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Del Duchetto F, Dussault-Picard C, Gagnon M, Dixon P, Cherni Y. Can Foot Orthoses Benefit Symptomatic Runners? Mechanistic and Clinical Insights Through a Scoping Review. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2024; 10:108. [PMID: 39365485 PMCID: PMC11452579 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-024-00774-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 10/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Running is a widely practiced sport worldwide associated with a host of benefits on cardiovascular, metabolic, musculoskeletal, and mental health, but often leads to musculoskeletal overuse injuries. The prescription of a foot orthosis (FO) is common to manage musculoskeletal impairments during physical activity or functional tasks. Although FOs are frequently prescribed by clinicians for symptomatic populations of runners, the existing literature supporting the prescription of FOs in runners has predominantly focused on either uninjured individuals or a mix of uninjured and symptomatic populations. Thus, the effects of FOs on the treatment and/or prevention of overuse running injuries need to be investigated to guide future research and assist clinicians in their decision-making process. MAIN BODY This scoping review aimed to evaluate the immediate and long-term effects of FOs on lower limb biomechanics, neuromuscular parameters, and pain and disability in symptomatic runners, and to identify factors that may influence the effects of FOs. Five databases (CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science) were searched, resulting in 2536 studies. A total of 30 studies, published between 1992 and 2023 (730 symptomatic runners), were included following the removal of duplicates and the screening process. Wearing FOs while running is related to an immediate and a long-term decrease in pain and symptoms of overuse running injuries. Also, wearing FOs while running decreases eversion at the foot/ankle complex, leads to a more lateral plantar pressure at the heel and forefoot, and may change running motor control strategies. Finally, the effectiveness of FOs is influenced by its added features. CONCLUSIONS This study provides recommendations for future research such as the need for standardized methods in describing FOs, considering participant characteristics such as foot morphology, and comparing different types of FOs. Also, this scoping review provides valuable insights for guiding the prescription and design of FOs, and suggests that integrating FOs into a comprehensive treatment plan may yield better results than standalone first-line treatments. Nonetheless, this scoping review highlights the need for future research to explore the optimal integration of FOs into injury-specific treatment plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Del Duchetto
- École de Kinésiologie et des Sciences de L'activité Physique, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Cloé Dussault-Picard
- École de Kinésiologie et des Sciences de L'activité Physique, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Laboratoire de Neurobiomécanique & Neuroréadaptation de la Locomotion (NNL), Centre de Recherche Azrieli du CHU Ste Justine, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Martine Gagnon
- Département de Kinésiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Philippe Dixon
- École de Kinésiologie et des Sciences de L'activité Physique, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Yosra Cherni
- École de Kinésiologie et des Sciences de L'activité Physique, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
- Laboratoire de Neurobiomécanique & Neuroréadaptation de la Locomotion (NNL), Centre de Recherche Azrieli du CHU Ste Justine, Montréal, QC, Canada.
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche sur le Cerveau et L'apprentissage (CIRCA), Montréal, QC, Canada.
- Institut de Génie Biomédical, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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Klein M, Patterson C, Karim A, Cuddeford T. Running biomechanical and isokinetic strength differences in masters runners with and without Achilles tendinopathy. Sports Biomech 2024:1-14. [PMID: 38949234 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2024.2373376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Masters runners are an increasing proportion of the running community. The most significant musculoskeletal changes in runners occur after the age of 50 in addition to changes in injury rates and types, the most common being Achilles tendinopathy (AT). Previous evidence has suggested similarities between risk factors for AT and age-related changes that are focused at the hip and the ankle during the propulsive stage of running. The purpose of this study was to investigate biomechanical and peak torque association to AT in masters runners. Thirty-two masters runners over age 50 with AT (60.31 ± 8.37, n = 16) and without (59.94 ± 4.95 n = 16) were included. 3D motion capture and force plates were used to assess running biomechanics. A motor-driven dynamometer was used to assess isokinetic peak torque production. No significant differences in running biomechanics were found between masters runners with and without AT. Hip peak isokinetic torque production was found to be significantly less in masters runners with AT, but no significant differences in ankle plantarflexion peak isokinetic torque production were found. Masters runners with AT may be able to adapt their running biomechanics and muscular torque production during submaximal running efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Klein
- Department of Physical Therapy, Azusa Pacific University, Azusa, CA, USA
- Department of Rehabilitation and Movement Science, Azusa Pacific University, Azusa, CA, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy, West Coast University Center for Graduate Studies, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chris Patterson
- Department of Rehabilitation and Movement Science, Azusa Pacific University, Azusa, CA, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy, West Coast University Center for Graduate Studies, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Annette Karim
- Department of Rehabilitation and Movement Science, Azusa Pacific University, Azusa, CA, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy, West Coast University Center for Graduate Studies, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tyler Cuddeford
- Department of Physical Therapy, George Fox University, Newberg, OR, USA
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Pasapula C, Tadikonda P, Valentini L, Youssef H, Chaudhri S, Howell C, Hardcastle A, Shariff S. Medial arch instability/internal foot overload association with non-insertional Achilles tendinopathy and the 'Zone of Conflict Theory'. Foot (Edinb) 2024; 59:102090. [PMID: 38537500 DOI: 10.1016/j.foot.2024.102090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non insertional Achilles tendinopathy [AT] is a degenerative condition that is prevalent in runners. 30% have no preceding history and many runners do not develop AT. Overuse, pronation, and compromised blood supply are hypothesised as causal. The exact precipitant is still unknown. The link between medial arch instability and AT has not been made. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between spring ligament (SL) laxity and first ray (FRI) instability, and the presence of (AT). METHODS Ethical approval was obtained. Patients were identified from hospital databases for unilateral AT, allowing the opposite unaffected foot to be used as an internal control. SL laxity was measured using the lateral translation score and FRI was measured using a modified digital Klauemeter. Ultrasound was used to assess the tendoachilles [TA] in affected vs unaffected legs. RESULTS 17 patients were recruited with a mean age of 55.6 and mean body mass index (BMI) of 33.3. The average symptom duration was 3.62 years. There were 12 left feet and 5 right feet. There was no statistical difference in dorsiflexion angles for the TA or the gastrocnemius. All Beighton scores < 5. Lateral translation scores, FRI scores and TA thickness was significantly greater in AT feet [p < 0.05]. More affected feet had Tibialis posterior tendon pain (TP) [p < 0.05]. CONCLUSIONS Feet with AT exhibit higher lateral translation scores and greater FRI compared to healthy feet, and combined with previous literature evidence, suggests alteration of the subtalar axis alters force moments that may lead to an intrinsic overload of the TA, when the foot enters a "zone of conflict". Medial arch instability, in particular SL laxity and FRI, may contribute to the development of non-insertional AT and treatment of this with early arch support may prevent progressive degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pasapula
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Queen Elizabeth Hospital (QEHKL), King's Lynn PE30 4ET, UK
| | - P Tadikonda
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Queen Elizabeth Hospital (QEHKL), King's Lynn PE30 4ET, UK.
