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Bagheri R, Karimi Z, Mousavi Z, Ziaee Bashirzad M, Camera DM, Sadeghi R, Dabbagh VR, Kargarfard M, Dutheil F. High-Protein Diets during either Resistance or Concurrent Training Have No Detrimental Effect on Bone Parameters in Resistance-Trained Males. Nutrients 2024; 16:325. [PMID: 38276563 PMCID: PMC10819948 DOI: 10.3390/nu16020325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of combining resistance training (RT) and concurrent training (CT; resistance + endurance training) with varied protein doses on bone measures remain poorly understood. Hence, we conducted a comparison of the impacts of two high-protein diets (1.6 or 3.2 g kg-1 d-1) over 16 weeks in resistance-trained males, either with CT or RT alone. METHODS A total of forty-eight males, all of whom were resistance-trained, had the following demographics: 26.6 ± 6 years, body mass index: 25.6 ± 2.9 kg m-2 administered either 3.2 g kg-1 d-1 protein (CT2; n = 12; RT2; n = 12) or 1.6 g kg-1 d-1 protein (CT1; n = 12; RT1; n = 12) during 16 weeks (four sessions·w-1). Bone parameters were assessed pre- and post-intervention. RESULTS There was no significant interaction between the intervention group and time for the legs, arms, ribs, or pelvis area BMC and BMD (p > 0.05). For the BMD of the pelvis and the BMC of the right ribs, however, there were significant time effects noted (p < 0.05). Furthermore, there was a significant interaction between the intervention group and time in the lumbar and thoracic spines, with a particular time effect noted for the thoracic spine region (p < 0.05). The regional differences in skeletal responses to the intervention are highlighted by these data. CONCLUSION Our findings show that the intake of two high-protein diets combined with RT and CT during 16 weeks had no adverse effects on bone tissue parameters. While these findings indicate that protein intake between 2 and 3 times the current RDI does not promote bone demineralization when consumed in conjunction with exercise, future studies investigating the long-term effects of chronic high protein intake on bone tissue health are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Bagheri
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 8174673441, Iran;
| | - Zohreh Karimi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1477893855, Iran;
| | - Zeynabalsadat Mousavi
- Nutrition and Food Service, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416634793, Iran;
| | - Mahdi Ziaee Bashirzad
- Department of Sport Science, Islamic Azad University, Bojnourd Branch, Bojnourd 9417697796, Iran;
| | - Donny M. Camera
- Department of Health and Biostatistics, Swinburne University, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia;
| | - Ramin Sadeghi
- Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177949025, Iran; (R.S.); (V.R.D.)
| | - Vahid Reza Dabbagh
- Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177949025, Iran; (R.S.); (V.R.D.)
| | - Mehdi Kargarfard
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 8174673441, Iran;
| | - Frederic Dutheil
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LaPSCo, Physiological and Psychosocial Stress, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Preventive and Occupational Medicine, Witty Fit, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
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2
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Tsorlakis N, Koidou I, Grigoropoulou M, Grouios G. Limb Preference and Limb Bone Mineral Density: an Overview of Empirical Findings. Clin Rev Bone Miner Metab 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12018-022-09284-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Jones K, Baker K, Speight RA, Thompson NP, Tew GA. Randomised clinical trial: combined impact and resistance training in adults with stable Crohn's disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2020; 52:964-975. [PMID: 33119156 DOI: 10.1111/apt.16002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crohn's disease (CD) is a predisposing factor for bone loss and muscle dysfunction, which could lead to osteoporotic fractures and physical disability, respectively. AIM To assess the effect of 6 months of combined impact and resistance training on bone mineral density (BMD) and muscle function in adults with CD. METHODS In this randomised controlled trial, 47 adults with stable CD were assigned to exercise (n = 23) or control (n = 24) groups and followed up for 6 months. The exercise group received usual care plus a 6-month combined impact and resistance training programme, involving three, 60-minute sessions per week and a gradual tapering of supervision to self-management. The control group received usual care alone. The primary outcomes were BMD (via dual energy X-ray absorptiometry) and muscle function (measures of upper and lower limb strength and endurance) at 6 months. RESULTS At 6 months, BMD values were superior in the exercise