho MY, Lin ZZ, Yu ZR, Lin YF, Wang BJ. Effects of Tai Chi on adiponectin and glucose homeostasis in individuals with cardiovascular risk factors. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 111:57-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-010-1628-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Lakhdar N, Bouassida A, Ben Saad H, Zaouali M, Zbidi A, Tabka Z. Effect of training status on adiponectin concentrations. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-009-0086-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Magkos F, Mohammed BS, Mittendorfer B. Enhanced insulin sensitivity after acute exercise is not associated with changes in high-molecular weight adiponectin concentration in plasma. Eur J Endocrinol 2010; 162:61-6. [PMID: 19864294 PMCID: PMC3557821 DOI: 10.1530/eje-09-0756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The effect of exercise on the plasma concentration of high-molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin (i.e. the biologically active form of circulating adiponectin) and the possible role of HMW adiponectin in mediating the exercise-induced enhancement of insulin action are not known. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the post-exercise increase in insulin sensitivity and plasma HMW adiponectin concentration. DESIGN AND METHODS We measured total and HMW adiponectin concentrations in plasma using an ELISA kit, and insulin sensitivity using the updated homeostasis model assessment of insulin sensitivity (HOMA2-IS) score in the basal, overnight fasted state, once approximately 12 h after a single bout of moderate-intensity endurance exercise and once after an equivalent period of rest, in 27 healthy men and women (age: 29+/-1 years and body mass index: 24.7+/-0.8 kg/m(2)). RESULTS The HOMA2-IS score was 18+/-7% greater after exercise than after rest (229+/-20 and 196+/-17 respectively; P=0.006), whereas the concentrations of total adiponectin (7.8+/-0.5 and 7.7+/-0.5 mg/l respectively; P=0.597) and HMW adiponectin (3.0+/-0.3 and 3.0+/-0.3 mg/l respectively; P=0.625) were not different. The exercise-induced change in HOMA2-IS score was not related to changes in total and HMW adiponectin concentrations (P>0.3). CONCLUSIONS Changes in HMW adiponectin concentration are not involved in the acute exercise-induced enhancement of insulin action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faidon Magkos
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece.
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