| | - L Valentini
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Queen Elizabeth Hospital (QEHKL), King's Lynn PE30 4ET, UK
| | - H Youssef
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Queen Elizabeth Hospital (QEHKL), King's Lynn PE30 4ET, UK
| | - S Chaudhri
- University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - C Howell
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Queen Elizabeth Hospital (QEHKL), King's Lynn PE30 4ET, UK
| | - A Hardcastle
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Queen Elizabeth Hospital (QEHKL), King's Lynn PE30 4ET, UK
| | - S Shariff
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Medway Maritime Hospital, Kent ME7 5NY, UK
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Xiang X, Tanaka M, Umeno S, Kikuchi Y, Kobayashi Y. Dynamic assessment for low back-support exoskeletons during manual handling tasks. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1289686. [PMID: 38026894 PMCID: PMC10667710 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1289686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Exoskeletons can protect users' lumbar spine and reduce the risk of low back injury during manual lifting tasks. Although many exoskeletons have been developed, their adoptability is limited by their task- and movement-specific effects on reducing burden. Many studies have evaluated the safety and effectiveness of an exoskeleton using the peak/mean values of biomechanical variables, whereas the performance of the exoskeleton at other time points of the movement has not been investigated in detail. A functional analysis, which presents discrete time-series data as continuous functions, makes it possible to highlight the features of the movement waveform and determine the difference in each variable at each time point. This study investigated an assessment method for exoskeletons based on functional ANOVA, which made it possible to quantify the differences in the biomechanical variables throughout the movement when using an exoskeleton. Additionally, we developed a method based on the interpolation technique to estimate the assistive torque of an exoskeleton. Ten men lifted a 10-kg box under symmetric and asymmetric conditions five times each. Lumbar load was significantly reduced during all phases (flexion, lifting, and laying) under both conditions. Additionally, reductions in kinematic variables were observed, indicating the exoskeleton's impact on motion restrictions. Moreover, the overlap F-ratio curves of the lumbar load and kinematic variables imply that exoskeletons reduce the lumbar load by restricting the kinematic variables. The results suggested that at smaller trunk angles (<25°), an exoskeleton neither significantly reduces the lumbar load nor restricts trunk movement. Our findings will help increasing exoskeleton safety and designing effective products for reducing lumbar injury risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Xiang
- Institute of Agricultural Machinery, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Saitama, Japan
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Brancati RJ, Hamill J, Jewell C, Boyer KA. A data mining approach for determining biomechanical adaptations in runners who experienced and recovered from patellofemoral pain syndrome. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:1971-1982. [PMID: 38303115 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2308419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Patellofemoral pain (PFP) is a common musculoskeletal pain disorder experienced by runners. While biomechanics of those with PFP have been extensively studied, methodological considerations may omit important adaptations exhibited by those experiencing and recovered from pain. Instead of a priori selection of discrete biomechanical variables, a data mining approach was leveraged to account for the high dimensionality of running gait data. Biomechanical data of runners symptomatic for, recovered from, and who had never experienced PFP were collected at the 1st (M1) and 21st (M21) minutes of a treadmill run. Principal component analysis and a logistic regression model were used to classify healthy and symptomatic runners, and a feature ranking process determined the important features. The M1 model achieved an accuracy of 82.76% with features related to knee flexion angle, hip abduction moment and gluteus maximus activation, while the M21 model required an additional nine features to achieve an accuracy of 79.31%. Data for recovered runners were projected onto the models, resulting in five and seven out of twelve symptomatic classifications at M1 and M21, respectively. Following the onset of pain, a greater number of features were required to classify runners with PFP, suggesting they may experience individual pain adaptation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross J Brancati
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Joseph Hamill
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Carl Jewell
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
- Department of Biomechanics, ARCCA, Inc, Penns Park, PA, USA
| | - Katherine A Boyer
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
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Wang Y, Dong D. Effects of muscle strength in different parts of adolescent standing long jump on distance based on surface electromyography. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1246776. [PMID: 37929214 PMCID: PMC10622972 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1246776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To reveal the influence of muscle strength in different parts of the body on the distance of standing jump, to establish the key force phases of muscle strength in different parts, and to improve the recognition of movement norms. Methods: VICON infrared three-dimensional motion capture acquisition and analysis system and Noraxon Ultium surface electromyography acquisition and analysis system were used to complete the surface electromyography signal acquisition of 18 randomly selected subjects performing standing long jump. Results: 1) Triceps brachii, anterior deltoid, latissimus dorsi, semitendinosus, rectus femoris, upper trapezius, pectoralis major, and biceps femoris had significant effects on standing jump distance. 2) From the point of view of the key exertion phase of the standing jump mainly affecting the muscle group; the main exertion phase of the semitendinosus occurs from the rising stage to the descending stage; the rectus femoris, triceps, and latissimus dorsi occur during the ascending phase of the flight; the anterior deltoid muscle occurs in the transition stage from rising to falling in the air; the trapezius muscle occurs in the transition stage from pre-swing to kick-off. Conclusion: 1) From the regression analysis of the measured muscles on the distance of each stage of standing long jump, deltoid muscle strength is conducive to the improvement of standing long jump distance, which further indicates the importance of upper limb deltoid muscle strength. 2) Through time series analysis, it is found that the force performance of the rectus femoris muscle at this stage can be used as the main identification parameter of standing long jump, and can effectively distinguish different types of movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Wang
- Department of Physical Education, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Delong Dong
- Department of Physical Education, Ludong University, Yantai, China
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Skypala J, Hamill J, Sebera M, Elavsky S, Monte A, Jandacka D. Running-Related Achilles Tendon Injury: A Prospective Biomechanical Study in Recreational Runners. J Appl Biomech 2023:1-9. [PMID: 37419494 DOI: 10.1123/jab.2022-0221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
There are relatively few running studies that have attempted to prospectively identify biomechanical risk factors associated with Achilles tendon (AT) injuries. Therefore, the aim was to prospectively determine potential running biomechanical risk factors associated with the development of AT injuries in recreational, healthy runners. At study entry, 108 participants completed a set of questionnaires. They underwent an analysis of their running biomechanics at self-selected running speed. The incidence of AT running-related injuries (RRI) was assessed after 1-year using a weekly questionnaire standardized for RRI. Potential biomechanical risk factors for the development of AT RRI injury were identified using multivariable logistic regression. Of the 103 participants, 25% of the sample (15 males and 11 females) reported an AT RRI on the right lower limb during the 1-year evaluation period. A more flexed knee at initial contact (odds ratio = 1.146, P = .034) and at the midstance phase (odds ratio = 1.143, P = .037) were significant predictors for developing AT RRI. The results suggested that a 1-degree increase in knee flexion at initial contact and midstance was associated with a 15% increase in the risk of an AT RRI, thus causing a limitation of training or a stoppage of running in runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Skypala
- Department of Human Movement Studies, Human Motion Diagnostic Center, University of Ostrava, Ostrava,Czech Republic
| | - Joseph Hamill
- Department of Human Movement Studies, Human Motion Diagnostic Center, University of Ostrava, Ostrava,Czech Republic
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA,USA
| | - Michal Sebera
- Department of Human Movement Studies, Human Motion Diagnostic Center, University of Ostrava, Ostrava,Czech Republic
| | - Steriani Elavsky
- Department of Human Movement Studies, Human Motion Diagnostic Center, University of Ostrava, Ostrava,Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Monte
- Department of Human Movement Studies, Human Motion Diagnostic Center, University of Ostrava, Ostrava,Czech Republic
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona,Italy
| | - Daniel Jandacka
- Department of Human Movement Studies, Human Motion Diagnostic Center, University of Ostrava, Ostrava,Czech Republic
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Koska D, Oriwol D, Maiwald C. Comparison of statistical models for characterizing continuous differences between two biomechanical measurement systems. J Biomech 2023; 149:111506. [PMID: 36806004 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Most biomechanical processes are continuous in nature. Measurement systems record this continuous behavior as curve data, which is often treated inappropriately in validation studies. The current paper compares different statistical models for analyzing the agreement of curves from two measurement systems. All models were evaluated in various error scenarios (simulated and real-world data). Excellent results were obtained using a functional method, with coverage probabilities close to the desired level in all data sets. Pointwise constructed bands had a lower coverage probability, but still contained most of the curve points and may thus be an option in scenarios where assumptions of functional models are violated (e.g., when curves are much noisier than those presented here, or in the presence of drift). Models that account for within-subject variation showed a higher coverage probability and less uncertainty about the variation of band limits. We hope this study, along with the provided research code, will inspire researchers to use methods for curve data more frequently and appropriately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Koska
- Chemnitz University of Technology, Thüringer Weg 11, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany.