group with statistical significance at lumbar spine (adjusted mean difference 0.036 g/cm2, 95% CI 0.024-0.048; P < 0.001), but not at femoral neck (0.018 g/cm2, 0.001-0.035; P = 0.059) or greater trochanter (0.013 g/cm2, -0.019 to 0.045; P = 0.415) after correcting for multiple outcomes. The exercise group also had superior values for all muscle function outcomes (P < 0.001; unadjusted mean differences ranging 22.6‒48.2%), and lower fatigue severity (P = 0.005). Three exercise-related adverse events were recorded: two instances of light-headedness and one of nausea. CONCLUSIONS The intervention improved BMD and muscle function in adults with CD and appears as a suitable model of exercise for reducing future risk of osteoporotic fractures and disability. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN11470370.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Jones
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK.,Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Katherine Baker
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - R Ally Speight
- Department of Gastroenterology, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Nicholas P Thompson
- Department of Gastroenterology, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Garry A Tew
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK.,Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Lambert C, Beck BR, Harding AT, Watson SL, Weeks BK. Regional changes in indices of bone strength of upper and lower limbs in response to high-intensity impact loading or high-intensity resistance training. Bone 2020; 132:115192. [PMID: 31846824 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.115192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that the bone response to physical activity is highly dependent on the nature of the loads imposed. Despite this, few direct comparisons of the effect of impact-style loading and resistance training on bone have been made. We therefore aimed to compare the effects of 10-month, twice-weekly, high-impact loading and 10-month, twice-weekly, high-intensity resistance training on indices of bone strength of both the upper and lower limbs of young adult women. Physically inactive, otherwise healthy, young adult women (18-30 years) with below average bone mass (T-score ≤ 0) were recruited as part of the OPTIMA-Ex trial. Testing included DXA- and pQCT-derived measures of bone mass and indices of bone strength and QUS-derived measures of bone quality of the dominant (D) and non-dominant (ND) upper (radius) and lower limbs (femoral neck, tibia, calcaneus). The present study examined those participants who completed the impact training (IT; n = 10) and resistance training (RT; n = 12) arms of the trial. Age differed between groups at baseline (IT = 23.2 ± 3.8 years, RT = 20.5 ± 1.8 years; p = 0.042). Compliance with the training programs did not differ (IT = 61.4 ± 15.1%, RT = 66.4 ± 11.2%, p = 0.381). Age and baseline differences in bone outcomes served as covariates for repeated measures and univariate ANCOVA conducted for dependent variables and percent change respectively. IT improved distal pQCT-derived bone mineral density (BMD) of the upper limb (ND radius: total BMD = 8.55 ± 2.26% versus 1.50 ± 2.04%, p = 0.040 and trabecular BMD = 1.86 ± 0.90% versus -1.30 ± 0.81%, p = 0.029) and lower limb (ND tibia trabecular BMD = 1.22 ± 0.55% versus -0.82 ± 0.50%, p = 0.017), more than RT. IT also improved upper limb bone strength index (BSI) (ND radius total BSI = 15.35 ± 2.83% versus 2.67 ± 2.55, p = 0.005) and lower limb BSI (D tibia total BSI = 5.16 ± 1.13% versus 0.37 ± 1.02%, p = 0.008; D tibia trabecular BSI = 3.93 ± 1.76% versus -2.84 ± 1.59, p = 0.014, ND tibia trabecular BSI = 3.57 ± 1.63% versus -3.15 ± 1.48%, p = 0.009) more than RT. Conversely, RT improved DXA-derived cortical volumetric BMD at the femoral neck more than IT (3.68 ± 1.99% versus -4.14 ± 2.20%, p = 0.021). Results suggest that IT and RT provide differing site-specific effects in both the upper and lower limbs, with superior bone responses observed at the distal segment from IT, while RT appeared to have greater effect on the shaft of the bone, on indices of bone-strength in young adult women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor Lambert
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia; School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Belinda R Beck
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia; School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia; The Bone Clinic, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Amy T Harding
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia; School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Steven L Watson
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia; School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Benjamin K Weeks
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia; School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.
