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Strohm AO, Majewska AK. Physical exercise regulates microglia in health and disease. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1420322. [PMID: 38911597 PMCID: PMC11192042 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1420322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
There is a well-established link between physical activity and brain health. As such, the effectiveness of physical exercise as a therapeutic strategy has been explored in a variety of neurological contexts. To determine the extent to which physical exercise could be most beneficial under different circumstances, studies are needed to uncover the underlying mechanisms behind the benefits of physical activity. Interest has grown in understanding how physical activity can regulate microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system. Microglia are key mediators of neuroinflammatory processes and play a role in maintaining brain homeostasis in healthy and pathological settings. Here, we explore the evidence suggesting that physical activity has the potential to regulate microglia activity in various animal models. We emphasize key areas where future research could contribute to uncovering the therapeutic benefits of engaging in physical exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra O. Strohm
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Ania K. Majewska
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
- Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
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2
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Zhang H, Xie Q, Hu J. Neuroprotective Effect of Physical Activity in Ischemic Stroke: Focus on the Neurovascular Unit. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:860573. [PMID: 35317197 PMCID: PMC8934401 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.860573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia is one of the major diseases associated with death or disability among patients. To date, there is a lack of effective treatments, with the exception of thrombolytic therapy that can be administered during the acute phase of ischemic stroke. Cerebral ischemia can cause a variety of pathological changes, including microvascular basal membrane matrix, endothelial cell activation, and astrocyte adhesion, which may affect signal transduction between the microvessels and neurons. Therefore, researchers put forward the concept of neurovascular unit, including neurons, axons, astrocytes, microvasculature (including endothelial cells, basal membrane matrix, and pericyte), and oligodendrocytes. Numerous studies have demonstrated that exercise can produce protective effects in cerebral ischemia, and that exercise may protect the integrity of the blood-brain barrier, promote neovascularization, reduce neuronal apoptosis, and eventually lead to an improvement in neurological function after cerebral ischemia. In this review, we summarized the potential mechanisms on the effect of exercise on cerebral ischemia, by mainly focusing on the neurovascular unit, with the aim of providing a novel therapeutic strategy for future treatment of cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- School of Physical Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qi Xie
- Inpatient Department, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Juan Hu
- Yu Quan dao Health Center, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Nanchang, China
- *Correspondence: Juan Hu,
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Zhang D, Lu Y, Zhao X, Zhang Q, Li L. Aerobic exercise attenuates neurodegeneration and promotes functional recovery - Why it matters for neurorehabilitation & neural repair. Neurochem Int 2020; 141:104862. [PMID: 33031857 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Aerobic exercise facilitates optimal neurological function and exerts beneficial effects in neurologic injuries. Both animal and clinical studies have shown that aerobic exercise reduces brain lesion volume and improves multiple aspects of cognition and motor function after stroke. Studies using animal models have proposed a wide range of potential molecular mechanisms that underlie the neurological benefits of aerobic exercise. Furthermore, additional exercise parameters, including time of initiation, exercise dosage (exercise duration and intensity), and treatment modality are also critical for clinical application, as identifying the optimal combination of parameters will afford patients with maximal functional gains. To clarify these issues, the current review summarizes the known neurological benefits of aerobic exercise under both physiological and pathological conditions and then considers the molecular mechanisms underlying these benefits in the contexts of stroke-like focal cerebral ischemia and cardiac arrest-induced global cerebral ischemia. In addition, we explore the key roles of exercise parameters on the extent of aerobic exercise-induced neurological benefits to elucidate the optimal combination for aerobic exercise intervention. Finally, the current challenges for aerobic exercise implementation after stroke are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Zhang
- Department of General Practice & Geriatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, China
| | - Yujiao Lu
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Xudong Zhao
- Department of General Practice & Geriatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, China
| | - Quanguang Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
| | - Lei Li
- Department of General Practice & Geriatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, China.