| | - Doris Oriwol
- Chemnitz University of Technology, Thüringer Weg 11, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Christian Maiwald
- Chemnitz University of Technology, Thüringer Weg 11, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
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Quarmby A, Mönnig J, Mugele H, Henschke J, Kim M, Cassel M, Engel T. Biomechanics and lower limb function are altered in athletes and runners with achilles tendinopathy compared with healthy controls: A systematic review. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 4:1012471. [PMID: 36685067 PMCID: PMC9845578 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.1012471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Achilles tendinopathy (AT) is a debilitating injury in athletes, especially for those engaged in repetitive stretch-shortening cycle activities. Clinical risk factors are numerous, but it has been suggested that altered biomechanics might be associated with AT. No systematic review has been conducted investigating these biomechanical alterations in specifically athletic populations. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was to compare the lower-limb biomechanics of athletes with AT to athletically matched asymptomatic controls. Databases were searched for relevant studies investigating biomechanics during gait activities and other motor tasks such as hopping, isolated strength tasks, and reflex responses. Inclusion criteria for studies were an AT diagnosis in at least one group, cross-sectional or prospective data, at least one outcome comparing biomechanical data between an AT and healthy group, and athletic populations. Studies were excluded if patients had Achilles tendon rupture/surgery, participants reported injuries other than AT, and when only within-subject data was available.. Effect sizes (Cohen's d) with 95% confidence intervals were calculated for relevant outcomes. The initial search yielded 4,442 studies. After screening, twenty studies (775 total participants) were synthesised, reporting on a wide range of biomechanical outcomes. Females were under-represented and patients in the AT group were three years older on average. Biomechanical alterations were identified in some studies during running, hopping, jumping, strength tasks and reflex activity. Equally, several biomechanical variables studied were not associated with AT in included studies, indicating a conflicting picture. Kinematics in AT patients appeared to be altered in the lower limb, potentially indicating a pattern of "medial collapse". Muscular activity of the calf and hips was different between groups, whereby AT patients exhibited greater calf electromyographic amplitudes despite lower plantar flexor strength. Overall, dynamic maximal strength of the plantar flexors, and isometric strength of the hips might be reduced in the AT group. This systematic review reports on several biomechanical alterations in athletes with AT. With further research, these factors could potentially form treatment targets for clinicians, although clinical approaches should take other contributing health factors into account. The studies included were of low quality, and currently no solid conclusions can be drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Quarmby
- University Outpatient Clinic, Sports Medicine & Sports Orthopaedics, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany,Correspondence: Andrew Quarmby
| | - Jamal Mönnig
- University Outpatient Clinic, Sports Medicine & Sports Orthopaedics, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Hendrik Mugele
- Department of Sport Science, Laboratory for Environmental and Exercise Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jakob Henschke
- University Outpatient Clinic, Sports Medicine & Sports Orthopaedics, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - MyoungHwee Kim
- University Outpatient Clinic, Sports Medicine & Sports Orthopaedics, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Michael Cassel
- University Outpatient Clinic, Sports Medicine & Sports Orthopaedics, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Tilman Engel
- University Outpatient Clinic, Sports Medicine & Sports Orthopaedics, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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Haratian R. Digital Filtering and Signal Decomposition: A Priori and Adaptive Approaches in Body Area Sensing. Biomed Eng Comput Biol 2023; 14:11795972231166236. [PMID: 37077619 PMCID: PMC10108405 DOI: 10.1177/11795972231166236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Elimination of undesired signals from a mixture of captured signals in body area sensing systems is studied in this paper. A series of filtering techniques including a priori and adaptive approaches are explored in detail and applied involving decomposition of signals along a new system's axis to separate the desired signals from other sources in the original data. Within the context of a case study in body area systems, a motion capture scenario is designed and the introduced signal decomposition techniques are critically evaluated and a new one is proposed. Applying the studied filtering and signal decomposition techniques demonstrates that the functional based approach outperforms the rest in reducing the effect of undesired changes in collected motion data which are due to random changes in sensors positioning. The results showed that the proposed technique reduces variations in the data for average of 94% outperforming the rest of the techniques in the case study although it will add computational complexity. Such technique helps wider adaptation of motion capture systems with less sensitivity to accurate sensor positioning; therefore, more portable body area sensing system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Haratian
- Roya Haratian, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Talbot Campus, Poole, Dorset BH12 5BB, UK.
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Detecting differences in gait initiation between older adult fallers and non-fallers through multivariate functional principal component analysis. J Biomech 2022; 144:111342. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.111342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Dataset of lower extremity joint angles, moments and forces in distance running. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11517. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Biomechanical Analysis on Skilled Badminton Players during Take-Off Phase in Forehand Overhead Strokes: A Pilot Study. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11101401. [PMID: 36290305 PMCID: PMC9598458 DOI: 10.3390/biology11101401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Different movement speeds can contribute to different joint loading in sports. Joint contact force is the actual force acting on the articular surface, which could predict performance and injury, but is rarely reported for badminton overhead strokes. From the perspective of sports biomechanics, this paper analyzes the characteristics of kinematics and mechanics at each stage of the fast and moderately paced movements and studies the changes in the force of the lower extremity joints caused by the characteristics of the movements at different speeds so that athletes and enthusiasts can clarify the essentials of the movements and prevent sports injuries. Abstract Different movement speeds can contribute to different joint loading in sports. Joint contact force is the actual force acting on the articular surface, which could predict performance and injury, but is rarely reported for badminton overhead strokes. Through an approach using musculoskeletal modelling, six male elite badminton players performed forehand overhead strokes at different movement speeds (fast (100%) vs. moderate (90%)). The synchronized kinematics and ground reaction force (GRF) data were measured using a motion capturing system and a force platform. All kinematics and GRF information were input into the AnyBody musculoskeletal modelling to determine the three-dimensional hip, knee and ankle contact forces. Paired t-tests were performed to assess the significant differences among the GRF, joint kinematics and contact force variables between the movement speed conditions. The results showed that when compared with the moderate movement condition, participants performing faster stroke movements induced larger first and second vertical peaks and larger first horizontal peak but lower second horizontal peak, and it also led to higher peak ankle lateral and distal contact forces, knee lateral and distal contact forces, and hip distal contact forces. Additionally, fast movements corresponded with distinct joint angles and velocities at the instant of initial contact, peak and take-off among the hip, knee and ankle joints compared with moderate movement speeds. The current results suggest that changes in joint kinematics and loading could contribute to changes in movement speeds. However, the relationship between lower limb joint kinematics and contact forces during overhead stroke is unclear and requires further investigation.
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Matabuena M, Karas M, Riazati S, Caplan N, Hayes PR. Estimating Knee Movement Patterns of Recreational Runners Across Training Sessions Using Multilevel Functional Regression Models. AM STAT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00031305.2022.2105950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Matabuena
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Tecnologías Intelixentes, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Marta Karas
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sherveen Riazati
- Department of Kinesiology, San José State University, CA
- Department of Sport Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Nick Caplan
- Department of Sport Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Philip R. Hayes
- Department of Sport Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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15
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Schrøder Jakobsen L, Madeleine P, Pavailler S, Lefebvre F, Giandolini M. The effects of unstable surface conditions on lower limb biomechanical parameters during running. J Biomech 2022; 141:111214. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.111214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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16
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White MGE, Bezodis NE, Neville J, Summers H, Rees P. Determining jumping performance from a single body-worn accelerometer using machine learning. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263846. [PMID: 35143555 PMCID: PMC8830617 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
External peak power in the countermovement jump is frequently used to monitor athlete training. The gold standard method uses force platforms, but they are unsuitable for field-based testing. However, alternatives based on jump flight time or Newtonian methods applied to inertial sensor data have not been sufficiently accurate for athlete monitoring. Instead, we developed a machine learning model based on characteristic features (functional principal components) extracted from a single body-worn accelerometer. Data were collected from 69 male and female athletes at recreational, club or national levels, who performed 696 jumps in total. We considered vertical countermovement jumps (with and without arm swing), sensor anatomical locations, machine learning models and whether to use resultant or triaxial signals. Using a novel surrogate model optimisation procedure, we obtained the lowest errors with a support vector machine when using the resultant signal from a lower back sensor in jumps without arm swing. This model had a peak power RMSE of 2.3 W·kg-1 (5.1% of the mean), estimated using nested cross validation and supported by an independent holdout test (2.0 W·kg-1). This error is lower than in previous studies, although it is not yet sufficiently accurate for a field-based method. Our results demonstrate that functional data representations work well in machine learning by reducing model complexity in applications where signals are aligned in time. Our optimisation procedure also was shown to be robust can be used in wider applications with low-cost, noisy objective functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark G. E. White
- Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine Research Centre, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Neil E. Bezodis
- Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine Research Centre, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathon Neville
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Huw Summers
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Rees
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
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17
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Griffin C, Daniels K, Hill C, Franklyn-Miller A, Morin JB. A criteria-based rehabilitation program for chronic mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2021; 22:695. [PMID: 34391384 PMCID: PMC8364697 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-021-04553-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Achilles tendinopathy (AT) is a common overuse injury in running-related sports where patients experience pain and impaired function which can persist. A graded rehabilitation program has been successful in reducing pain and improving function to enable a return to sport. The aim of this study is to compare the effectiveness of a criteria-based rehabilitation program including strength and reactive strength targets, with a previously successful rehabilitation program on changes in pain and function using the Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment-Achilles (VISA-A) questionnaire. Secondary aims will be to assess changes in calf strength, reactive strength, and lower limb running and forward hop biomechanics over the course of a 12-week rehabilitation program, and long-term follow-up investigations. METHODS Sixty eligible participants with chronic mid-portion AT who train in running-based sports will be included in this study. They will be randomly assigned to a group that will follow an evidence-based rehabilitation program of daily exercises with progression guided by symptoms or a group performing 3 high-intensity rehabilitation sessions per week with individualised load targets progressing to reactive strength exercises. Testing will take place at baseline, week 6 and 12. Plantar flexor peak torque will be measured using isokinetic dynamometry, reactive strength will be measured using a drop jump and lower limb biomechanical variables will be measured during a single leg forward hurdle hop test and treadmill running using 3D motion analysis. Follow-up interviews will take place at 6, 12 and 24 months after beginning the program which will assess patient participation in sport and possible re-injury. DISCUSSION This is the first study to propose an individualised criteria-based graded rehabilitation program in patients in with chronic mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy where progression is guided by strength and reactive strength outcome measures. This study will provide a comprehensive assessment of plantar flexor strength, reactive strength and lower limb biomechanical variables in running and forward hopping with the VISA-A questionnaire as the primary outcome measure and long term post-intervention follow-up assessments performed. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov (ID: NCT04384874 ). Registered retrospectively on April 23rd 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Griffin
- Université Côte d'Azur, LAMHESS, Nice, France.