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Granatosky MC, McElroy EJ, Lemelin P, Reilly SM, Nyakatura JA, Andrada E, Kilbourne BM, Allen VR, Butcher MT, Blob RW, Ross CF. Variation in limb loading magnitude and timing in tetrapods. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 223:jeb.201525. [PMID: 31776184 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.201525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Comparative analyses of locomotion in tetrapods reveal two patterns of stride cycle variability. Tachymetabolic tetrapods (birds and mammals) have lower inter-cycle variation in stride duration than bradymetabolic tetrapods (amphibians, lizards, turtles and crocodilians). This pattern has been linked to the fact that birds and mammals share enlarged cerebella, relatively enlarged and heavily myelinated Ia afferents, and γ-motoneurons to their muscle spindles. Both tachymetabolic tetrapod lineages also possess an encapsulated Golgi tendon morphology, thought to provide more spatially precise information on muscle tension. The functional consequence of this derived Golgi tendon morphology has never been tested. We hypothesized that one advantage of precise information on muscle tension would be lower and more predictable limb bone stresses, achieved in tachymetabolic tetrapods by having less variable substrate reaction forces than bradymetabolic tetrapods. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed hindlimb substrate reaction forces during locomotion of 55 tetrapod species in a phylogenetic comparative framework. Variation in species means of limb loading magnitude and timing confirm that, for most of the variables analyzed, variance in hindlimb loading and timing is significantly lower in species with encapsulated versus unencapsulated Golgi tendon organs. These findings suggest that maintaining predictable limb loading provides a selective advantage for birds and mammals by allowing energy savings during locomotion, lower limb bone safety factors and quicker recovery from perturbations. The importance of variation in other biomechanical variables in explaining these patterns, such as posture, effective mechanical advantage and center-of-mass mechanics, remains to be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Granatosky
- Department of Anatomy, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
| | - Eric J McElroy
- Department of Biology, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC 29424, USA
| | - Pierre Lemelin
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2H7
| | - Stephen M Reilly
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 43210, USA
| | - John A Nyakatura
- Institut für Biologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Emanuel Andrada
- Institute of Zoology and Evolutionary Research, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07749 Jena, Germany
| | - Brandon M Kilbourne
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Invalidenstraße 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Vivian R Allen
- Structure and Motion Laboratory, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Michael T Butcher
- Department of Biological Sciences, Youngstown State University, Youngstown, OH 44555, USA
| | - Richard W Blob
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, SC 29634, USA
| | - Callum F Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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6
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Montgomery G, Abt G, Dobson C, Smith T, Evans W, Ditroilo M. The mechanical loading and muscle activation of four common exercises used in osteoporosis prevention for early postmenopausal women. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2018; 44:124-131. [PMID: 30611015 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
High impact exercise can reduce postmenopausal bone loss, however stimulus frequency (loading cycles per second) can affect osteogenesis. We aimed to examine the effect of stimulus frequency on the mechanical loading of four common osteoporosis prevention exercises, measuring body acceleration and muscle activation with accelerometry and electromyography (EMG), respectively. Fourteen early postmenopausal women completed randomised countermovement jumps (CMJ), box-drops (BD), heel-drops (HD) and stamp (STP) exercises for continuous and intermittent stimulus frequencies. Sacrum accelerometry and surface electromyography (EMG) of four muscles were recorded. CMJ (mean ± SD: 10.7 ± 4.8 g & 10.0 ± 5.0 g), BD (9.6 ± 4.1 g & 9.5 ± 4.0 g) and HD (7.3 ± 3.8 g & 8.6 ± 4.4 g) conditions generated greater peak acceleration than STP (3.5 ± 1.4 g & 3.6 ± 1.7 g) across continuous and intermittent trials. CMJ and BD generated greater acceleration gradients than STP across continuous and intermittent trials. CMJ generated greater rectus femoris EMG than all other exercises, CMJ and BD generated greater semitendinosus and tibialis anterior EMG than HD across continuous and intermittent trials. CMJ and BD provide greater peak acceleration than STP and remain similar during different stimulus frequencies. CMJ, BD and HD may exceed STP in maintaining postmenopausal bone health.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Montgomery
- Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK.