- Sports Surgery Clinic, Santry Demesne, Dublin 9, Ireland.
| | - Katherine Daniels
- Sports Surgery Clinic, Santry Demesne, Dublin 9, Ireland
- University of Bristol, Queen's School of Engineering, University Walk, Bristol, BS81TR, UK
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Caroline Hill
- Sports Surgery Clinic, Santry Demesne, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Andrew Franklyn-Miller
- Sports Surgery Clinic, Santry Demesne, Dublin 9, Ireland
- Centre for Health, Exercise and Sports Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jean-Benoît Morin
- Université Côte d'Azur, LAMHESS, Nice, France
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, EA 7424, F-42023, Saint-Etienne, France
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18
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Molinaro L, Taborri J, Santospagnuolo A, Vetrano M, Vulpiani MC, Rossi S. Sensor-Based Indices for the Prediction and Monitoring of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury: Reliability Analysis and a Case Study in Basketball. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21165341. [PMID: 34450783 PMCID: PMC8398404 DOI: 10.3390/s21165341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The possibility of measuring predictive factors to discriminate athletes at higher risk of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury still represents an open research question. We performed an observational study with thirteen female basketball players who performed monopodalic jumps and single-leg squat tests. One of them suffered from an ACL injury after the first test session. Data gathered from twelve participants, who did not suffer from ACL injury, were used for a reliability analysis. Parameters related to leg stability, load absorption capability and leg mobility showed good-to-excellent reliability. Path length, root mean square of the acceleration and leg angle with respect to the vertical axis revealed themselves as possible predictive factors to identify athletes at higher risk. Results confirm that six months after reconstruction represents the correct time for these athletes to return to playing. Furthermore, the training of leg mobility and load absorption capability could allow athletes to reduce the probability of new injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Molinaro
- Department of Economics, Engineering, Society and Business Organization (DEIM), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (L.M.); (J.T.)
| | - Juri Taborri
- Department of Economics, Engineering, Society and Business Organization (DEIM), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (L.M.); (J.T.)
| | - Adriano Santospagnuolo
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, Sant ‘Andrea Hospital, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy; (A.S.); (M.V.)
| | - Mario Vetrano
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, Sant ‘Andrea Hospital, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy; (A.S.); (M.V.)
| | - Maria Chiara Vulpiani
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, Sant ‘Andrea Hospital, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy; (A.S.); (M.V.)
- Sports Medicine Institute CONI Rome, 00197 Rome, Italy;
| | - Stefano Rossi
- Department of Economics, Engineering, Society and Business Organization (DEIM), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (L.M.); (J.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-07-6135-7049
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19
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Edama M, Takabayashi T, Yokota H, Hirabayashi R, Sekine C, Maruyama S, Otani H. Classification by degree of twisted structure of the fetal Achilles tendon. Surg Radiol Anat 2021; 43:1691-1695. [PMID: 34263342 DOI: 10.1007/s00276-021-02803-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to classify the twisted structure of the fetal Achilles tendon. METHODS The study was conducted using 30 legs from 15 Japanese fetuses (mean weight, 1764.6 ± 616.9 g; mean crown-rump length, 283.5 ± 38.7 mm; 16 males, 14 females). According to attachment to the deep layer of the calcaneal tuberosity, cases showing only soleus attachment were classified as least twist (Type I), cases showing both lateral head of the gastrocnemius and soleus were classified as moderate twist (Type II), and cases with only lateral head of the gastrocnemius were classified as extreme twist (Type III). RESULTS Viewing the Achilles tendon from cranially shows a structure twisted counterclockwise on the right side and clockwise on the left. The Achilles tendon was Type I in 4 legs (13%), Type II in 23 legs (77%), and Type III in 3 legs (10%). CONCLUSIONS The twisted structure of the Achilles tendon can be classified as early as the second trimester and is similar to that seen in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsuaki Edama
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Shimami-cho 1398, Kita-ku, Niigata, 950-3198, Japan.
| | - Tomoya Takabayashi
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Shimami-cho 1398, Kita-ku, Niigata, 950-3198, Japan
| | - Hirotake Yokota
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Shimami-cho 1398, Kita-ku, Niigata, 950-3198, Japan
| | - Ryo Hirabayashi
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Shimami-cho 1398, Kita-ku, Niigata, 950-3198, Japan
| | - Chie Sekine
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Shimami-cho 1398, Kita-ku, Niigata, 950-3198, Japan
| | - Sae Maruyama
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Shimami-cho 1398, Kita-ku, Niigata, 950-3198, Japan
| | - Hiroki Otani
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, 690-8504, Japan
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20
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Aguilera-Morillo MC, Aguilera AM. Multi-class classification of biomechanical data: A functional LDA approach based on multi-class penalized functional PLS. STAT MODEL 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1471082x19871157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A functional linear discriminant analysis approach to classify a set of kinematic data (human movement curves of individuals performing different physical activities) is performed. Kinematic data, usually collected in linear acceleration or angular rotation format, can be identified with functions in a continuous domain (time, percentage of gait cycle, etc.). Since kinematic curves are measured in the same sample of individuals performing different activities, they are a clear example of functional data with repeated measures. On the other hand, the sample curves are observed with noise. Then, a roughness penalty might be necessary in order to provide a smooth estimation of the discriminant functions, which would make them more interpretable. Moreover, because of the infinite dimension of functional data, a reduction dimension technique should be considered. To solve these problems, we propose a multi-class approach for penalized functional partial least squares (FPLS) regression. Then linear discriminant analysis (LDA) will be performed on the estimated FPLS components. This methodology is motivated by two case studies. The first study considers the linear acceleration recorded every two seconds in 30 subjects, related to three different activities (walking, climbing stairs and down stairs). The second study works with the triaxial angular rotation, for each joint, in 51 children when they completed a cycle walking under three conditions (walking, carrying a backpack and pulling a trolley). A simulation study is also developed for comparing the performance of the proposed functional LDA with respect to the corresponding multivariate and non-penalized approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Carmen Aguilera-Morillo
- Department of Statistics, Escuela Politécnica Superior and UC3M-BS Santander Big Data Institute, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana M. Aguilera
- Department of Statistics and O. R. and IEMath-GR, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
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21
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Jacques T, Bini R, Arndt A. Running after cycling induces inter-limb differences in muscle activation but not in kinetics or kinematics. J Sports Sci 2020; 39:154-160. [PMID: 32814515 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1809176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Overuse injuries are a common problem to triathletes' population. Overuse injuries may arise from inter-limb biomechanical differences during running, but the literature lacks information regarding inter-limb differences in triathletes. In this study inter-limb differences were investigated in injury-free triathletes during the running portion of a simulated cycle-run transition. Thirteen triathletes performed a 5 km run preceded by a 20 min cycling trial at 70% of maximal power output. During the Start, Mid and End stages of running, kinetic, kinematic and muscle activation variables were compared between the preferred and non-preferred limbs across the stance phase. A statistical parametric mapping analysis showed no differences between limbs when considering kinetic and kinematic variables (p > 0.05, ES<0.60). A lower soleus activation was observed in the preferred limb (p < 0.05, ES>0.60) from 53.40-75.9% of the stance phase at the End stage of running. In conclusion, inter-limb differences in kinetic or kinematic variables may not represent a risk for overloading in triathletes. However, inter-limb differences in triceps surae activation during running after cycling may represent one potential factor leading to overuse injuries in triathletes and should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Jacques
- The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rodrigo Bini
- La Trobe Rural Health School , Bendigo, Australia
| | - Anton Arndt
- The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences , Stockholm, Sweden.,Karolinska Institute , Stockholm, Sweden
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22
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Sainani KL, Borg DN, Caldwell AR, Butson ML, Tenan MS, Vickers AJ, Vigotsky AD, Warmenhoven J, Nguyen R, Lohse KR, Knight EJ, Bargary N. Call to increase statistical collaboration in sports science, sport and exercise medicine and sports physiotherapy. Br J Sports Med 2020; 55:118-122. [PMID: 32816788 PMCID: PMC7788220 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2020-102607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin L Sainani
- Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - David N Borg
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Aaron R Caldwell
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael L Butson
- Deptartment of Health & Medical Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew S Tenan
- Optimum Performance Analytics Associates LLC, Apex, North Carolina, USA
| | - Andrew J Vickers
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Andrew D Vigotsky
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Statistics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - John Warmenhoven
- Exercise & Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Robert Nguyen
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Keith R Lohse
- Health, Kinesiology, and Recreation; Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Emma J Knight
- School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Norma Bargary
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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23
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Cellists' sound quality is shaped by their primary postural behavior. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13882. [PMID: 32807898 PMCID: PMC7431865 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70705-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last 20 years, the role of musicians’ body movements has emerged as a central question in instrument practice: Why do musicians make so many postural movements, for instance, with their torsos and heads, while playing musical instruments? The musical significance of such ancillary gestures is still an enigma and therefore remains a major pedagogical challenge, since one does not know if these movements should be considered essential embodied skills that improve musical expressivity. Although previous studies established clear connections between musicians’ body movements and musical structures (particularly for clarinet, piano or violin performances), no evidence of direct relationships between body movements and the quality of the produced timbre has ever been found. In this study, focusing on the area of bowed-string instruments, we address the problem by showing that cellists use a set of primary postural directions to develop fluid kinematic bow features (velocity, acceleration) that prevent the production of poor quality (i.e., harsh, shrill, whistling) sounds. By comparing the body-related angles between normal and posturally constrained playing situations, our results reveal that the chest rotation and vertical inclination made by cellists act as coordinative support for the kinematics of the bowing gesture. These findings support the experimental works of Alexander, especially those that showed the role of head movements with respect to the upper torso (the so-called primary control) in ensuring the smooth transmission of fine motor control in musicians all the way to the produced sound. More generally, our research highlights the importance of focusing on this fundamental postural sense to improve the quality of human activities across different domains (music, dance, sports, rehabilitation, working positions, etc.).
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24
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O'Connor JD, O'Connell MDL, Romero-Ortuno R, Hernández B, Newman L, Reilly RB, Kenny RA, Knight SP. Functional Analysis of Continuous, High-Resolution Measures in Aging Research: A Demonstration Using Cerebral Oxygenation Data From the Irish Longitudinal Study on Aging. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:261. [PMID: 32765238 PMCID: PMC7379867 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: A shift towards the dynamic measurement of physiologic resilience and improved technology incorporated into experimental paradigms in aging research is producing high-resolution data. Identifying the most appropriate analysis method for this type of data is a challenge. In this work, the functional principal component analysis (fPCA) was employed to demonstrate a data-driven approach to the analysis of high-resolution data in aging research. Methods: Cerebral oxygenation during standing was measured in a large cohort [The Irish Longitudinal Study on Aging (TILDA)]. FPCA was performed on tissue saturation index (TSI) data. A regression analysis was then conducted with the functional principal component (fPC) scores as the explanatory variables and transition time as the response. Results: The mean ± SD age of the analysis sample was 64 ± 8 years. Females made up 54% of the sample and overall, 43% had tertiary education. The first PC explained 96% of the variance in cerebral oxygenation upon standing and was related to a baseline shift. Subsequent components described the recovery to before-stand levels (fPC2), drop magnitude and initial recovery (fPC3 and fPC4) as well as a temporal shift in the location of the minimum TSI value (fPC5). Transition time was associated with components describing the magnitude and timing of the nadir. Conclusions: Application of fPCA showed utility in reducing a large amount of data to a small number of parameters which summarize the inter-participant variation in TSI upon standing. A demonstration of principal component regression was provided to allow for continued use and development of data-driven approaches to high-resolution data analysis in aging research.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D O'Connor
- The Irish Longitudinal Study on Aging, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Matthew D L O'Connell
- The Irish Longitudinal Study on Aging, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Population Health Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Roman Romero-Ortuno
- The Irish Longitudinal Study on Aging, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,The Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Belinda Hernández
- The Irish Longitudinal Study on Aging, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Louise Newman
- The Irish Longitudinal Study on Aging, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Richard B Reilly
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rose Anne Kenny
- The Irish Longitudinal Study on Aging, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Silvin P Knight
- The Irish Longitudinal Study on Aging, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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25
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A sensitive data analysis approach for detecting changes in dynamic postural stability. J Biomech 2020; 108:109899. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.109899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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26
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Ng JW, Chong LJY, Pan JW, Lam WK, Ho M, Kong PW. Effects of foot orthosis on ground reaction forces and perception during short sprints in flat-footed athletes. Res Sports Med 2020; 29:43-55. [PMID: 32326755 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2020.1755673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Prefabricated foot orthosis (FO) is commonly worn for flat foot management. This study aimed to investigate the kinetic and perceptual effects of wearing prefabricated FO among flat-footed athletes during bouts of sprints. Twenty male sprint-based sports athletes who had flat foot bilaterally ran at three test speeds (5, 6, 7 m/s) under two conditions: prefabricated FO and sham FO. Ground reaction force (GRF) variables and subjective perceptions were recorded. Kinetic variability of GRF variables were computed to indicate step-to-step variance. Biomechanically, wearing prefabricated FOs increased vertical impact force (p =.005), loading rate (p =.001), and kinetic variability of peak propulsive force (p =.038) and loading rate (p =.019) during sprinting speeds across 5 to 7 m/s. Subjectively, prefabricated FO provided better arch support (p =.001) but resulted in reduced forefoot cushioning (p =.001), heel cushioning (p =.002), and overall comfort (p =.008).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun W Ng
- Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore
| | - Lowell J Y Chong
- Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore
| | - Jing W Pan
- Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore
| | - Wing-Kai Lam
- Department of Kinesiology, Shenyang Sport University , Shenyang, China.,Li Ning Sports Science Research Center , Beijing, China
| | - Malia Ho
- Department of Podiatry, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity , Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Pui W Kong
- Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore
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27
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Smoothing and Differentiation of Kinematic Data Using Functional Data Analysis Approach: An Application of Automatic and Subjective Methods. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10072493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Smoothing is one of the fundamental procedures in functional data analysis (FDA). The smoothing parameter λ influences data smoothness and fitting, which is governed by selecting automatic methods, namely, cross-validation (CV) and generalized cross-validation (GCV) or subjective assessment. However, previous biomechanics research has only applied subjective assessment in choosing optimal λ without using any automatic methods beforehand. None of that research demonstrated how the subjective assessment was made. Thus, the goal of this research was to apply the FDA method to smoothing and differentiating kinematic data, specifically right hip flexion/extension (F/E) angle during the American kettlebell swing (AKS) and determine the optimal λ . CV and GCV were applied prior to the subjective assessment with various values of λ together with cubic and quintic spline (B-spline) bases using the FDA approach. The selection of optimal λ was based on smoothed and well-fitted first and second derivatives. The chosen optimal λ was 1 × 10 − 12 with a quintic spline (B-spline) basis and penalized fourth-order derivative. Quintic spline is a better smoothing and differentiation method compared to cubic spline, as it does not produce zero acceleration at endpoints. CV and GCV did not give optimal λ , forcing subjective assessment to be employed instead.
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28
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Abstract
There has been substantial interest in the mechanisms underpinning the skilled movements of on-water rowing for more than 150 years. Contemporary attention from biomechanical research has focused on the important relationship between kinetics (such as force application at the oar) and performance. A range of instrumentation systems have been developed and used in both academic and applied training contexts to better understand this relationship. Both qualitative and quantitative analytical approaches have been used in conjunction with these instrumentation systems for observing differences in propulsive force patterns between rowers. Despite the use of these analytical approaches, there is still limited consensus surrounding which characteristics of force profiles are associated with better rowing performance. Newell's model of constraints is provided as a framework for understanding why this lack of clarity exists surrounding force profile characteristics and performance. Further to this, direction for further research is provided by a framework that outlines two main streams: (1) exploration of constraints and how they are related to force profile characteristics; and (2) after controlling for constraints, exploration of performance and how it is related to force profile characteristics. These two steps are sequential, with an understanding of constraints influencing how we understand the interaction of force profiles and performance.