| | - G Abt
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - C Dobson
- School of Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - T Smith
- Faculty of Education, Health & Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - W Evans
- University of Sunderland, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Sunderland, UK
| | - M Ditroilo
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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7
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Lacoste Jeanson A, Santos F, Villa C, Banner J, Brůžek J. Architecture of the femoral and tibial diaphyses in relation to body mass and composition: Research from whole-body CT scans of adult humans. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 167:813-826. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alizé Lacoste Jeanson
- Laboratory of 3D Imaging and Analytical Methods, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics; Charles University; Praha 2 Czech Republic
| | - Frédéric Santos
- PACEA, UMR 5199, CNRS; Université de Bordeaux, Bâtiment B8; Talence Allée Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, CS 50023, Talence France
| | - Chiara Villa
- Section of Forensic Pathology, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Jytte Banner
- Section of Forensic Pathology, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Jaroslav Brůžek
- Laboratory of 3D Imaging and Analytical Methods, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics; Charles University; Praha 2 Czech Republic
- PACEA, UMR 5199, CNRS; Université de Bordeaux, Bâtiment B8; Talence Allée Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, CS 50023, Talence France
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8
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Granatosky MC, Karantanis NE, Rychlik L, Youlatos D. A suspensory way of life: Integrating locomotion, postures, limb movements, and forces in two-toed sloths Choloepus didactylus (Megalonychidae, Folivora, Pilosa). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2018; 329:570-588. [PMID: 30129260 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, we have learned much about the anatomy, evolutionary history, and biomechanics of the extant sloths. However, most of this study has involved studying sloths in controlled conditions, and few studies have explored how these animals are behaving in a naturalistic setting. In this study, we integrate positional activities in naturalistic conditions with kinematic and kinetic observations collected on a simulated runway to best capture the biomechanical behavior of Linnaeus's two-toed sloths. We confirm that the dominant positional behaviors consist of hanging below the support using a combination of forelimbs and hindlimbs, and walking quadrupedally below the branches. The majority of these behaviors occur on horizontal substrates that are approximately 5-10 cm in diameter. The kinematics of suspensory walking observed both in the naturalistic settings and on simulated arboreal runways are dominated by movement of the proximal limb elements, while distal limb elements tend to show little excursion. Joint kinematics are similar between the naturalistic setting and the simulated runway, but movements of the shoulder and hip tend to be exaggerated while moving in simulated conditions. Kinetic patterns of the two-toed sloth can be explained almost entirely by considering them as an inverted linked strut. However, medially directed forces toward the substrate were more frequent than expected in the forelimb, which may help sloths maintain a better "grip" on the substrate. This study serves as a model of how to gain a comprehensive understanding of the functional-adaptive profile of a particular species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Granatosky
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Nikolaos E Karantanis
- Princess Royal College of Animal Management and Saddlery, Capel Manor College, London, UK.,Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Leszek Rychlik
- Department of Systematic Zoology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Dionisios Youlatos
- Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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9
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Lacoste Jeanson A, Santos F, Dupej J, Velemínská J, Brůžek J. Sex-specific functional adaptation of the femoral diaphysis to body composition. Am J Hum Biol 2018; 30:e23123. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alizé Lacoste Jeanson
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences; Charles University - Viničná 7; 128 43 Prague 2 Czech Republic
| | - Frédéric Santos
- PACEA, UMR 5199, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux - Bâtiment B8, Allée Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, CS 50023; F-33 400 Talence France
| | - Ján Dupej
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences; Charles University - Viničná 7; 128 43 Prague 2 Czech Republic
- Department of Software and Computer Science Education, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics; Charles University - Malostranske Namestí 25, 118 00 Prague 1, Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Jana Velemínská
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences; Charles University - Viničná 7; 128 43 Prague 2 Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Brůžek
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences; Charles University - Viničná 7; 128 43 Prague 2 Czech Republic
- Department of Software and Computer Science Education, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics; Charles University - Malostranske Namestí 25, 118 00 Prague 1, Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
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Lambert C, Beck BR, Harding AT, Watson SL, Weeks BK. A protocol for a randomised controlled trial of the bone response to impact loading or resistance training in young women with lower than average bone mass: the OPTIMA-Ex trial. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e016983. [PMID: 28864705 PMCID: PMC5588984 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of the Osteoporosis Prevention Through Impact and Muscle-loading Approaches to Exercise trial is to compare the bone response to two known osteogenic stimuli - impact loading exercise and resistance training. Specifically, we will examine the effect of a 10-month, twice-weekly, high-intensity impact loading exercise intervention and a 10-month, twice-weekly, high-intensity resistance training intervention on bone mass and strength at clinically important skeletal sites. The intervention groups will be compared against a home-based 'positive' control group. Safety and acceptability of each exercise modality will also be determined. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Sedentary otherwise healthy young women aged 18-30 years with bone mineral density (BMD) T-scores less than or equal to 0 at the hip and lumbar spine, screened for conditions and medications that influence bone and physical function, will be recruited. Eligible participants are randomised to 10-month, twice-weekly, either supervised high-intensity impact training, high-intensity resistance training or a home-based 'positive' control group. The primary outcome measure will be lumbar spine areal BMD, while secondary outcome measures will include: whole body, femoral neck and regional measures (upper and lower limb) of bone, muscle and fat; anthropometrics; muscle strength and power; quality of life and exercise safety, enjoyment and acceptability. All outcome measures will be conducted at baseline (T0) and 10 months (T10) and will be analysed according to the intention-to-treat principle and per protocol. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study has been granted ethical approval from the Griffith University Human Research Ethics Committee (GU Ref: 2015/775). Standard scientific reporting practices will occur, including publication in peer-reviewed journals. Participant confidentiality will be maintained in all forms of reporting. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ACTRN12616001444471.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor Lambert
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Belinda R Beck
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- The Bone Clinic, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Amy T Harding
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Steven L Watson
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Benjamin K Weeks
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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11
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Medina-Gomez C, Heppe DHM, Yin JL, Trajanoska K, Uitterlinden AG, Beck TJ, Jaddoe VWV, Rivadeneira F. Bone Mass and Strength in School-Age Children Exhibit Sexual Dimorphism Related to Differences in Lean Mass: The Generation R Study. J Bone Miner Res 2016; 31:1099-106. [PMID: 26599073 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Bone strength, a key determinant of fracture risk, has been shown to display clear sexual dimorphism after puberty. We sought to determine whether sex differences in bone mass and hip bone geometry as an index of strength exist in school-age prepubertal children and the degree to which the differences are independent of body size and lean mass. We studied 3514 children whose whole-body and hip scans were measured using the same densitometer (GE-Lunar iDXA) at a mean age of 6.2 years. Hip dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans underwent hip structural analyses (HSA) with derivation of bone strength indices. Sex differences in these parameters were assessed by regression models adjusted for age, height, ethnicity, weight, and lean mass fraction (LMF). Whole-body bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) levels were 1.3% and 4.3% higher in girls after adjustment by LMF. Independent of LMF, boys had 1.5% shorter femurs, 1.9% and 2.2% narrower shaft and femoral neck with 1.6% to 3.4% thicker cortices than girls. Consequent with this geometry configuration, girls observed 6.6% higher stresses in the medial femoral neck than boys. When considering LMF, the sexual differences on the derived bone strength indices were attenuated, suggesting that differences in muscle loads may reflect an innate disadvantage in bone strength in girls, as consequence of their lower muscular acquisition. In summary, we show that bone sexual dimorphism is already present at 6 years of age, with boys having stronger bones than girls, the relation of which is influenced by body composition and likely attributable to differential adaptation to mechanical loading. Our results support the view that early life interventions (ie, increased physical activity) targeted during the pre- and peripubertal stages may be of high importance, particularly in girls, because before puberty onset, muscle mass is strongly associated with bone density and geometry in children. © 2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Medina-Gomez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Denise H M Heppe
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jia-Lian Yin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Katerina Trajanoska
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas J Beck
- Beck Radiological Innovations Inc., Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Vincent W V Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Jackowski SA, Kontulainen SA, Cooper DML, Lanovaz JL, Beck TJ, Baxter-Jones ADG. Adolescent physical activity and bone strength at the proximal femur in adulthood. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015; 46:736-44. [PMID: 24002345 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Physical activity (PA) enhances bone structural strength at the proximal femur in adolescence, but whether these benefits are maintained into early adulthood remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether males and females, described as active, average, and inactive during adolescence, display differences in structural strength at the proximal femur in early adulthood (20-30 yr). METHODS One hundred four participants (55 males and 49 females) from the Pediatric Bone Mineral Accrual Study (PBMAS) were categorized into adolescent PA groupings (inactive, average, and active) using the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents. Cross-sectional area and section modulus (Z) at the narrow neck, intertrochanter, and femoral shaft (S) sites of the proximal femur were assessed using hip structural analysis in young adulthood from femoral neck dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scans. Group differences were assessed using ANCOVA, controlling for adult height (Ht), adult weight (Wt), adolescent bone geometry, sex, percentage adult total body lean tissue (LTM%), and adult PA levels. RESULTS Active adolescents had significantly greater adjusted bone geometric measures at all sites than their inactive classified peers during adolescence (P < 0.05). In adulthood, when adjusted for Ht, Wt, adolescent bone geometry, sex, LTM%, and adult PA levels, adolescent participants categorized as active had significantly greater adjusted adult bone geometric measures at the proximal femur than adult participants who were classified as inactive during adolescence (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Skeletal advantages associated with adolescence activity appear to confer greater geometric bone structural strength at the proximal femur in young adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan A Jackowski