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29
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Pini A, Markström JL, Schelin L. Test–retest reliability measures for curve data: an overview with recommendations and supplementary code. Sports Biomech 2019; 21:179-200. [DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2019.1655089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Pini
- Department of Statistics, Umeå School of Business, Economics and Statistics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Statistical Sciences, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy
| | - Jonas L Markström
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Physiotherapy, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lina Schelin
- Department of Statistics, Umeå School of Business, Economics and Statistics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Aguilera-Morillo MC, Aguilera AM. Multi-class classification of biomechanical data: A functional LDA approach based on multi-class penalized functional PLS. STAT MODEL 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1471082x17871157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A functional linear discriminant analysis approach to classify a set of kinematic data (human movement curves of individuals performing different physical activities) is performed. Kinematic data, usually collected in linear acceleration or angular rotation format, can be identified with functions in a continuous domain (time, percentage of gait cycle, etc.). Since kinematic curves are measured in the same sample of individuals performing different activities, they are a clear example of functional data with repeated measures. On the other hand, the sample curves are observed with noise. Then, a roughness penalty might be necessary in order to provide a smooth estimation of the discriminant functions, which would make them more interpretable. Moreover, because of the infinite dimension of functional data, a reduction dimension technique should be considered. To solve these problems, we propose a multi-class approach for penalized functional partial least squares (FPLS) regression. Then linear discriminant analysis (LDA) will be performed on the estimated FPLS components. This methodology is motivated by two case studies. The first study considers the linear acceleration recorded every two seconds in 30 subjects, related to three different activities (walking, climbing stairs and down stairs). The second study works with the triaxial angular rotation, for each joint, in 51 children when they completed a cycle walking under three conditions (walking, carrying a backpack and pulling a trolley). A simulation study is also developed for comparing the performance of the proposed functional LDA with respect to the corresponding multivariate and non-penalized approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Carmen Aguilera-Morillo
- Department of Statistics, Escuela Politécnica Superior and UC3M-BS Santander Big Data Institute, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana M. Aguilera
- Department of Statistics and O. R. and IEMath-GR, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
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Edouard P, Sanchez H, Bourrilhon C, Homo S, Frère J, Cassirame J. Biomechanical Pole Vault Patterns Were Associated With a Higher Proportion of Injuries. Front Sports Act Living 2019; 1:20. [PMID: 33344944 PMCID: PMC7739738 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2019.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Pole vault is a highly demanding sport where many physical and technical requirements are engaged in performance process. Considering level of energy transferred from athlete's horizontal speed to the pole during pole bending, we can imagine that associated musculoskeletal tensions, in addition to trials accumulation, can increase the risk of (specific) injuries. Given the multiple morphological, physical and technical characteristics of vaulters and ways of pole vaulting, we can hypothesis that some patterns of pole vaults can lead to higher injury risk than others. Aim: To analyze the potential association between the biomechanical patterns of pole vault and the history of injuries. Method: We conducted a study over national-level pole vaulters including the prospective collection of pole vault biomechanical data during competition at the national elite indoor championship and youth national indoor championship (U17 and U20), associated with the retrospective collection of their injuries during the 12 preceding months through an online questionnaire. Results: Among the 88 pole vaulters participating in these championships, 62 (70.5%) accepted to participated in this study, and their pole vault biomechanical and injury data were collected. 77.4% reported having presented at least one injury during the 12 preceding months. One biomechanical parameter related to the take-off phase (lower H2, i.e., height of the grip (superior) hand from the ground when the athlete subsequently took off from the ground) and some biomechanical parameters related to the terminal phase of the run-up phase (higher Spd [i.e., speed between 10 and 5 meters to the box), SLadj (last stride adjustment), SLvar (stride length variation), tc (contact time)] were significantly associated with higher proportions of all injuries. Conclusion: Biomechanical pole vault patterns during the competition day were associated with a higher proportion of history of all injuries. Although the injury data collection was retrospective leading to recall bias risk, and do not allow determining cause-consequence relationships regarding biomechanical patterns and injury occurrence, this present study is the first to analyze potential association between the biomechanical pole vault patterns and injury occurrence, which is of great help to provide hypotheses/ideas to design future studies and to move forward into prevention measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Edouard
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Science (LIBM EA 7424), University of Lyon, University Jean Monnet, Saint-Étienne, France.,Sports Medicine Unit, Department of Clinical and Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Saint-Étienne, Saint-Étienne, France.,Medical Commission, French Athletics Federation (FFA), Paris, France.,Division de Médecine Physique et Réadaptation, Swiss Olympic Medical Center, Centre de Médecine du Sport, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland.,European Athletics Medical & Anti Doping Commission, European Athletics Association, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hervé Sanchez
- FIR Division, French Athletics Federation (FFA), Paris, France
| | | | - Sébastien Homo
- FIR Division, French Athletics Federation (FFA), Paris, France
| | - Julien Frère
- DevAH, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France.,Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Johan Cassirame
- FIR Division, French Athletics Federation (FFA), Paris, France.,EA 4660, Culture, Sport, Health and Society Department and Exercise Performance, Health, Innovation platform, University of Bourgogne France Comté, Besançon, France.,EA 7507, Laboratoire Performance, Santé, Métrologie, Société, Reims, France
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Richter C, King E, Strike S, Franklyn-Miller A. Objective classification and scoring of movement deficiencies in patients with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0206024. [PMID: 31335914 PMCID: PMC6650047 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Motion analysis systems are widely employed to identify movement deficiencies-e.g. patterns that potentially increase the risk of injury or inhibit performance. However, findings across studies are often conflicting in respect to what a movement deficiency is or the magnitude of association to a specific injury. This study tests the information content within movement data using a data driven framework that was taught to classify movement data into the classes: NORM, ACLOP and ACLNO OP, without the input of expert knowledge. The NORM class was presented by 62 subjects (124 NORM limbs), while 156 subjects with ACL reconstruction represented the ACLOP and ACLNO OP class (156 limbs each class). Movement data from jumping, hopping and change of direction exercises were examined, using a variety of machine learning techniques. A stratified shuffle split cross-validation was used to obtain a measure of expected accuracy for each step within the analysis. Classification accuracies (from best performing classifiers) ranged from 52 to 81%, using up to 5 features. The exercise with the highest classification accuracy was the double leg drop jump (DLDJ; 81%), the highest classification accuracy when considering only the NORM class was observed in the single leg hop (81%), while the DLDJ demonstrated the highest classification accuracy when considering only for the ACLOP and ACLNO OP class (84%). These classification accuracies demonstrate that biomechanical data contains valuable information and that it is possible to differentiate normal from rehabilitating movement patterns. Further, findings highlight that a few features contain most of the information, that it is important to seek to understand what a classification model has learned, that symmetry measures are important, that exercises capture different qualities and that not all subjects within a normative cohort utilise 'true' normative movement patterns (only 27 to 71%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Richter
- Sports Medicine, Sports Surgery Clinic, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, United Kingdom
| | - Enda King
- Sports Medicine, Sports Surgery Clinic, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, United Kingdom
| | - Siobhan Strike
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Franklyn-Miller
- Sports Medicine, Sports Surgery Clinic, Dublin, Ireland
- Centre for Health, Exercise and Sports Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Nordin AD, Dufek JS. Reviewing the Variability-Overuse Injury Hypothesis: Does Movement Variability Relate to Landing Injuries? RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2019; 90:190-205. [PMID: 30908166 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2019.1576837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Overuse injuries are common in sport, but complete understanding of injury risk factors remains incomplete. Although biomechanical studies frequently examine musculoskeletal injury mechanisms, human movement variability studies aim to better understand neuromotor functioning, with proposed connections between overuse injury mechanisms and changes in motor variability. METHOD In a narrative review, we discuss the variability-overuse injury hypothesis, which suggests repeated load application leads to mechanical tissue breakdown and subsequent injury when exceeding the rate of physiological adaptation. Due to the multidisciplinary nature of this hypothesis, we incorporate concepts from motor control, neurophysiology, biomechanics, as well as research design and data analysis. We therefore summarize multiple perspectives while proposing theoretical relationships between movement variability and lower extremity overuse injuries. RESULTS Experimental data are presented and summarized from published experiments examining interactions between experimental task demands and movement variability in the context of drop landing movements, along with comparisons to previous movement variability studies. CONCLUSION We provide a conceptual framework for sports medicine researchers interested in predicting and preventing sports injuries. Under performance conditions with greater task demands, we predict reduced trial-to-trial movement variability that could increase the likelihood of overuse injuries.
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Walker C, Warmenhoven J, Sinclair PJ, Cobley S. The application of inertial measurement units and functional principal component analysis to evaluate movement in the forward 3½ pike somersault springboard dive. Sports Biomech 2019; 18:146-162. [PMID: 31042139 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2019.1574887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Based on technological and analytical advances, the capability to more accurately and finitely examine biomechanical and skill characteristics of movement has improved. The purpose of this study was to use Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) and Functional Principal Components Analysis (fPCA) to examine the role of movement variability (assessed via angular velocity), on 2 divers (1 international level; 1 national) performing the forward 3½ pike somersault dive. Analysis of angular velocity curves during ive-flight identified 5 fPCs, accounting for 96.5% of movement variability. The national diver's scatter plots and standard deviation of fPC scores illustrated larger magnitudes of angular velocity variability across dive flight. For fPC1 and fPC3, magnitudes of SD variability were 282.6 and 201.5, respectively. The international diver illustrated more consistent angular velocity profiles, with clustering of fPCs scores (e.g., fPC1 & 3 = SD's of 75.2 & 68.0). To account for lower variability in the international diver, the ability to better coordinate movement sequences and functionally utilise feedback in response to initiation of the somersault position is highlighted. Overall, findings highlight how both IMUs and fPCA can more holistically and finitely examine the biomechanical and skill characteristics of movement sequences with the capability to inform athlete development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherie Walker
- a Faculty of Health Sciences , The University of Sydney , Lidcombe , Australia.,b Applied Research Program , New South Wales Institute of Sport , Sydney Olympic Park , Australia
| | - John Warmenhoven
- a Faculty of Health Sciences , The University of Sydney , Lidcombe , Australia
| | - Peter J Sinclair
- a Faculty of Health Sciences , The University of Sydney , Lidcombe , Australia
| | - Stephen Cobley
- a Faculty of Health Sciences , The University of Sydney , Lidcombe , Australia
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Stephens JM, Chapman DW, Tate K, Warmenhoven J. A drop landing screening approach to monitor an individual using functional data analysis: An ACL injury case study. J Sci Med Sport 2019; 23:241-245. [PMID: 31023590 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the practicality of using functional principal components analysis (fPCA) and intra-athlete z-score changes for individual athlete monitoring post-ACL injury and surgery. DESIGN A single athlete case study using within-athlete repeated measures in the context of applied athlete monitoring. METHODS Using single leg (left) drop landing (3 landings per session) onto a force plate, the athlete completed 6 sessions prior (healthy) and 3 sessions post-ACL injury/surgery. Maximum vertical ground reaction force (vGRF), time to stabilisation (TTS) and outputs from fPCA (fPC scores) for the healthy sessions were used to develop intra-athlete means and standard deviations for each variable. Post-surgery measures were given z-scores relative to the healthy mean and standard deviation for each variable. The standard normal deviate (z = 1.96) was used as a threshold to flag landings that could be indicative of changes in movement behaviour. RESULTS Maximum vGRF revealed no post-surgery trials that exceeded the standard normal deviate threshold based on the healthy data. TTS identified one landing post-surgery that exceeded the threshold. Scores for fPC2, fPC3 and fPC4 revealed landings that exceeded the threshold, with fPC4 demonstrating landings greater than the threshold for every trial (except two) post-surgery. CONCLUSIONS Including fPCA identified significant and stable changes to the landing strategy (particularly within fPC4). When used in conjunction with other measures such as maximum vGRF and TTS, fPCA has the potential to provide meaningful insights into athlete monitoring models regarding changes to movement characteristics after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Krystle Tate
- Australian Capital Territory Academy of Sport, Australia
| | - John Warmenhoven
- Exercise and Sports Science, University of Sydney, Australia; Performance People & Teams, Australian Institute of Sport, Australia.
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Reliability and Agreement of 3D Trunk and Lower Extremity Movement Analysis by Means of Inertial Sensor Technology for Unipodal and Bipodal Tasks. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19010141. [PMID: 30609808 PMCID: PMC6339112 DOI: 10.3390/s19010141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluates the reliability and agreement of the 3D range of motion (ROM) of trunk and lower limb joints, measured by inertial measurement units (MVN BIOMECH Awinda, Xsens Technologies), during a single leg squat (SLS) and sit to stand (STS) task. Furthermore, distinction was made between movement phases, to discuss the reliability and agreement for different phases of both movement tasks. Twenty healthy participants were measured on two testing days. On day one, measurements were conducted by two operators to determine the within-session and between-operator reliability and agreement. On day two, measurements were conducted by the same operator, to determine the between-session reliability and agreement. The SLS task had lower within-session reliability and agreement compared with between-session and between-operator reliability and agreement. The reliability and agreement of the hip, knee, and ankle ROM in the sagittal plane were good for both phases of the SLS task. For both phases of STS task, within-session reliability and agreement were good, and between-session and between-operator reliability and agreement were lower in all planes. As both tasks are physically demanding, differences may be explained by inconsistent movement strategies. These results show that inertial sensor systems show promise for use in further research to investigate (mal)adaptive movement strategies.
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37
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A force profile analysis comparison between functional data analysis, statistical parametric mapping and statistical non-parametric mapping in on-water single sculling. J Sci Med Sport 2018; 21:1100-1105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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38
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Halilaj E, Rajagopal A, Fiterau M, Hicks JL, Hastie TJ, Delp SL. Machine learning in human movement biomechanics: Best practices, common pitfalls, and new opportunities. J Biomech 2018; 81:1-11. [PMID: 30279002 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Traditional laboratory experiments, rehabilitation clinics, and wearable sensors offer biomechanists a wealth of data on healthy and pathological movement. To harness the power of these data and make research more efficient, modern machine learning techniques are starting to complement traditional statistical tools. This survey summarizes the current usage of machine learning methods in human movement biomechanics and highlights best practices that will enable critical evaluation of the literature. We carried out a PubMed/Medline database search for original research articles that used machine learning to study movement biomechanics in patients with musculoskeletal and neuromuscular diseases. Most studies that met our inclusion criteria focused on classifying pathological movement, predicting risk of developing a disease, estimating the effect of an intervention, or automatically recognizing activities to facilitate out-of-clinic patient monitoring. We found that research studies build and evaluate models inconsistently, which motivated our discussion of best practices. We provide recommendations for training and evaluating machine learning models and discuss the potential of several underutilized approaches, such as deep learning, to generate new knowledge about human movement. We believe that cross-training biomechanists in data science and a cultural shift toward sharing of data and tools are essential to maximize the impact of biomechanics research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eni Halilaj
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, United States.