- 1College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, CANADA; 2Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, CANADA; and 3Department of Medical Imaging, John Hopkins University Baltimore, MD
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McHenry CL, Wu J, Shields RK. Potential regenerative rehabilitation technology: implications of mechanical stimuli to tissue health. BMC Res Notes 2014; 7:334. [PMID: 24894666 PMCID: PMC4055276 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanical loads induced through muscle contraction, vibration, or compressive forces are thought to modulate tissue plasticity. With the emergence of regenerative medicine, there is a need to understand the optimal mechanical environment (vibration, load, or muscle force) that promotes cellular health. To our knowledge no mechanical system has been proposed to deliver these isolated mechanical stimuli in human tissue. We present the design, performance, and utilization of a new technology that may be used to study localized mechanical stimuli on human tissues. A servo-controlled vibration and limb loading system were developed and integrated into a single instrument to deliver vibration, compression, or muscle contractile loads to a single limb (tibia) in humans. The accuracy, repeatability, transmissibility, and safety of the mechanical delivery system were evaluated on eight individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). FINDINGS The limb loading system was linear, repeatable, and accurate to less than 5, 1, and 1 percent of full scale, respectively, and transmissibility was excellent. The between session tests on individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) showed high intra-class correlations (>0.9). CONCLUSIONS All tests supported that therapeutic loads can be delivered to a lower limb (tibia) in a safe, accurate, and measureable manner. Future collaborations between engineers and cellular physiologists will be important as research programs strive to determine the optimal mechanical environment for developing cells and tissues in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen L McHenry
- Department of Physical Therapy & Rehabilitation Science, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 1-252 Medical Education Building, Iowa City, IA 52242-1190, USA
| | - Jason Wu
- Department of Physical Therapy & Rehabilitation Science, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 1-252 Medical Education Building, Iowa City, IA 52242-1190, USA
| | - Richard K Shields
- Department of Physical Therapy & Rehabilitation Science, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 1-252 Medical Education Building, Iowa City, IA 52242-1190, USA
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Jackowski SA, Lanovaz JL, Van Oort C, Baxter-Jones ADG. Does lean tissue mass accrual during adolescence influence bone structural strength at the proximal femur in young adulthood? Osteoporos Int 2014; 25:1297-304. [PMID: 24326885 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-013-2592-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The purpose of this study was to identify whether young adult bone structural strength at the hip is associated with adolescent lean tissue mass (LTM) accrual. It was observed that those individuals who accrued more LTM from adolescence to adulthood had significantly greater adult bone structural strength at the hip. INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to identify whether young adult bone cross-sectional area (CSA), section modulus (Z), and outer diameter (OD) at the hip were associated with adolescent LTM accrual. METHODS One hundred three young adult participants (55 males, 48 females) were tertiled into adolescent LTM accrual groupings. LTM accrual was assessed by serial measures using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) from adolescence to young adulthood (21.3 ± 1.3 years). CSA, Z, and OD at the narrow neck (NN) and femoral shaft (S) sites of the proximal femur were assessed in young adulthood (21.3 ± 4.5 years), using hip structural analysis. Group differences were assessed using an analysis of covariance, controlling for adult height, weight, sex, and physical activity levels. RESULTS It was found that individuals with higher adjusted adolescent LTM accrual had significantly greater adult adjusted values of NNCSA (2.49 ± 0.06 vs 2.77 ± 0.07 cm(2)), NN Z (1.18 ± 0.04 vs 1.37 ± 0.04 cm(3)), NN OD (3.07 ± 0.04 vs 3.21 ± 0.04 cm), SCSA (3.45 ± 0.08 vs 3.88 ± 0.09 cm(3)), and SZ (1.77 ± 0.05 vs 2.00 ± 0.05 cm(3)) than individuals with lower LTM accrual (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the amount of LTM accrued from adolescence to young adulthood has a positive influence on adult bone structural strength at the proximal femur.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Jackowski
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, 87 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, Canada,
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Frank AW, Labas MC, Johnston JD, Kontulainen SA. Site-specific variance in radius and tibia bone strength as determined by muscle size and body mass. Physiother Can 2013; 64:292-301. [PMID: 23729966 DOI: 10.3138/ptc.2010-40bh] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the predictive ability of muscle cross-sectional area (MCSA) and body mass on bone mineral content, compressive bone strength index (BSIc), and the polar stress-strain index (SSIp) of the forearms and lower legs of middle-aged adults. METHODS A total of 53 healthy adults (37 male, 16 female; mean age 50.4; SD 2.1 y) were scanned with peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) to measure radius and tibia total and cortical bone mineral content, BSIc, SSIp, and forearm and lower-leg MCSA (BSIc: 4% distal; SSIp and MCSA at 65% and 66% radius and tibia shaft sites, respectively). Multiple regression models adjusted for sex and height were used to assess the relative variance in radius or tibia bone outcomes predicted by body mass and/or forearm or lower-leg MCSA. RESULTS Forearm MCSA independently predicted total bone-mineral content, BSIc, and SSIp in radius (r partial=0.59, 0.56, 0.42). Body mass was a negative predictor of radius BSIc (r partial=-0.32) and did not predict other radius outcomes when both body mass and MCSA were forced in the models. In the lower leg shaft, MCSA, and body mass predicted bone content and strength similarly when independently added to the models with sex and height. CONCLUSIONS Forearm MCSA was a dominant predictor of radius bone content and estimated strength. In the tibia, both body mass and lower-leg MCSA contributed to predicting bone content and estimated strength.