| | - Apoorva Rajagopal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, United States
| | - Madalina Fiterau
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, United States
| | - Jennifer L Hicks
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, United States
| | - Trevor J Hastie
- Department of Statistics, Stanford University, United States; Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University, United States
| | - Scott L Delp
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, United States; Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, United States; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, United States
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Moudy S, Richter C, Strike S. Landmark registering waveform data improves the ability to predict performance measures. J Biomech 2018; 78:109-117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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40
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Fox AS, Bonacci J, Saunders N. The relationship between performance of a single-leg squat and leap landing task: moving towards a netball-specific anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury risk screening method. Sports Biomech 2018; 19:493-509. [DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2018.1498535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron S. Fox
- Centre for Sports Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jason Bonacci
- Centre for Sports Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Natalie Saunders
- Centre for Sports Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
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Ogbonmwan I, Kumar BD, Paton B. New lower-limb gait biomechanical characteristics in individuals with Achilles tendinopathy: A systematic review update. Gait Posture 2018; 62:146-156. [PMID: 29550694 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Variations in lower-limb biomechanics have recurrently been associated as aetiological factors for Achilles tendinopathy. OBJECTIVE To update a previous systematic review examining lower-limb gait biomechanics in Achilles tendinopathy. DESIGN Systematic Review. DATA SOURCES MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL PLUS, SPORTDiscus and PUBMED databases searched from inception to May 2016. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES Studies investigating adults with Achilles tendinopathy and lower-limb gait biomechanics including kinematics, kinetics, dynamic plantar-pressures, temporospatial parameters and muscle activity. RESULTS Fourteen studies were identified, involving 836 participants. Three were prospective studies and 11 were case-control designs. Selection and performance bias were high for all studies except the prospective studies, reporting bias was unclear for all studies. Significant effect size reductions in gait speed (d = -0.80), stride length (d = -0.84) and step length (d = -0.80) were calculated in runners with Achilles tendinopathy. Increased effect sizes for ankle eversion (d = 1.08), time to maximum pronation (d = -1.72), calcaneal inversion (d = -1.82) and ankle and hip joint moments were also established. Significant differences in plantar pressures and timing of ground reaction forces were calculated. Individuals with Achilles tendinopathy demonstrated differences in amplitude and timing of several lower-limb muscles, notably reductions in the onset of activity (d = 2.02) and duration of activation (d = 2.11) in the Gluteus Medius of subjects with Achilles tendinopathy. CONCLUSION Eighteen new biomechanical characteristics in individuals with Achilles tendinopathy have been established. This review highlights a topic rich in quantity, but generally weak in quality, consequently results should be interpreted cautiously. High powered prospective studies are required to determine causality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bhavesh D Kumar
- Institute of Sport Exercise & Health (ISEH), University College London, London, UK
| | - Bruce Paton
- Institute of Sport Exercise & Health (ISEH), University College London, London, UK
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Fox AS, Bonacci J, McLean SG, Saunders N. Exploring individual adaptations to an anterior cruciate ligament injury prevention programme. Knee 2018; 25:83-98. [PMID: 29329889 DOI: 10.1016/j.knee.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individual responses to anterior cruciate ligament injury prevention programmes (ACL IPPs) have received little attention. This study examined the effects of an ACL IPP on neuromuscular control and lower limb biomechanics during landing at the group and individual levels. METHODS Sixteen female athletes were randomly allocated to training (n=8) or control (n=8) groups. Electromyography, and three-dimensional kinematic and kinetic data were collected during landing at two testing sessions. Repeated measures ANOVA and effect sizes (Cohen's d) examined the effect of the IPP at the group and individual levels. A sub-group analysis comparing the effect of the IPP on 'high-' (i.e. large peak knee abduction moment at baseline) versus 'low-risk' individuals was also conducted. RESULTS At the group level; the IPP increased activation of the medial hamstrings prior to landing (p<0.001; d=0.264) and the medial gastrocnemius at landing (p<0.001; d=0.426), and increased hip external rotation early after initial contact (p<0.001; d=0.476). Variable adaptations were seen across individuals within the training group for all variables (p<0.001). The IPP had a large effect in reducing frontal plane knee moments for 'high-risk' individuals (d>0.91), however these results did not reach statistical significance (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS The IPP induced adaptations during landing, however, individual data revealed dissimilar responses to the programme. Individuals displaying a pre-existing high-risk strategy may incur greater benefits from IPPs, yet only if the programme targets the relevant high-risk strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron S Fox
- Centre for Sports Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Jason Bonacci
- Centre for Sports Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Natalie Saunders
- Centre for Sports Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
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Warmenhoven J, Cobley S, Draper C, Harrison A, Bargary N, Smith R. Considerations for the use of functional principal components analysis in sports biomechanics: examples from on-water rowing. Sports Biomech 2017; 18:317-341. [DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2017.1392594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Warmenhoven
- Exercise and Sports Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Stephen Cobley
- Exercise and Sports Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Conny Draper
- Exercise and Sports Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Andrew Harrison
- Physical Education and Sport Sciences Department, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Norma Bargary
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Richard Smith
- Exercise and Sports Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Warmenhoven J, Cobley S, Draper C, Harrison A, Bargary N, Smith R. Bivariate functional principal components analysis: considerations for use with multivariate movement signatures in sports biomechanics. Sports Biomech 2017; 18:10-27. [DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2017.1384050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Warmenhoven
- Department of Exercise and Sports Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Cumberland Campus, Lidcombe, Australia
| | - Stephen Cobley
- Department of Exercise and Sports Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Cumberland Campus, Lidcombe, Australia
| | - Conny Draper
- Department of Exercise and Sports Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Cumberland Campus, Lidcombe, Australia
| | - Andrew Harrison
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Norma Bargary
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Richard Smith
- Department of Exercise and Sports Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Cumberland Campus, Lidcombe, Australia
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Fox A, Ferber R, Saunders N, Osis S, Bonacci J. Gait Kinematics in Individuals with Acute and Chronic Patellofemoral Pain. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 50:502-509. [PMID: 29077638 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to identify the discriminating kinematic gait characteristics between individuals with acute and chronic patellofemoral pain (PFP) and healthy controls. METHODS Ninety-eight runners with PFP (39 male, 59 female) and 98 healthy control runners (38 male, 60 female) ran on a treadmill at a self-selected speed while three-dimensional lower limb kinematic data were collected. Runners with PFP were split into acute (n = 25) and chronic (n = 73) subgroups on the basis of whether they had been experiencing pain for less or greater than 3 months, respectively. Principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis were used to determine the combination of kinematic gait characteristics that optimally separated individuals with acute PFP and chronic PFP and healthy controls. RESULTS Compared with controls, both the acute and chronic PFP subgroups exhibited greater knee flexion across stance and greater ankle dorsiflexion during early stance. The acute PFP subgroup demonstrated greater transverse plane hip motion across stance compared with healthy controls. In contrast, the chronic PFP subgroup demonstrated greater frontal plane hip motion, greater knee abduction, and reduced ankle eversion/greater ankle inversion across stance when compared with healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS This study identified characteristics that discriminated between individuals with acute and chronic PFP when compared with healthy controls. Certain discriminating characteristics were shared between both the acute and chronic subgroups when compared with healthy controls, whereas others were specific to the duration of PFP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Fox
- Centre for Sports Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA
| | - Reed Ferber
- Centre for Sports Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA.,Centre for Sports Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA.,Centre for Sports Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA
| | - Natalie Saunders
- Centre for Sports Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA
| | - Sean Osis
- Centre for Sports Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA.,Centre for Sports Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA
| | - Jason Bonacci
- Centre for Sports Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA
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Testing Gait with Ankle-Foot Orthoses in Children with Cerebral Palsy by Using Functional Mixed-Effects Analysis of Variance. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11081. [PMID: 28894132 PMCID: PMC5594035 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11282-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Existing statistical methods extract insufficient information from 3-dimensional gait data, rendering clinical interpretation of impaired movement patterns sub-optimal. We propose an alternative approach based on functional data analysis that may be worthy of exploration. We apply this to gait data analysis using repeated-measurements data from children with cerebral palsy who had been prescribed fixed ankle-foot orthoses as an example. We analyze entire gait curves by means of a new functional F test with comparison to multiple pointwise F tests and also to the traditional method - univariate repeated-measurements analysis of variance of joint angle minima and maxima. The new test maintains the nominal significance level and can be adapted to test hypotheses for specific phases of the gait cycle. The main findings indicate that ankle-foot orthoses exert significant effects on coronal and sagittal plane ankle rotation; and both sagittal and horizontal plane foot rotation. The functional F test provided further information for the stance and swing phases. Differences between the results of the different statistical approaches are discussed, concluding that the novel method has potential utility and is worthy of validation through larger scale patient and clinician engagement to determine whether it is preferable to the traditional approach.
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Resende RA, Kirkwood RN, Deluzio KJ, Hassan EA, Fonseca ST. Ipsilateral and contralateral foot pronation affect lower limb and trunk biomechanics of individuals with knee osteoarthritis during gait. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2016; 34:30-7. [PMID: 27060435 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lateral wedges have been suggested for the treatment of individuals with knee osteoarthritis, but it may have undesirable effects on the biomechanics of gait through increased foot pronation. This study investigated the effects of increased unilateral foot pronation on the biomechanics of individuals with knee osteoarthritis during gait. METHODS Biomechanical data of twenty individuals with knee osteoarthritis were collected while they walked in three conditions: i) flat sandals; ii) wedged sandal on the knee osteoarthritis limb and flat sandal on the healthy limb; and iii) flat sandal on the osteoarthritis and wedged sandal on the healthy limb. Knee pain and comfort were evaluated. Principal Component Analysis followed by ANOVA was implemented to identify differences between conditions. FINDINGS The wedged sandal on the osteoarthritis limb increased rearfoot eversion (P<0.001; ES=0.79); increased shank rotation range of motion (P<0.001; ES=0.70); reduced knee internal rotation moment (P<0.001; ES=0.83); reduced hip internal rotation moment (P=0.001; ES=0.66); increased ipsilateral trunk lean (P=0.031; ES=0.47); and increased trunk rotation range of motion (P=0.001; ES=0.69). Walking with the wedged sandal on the healthy limb increased hip (P=0.003; ES=0.61) and knee (P=0.002; ES=0.63) adduction moments. Individuals reported greater comfort walking with the flat sandals (P=0.004; ES=0.55). INTERPRETATION Increased unilateral foot pronation of the knee osteoarthritis and healthy limbs causes lower limb and trunk mechanical changes that may overload the knee and the lower back, such as increased knee adduction moment, shank rotation and trunk lateral lean. Foot motion of both lower limbs should be evaluated and care must be taken when suggesting lateral wedges for individuals with knee osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan A Resende
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, School of Physical Education, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Department of Physical Therapy, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627 Campus Pampulha, Pampulha, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Renata N Kirkwood
- Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Avenue W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada.
| | - Kevin J Deluzio
- Queen's University, McLaughlin Hall, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Elizabeth A Hassan
- Queen's University, McLaughlin Hall, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Sérgio T Fonseca
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, School of Physical Education, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Department of Physical Therapy, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627 Campus Pampulha, Pampulha, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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