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McHenry CL, Shields RK. A biomechanical analysis of exercise in standing, supine, and seated positions: Implications for individuals with spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med 2012; 35:140-7. [PMID: 22507023 PMCID: PMC3324830 DOI: 10.1179/2045772312y.0000000011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT/OBJECTIVE The distal femur is the primary fracture site in patients with osteoporosis after spinal cord injury (SCI). OBJECTIVE To mathematically compare the compression and shear forces at the distal femur during quadriceps stimulation in the standing, supine, and seated positions. A force analysis across these positions may be a consideration for people with SCI during neuromuscular electrical stimulation of the quadriceps. DESIGN A biomechanical model. SETTING Research laboratory. OUTCOME MEASURES Compression and shear forces from the standing, supine, and seated biomechanical models at the distal femur during constant loads generated by the quadriceps muscles. RESULTS The standing model estimated the highest compressive force at 240% body weight and the lowest shear force of 24% body weight at the distal femur compared with the supine and seated models. The supine model yielded a compressive force of 191% body weight with a shear force of 62% body weight at the distal femur. The seated model yielded the lowest compressive force of 139% body weight and the highest shear force of 215% body weight. CONCLUSIONS When inducing a range of forces in the quadriceps muscles, the seated position yields the highest shear forces and lowest compressive forces when compared with the supine and standing positions. Standing with isometric contractions generates the highest compressive loads and lowest shear forces. Early active resistive standing may provide the most effective means to prevent bone loss after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen L McHenry
- Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Wade C, Redfern MS, Andres RO, Breloff SP. Joint kinetics and muscle activity while walking on ballast. HUMAN FACTORS 2010; 52:560-573. [PMID: 21186736 DOI: 10.1177/0018720810381996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined the impact of two common sizes of ballast on gait biomechanics. The terrain was designed to simulate a railroad work setting to investigate the variation in gait kinetics and muscle activation while walking. BACKGROUND Research and epidemiology suggest a potential link between walking surface characteristics and injury. However, few studies have investigated the impact of ballast surfaces, which is a surface of interest in the railroad and construction industries, on gait dynamics. METHOD For this study, 20 healthy adult men walked along three distinct pathways (no ballast [NB], walking ballast [WB], and mainline ballast [MB]). WB and MB consisted of rock with an average size of 0.75 to I in. and 1.25 to 1.5 in., respectively. Full-body motion, ground reaction forces, and electromyographic (EMG) signals from lower extremity muscles were collected, and three dimensional joint moments were calculated. Parameters of interest were moment trajectories and ranges, EMG activity, and temporal gait measures. RESULTS Joint-specific differences indicate significant variations between surface conditions. Joint moment ranges were generally smaller for MB and WB compared with NB. EMG activity, in particular, co-contraction levels, was found to be significantly greater on ballast compared with NB. Temporal gait parameters were significantly different for MB than for either WB or NB. CONCLUSION Walking on ballast increases muscle activation to control the moments of the lower extremity joints. APPLICATION The results suggest that ballast has an effect on muscles and joints; thus, the findings provide insight to improve and develop new work practices and methods for injury prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chip Wade
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Auburn University, 3301-G Shelby Center Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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