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He H, Lin D, Sun J, He X, Wang T, Fang Y, Liu Y, Fan K, Chen X, He H, Li X, Ji B, Zhao S, Zheng X, Zhang K, Wang H. An in vitro and in vivo study of the brain-targeting effects of an epidermal growth factor-functionalized cholera toxin-like chimeric protein. J Control Release 2020; 322:509-518. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Cohan CH, Youbi M, Saul I, Ruiz AA, Furones CC, Patel P, Perez E, Raval AP, Dave KR, Zhao W, Dong C, Rundek T, Koch S, Sacco RL, Perez-Pinzon MA. Sex-Dependent Differences in Physical Exercise-Mediated Cognitive Recovery Following Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Aged Rats. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:261. [PMID: 31619985 PMCID: PMC6759590 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke remains a leading cause of death and disability in the United States. No current treatments exist to promote cognitive recovery in survivors of stroke. A previous study from our laboratory determined that an acute bout of forced treadmill exercise was able to promote cognitive recovery in 3 month old male rats after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). In this study, we tested the hypothesis that 6 days of intense acute bout of forced treadmill exercise (physical exercise – PE) promotes cognitive recovery in 11–14 month old male rats. We determined that PE was able to ameliorate cognitive deficits as determined by contextual fear conditioning. Additionally, we also tested the hypothesis that PE promotes cognitive recovery in 11–13 month old reproductive senescent female rats. In contrast to males, the same intensity of exercise that decrease cognitive deficits in males was not able to promote cognitive recovery in female rats. Additionally, we determined that exercise did not lessen infarct volume in both male and female rats. There are many factors that contribute to higher stroke mortality and morbidities in women and thus, future studies will investigate the effects of PE in aged female rats to identify sex differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles H Cohan
- Peritz Scheinberg Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Mehdi Youbi
- Peritz Scheinberg Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Isabel Saul
- Peritz Scheinberg Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Alex A Ruiz
- Peritz Scheinberg Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Concepcion C Furones
- Peritz Scheinberg Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Pujan Patel
- Peritz Scheinberg Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Edwin Perez
- Peritz Scheinberg Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Ami P Raval
- Peritz Scheinberg Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Kunjan R Dave
- Peritz Scheinberg Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Weizhao Zhao
- Peritz Scheinberg Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Chuanhui Dong
- Peritz Scheinberg Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Tatjana Rundek
- Peritz Scheinberg Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Sebastian Koch
- Peritz Scheinberg Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Ralph L Sacco
- Peritz Scheinberg Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Miguel A Perez-Pinzon
- Peritz Scheinberg Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
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The Effect of Endurance Training with Crocin Consumption on IGF-1 and Glycogen Expression in Rat Hippocampus Tissue of Trimethyltin-Treated Model of Alzheimer’s Disease. Asian J Sports Med 2019. [DOI: 10.5812/asjsm.92246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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Nowrangi DS, McBride D, Manaenko A, Dixon B, Tang J, Zhang JH. rhIGF-1 reduces the permeability of the blood-brain barrier following intracerebral hemorrhage in mice. Exp Neurol 2018; 312:72-81. [PMID: 30503192 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of the blood-brain barrier results in the formation of edema and contributes to the loss of neurological function following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). This study examined insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) as a treatment and its mechanism of action for protecting the blood-brain barrier after ICH in mice. 171 Male CD-1 mice were subjected to ICH via collagenase or autologous blood. A dose study for recombinant human IGF-1 (rhIGF-1) was performed. Brain water content and behavioral deficits were evaluated at 24 and 72 h after the surgery, and Evans blue extravasation and hemoglobin assay were conducted at 24 h. Western blotting was performed for the mechanism study and interventions were used targeting the IGF-1R/GSK3β/MEKK1 pathway. rhIGF-1 reduced edema and blood-brain barrier permeability, and improved neurobehavior outcomes. Western blots showed that rhIGF-1 reduced p-GSK3β and MEKK1 expression, thereby increasing occludin and claudin-5 expression. Inhibition and knockdown of IGF-1R reversed the therapeutic benefits of rhIGF-1. The findings within suggest that stimulation of the IGF-1R is a therapeutic target for ICH which may lead to improved neurofunctional and blood-brain barrier protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Sunil Nowrangi
- Department of Physiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Risley Hall, Room 223, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - Devin McBride
- Department of Physiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Risley Hall, Room 223, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - Anatol Manaenko
- Department of Physiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Risley Hall, Room 223, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Brandon Dixon
- Department of Physiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Risley Hall, Room 223, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Risley Hall, Room 223, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Risley Hall, Room 223, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
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Silveira APC, Kitabatake TT, Pantaleo VM, Zangrossi H, Bertolino G, de Oliveira Guirro EC, de Souza HCD, de Araujo JE. Continuous and not continuous 2-week treadmill training enhances the performance in the passive avoidance test in ischemic gerbils. Neurosci Lett 2018; 665:170-175. [PMID: 29222024 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the frequency and total duration effects of the 2-week treadmill training after experimental ischemic stroke in the passive avoidance test. We performed bilateral occlusion of common external carotid arteries, for five minutes, in Mongolian gerbils. The training groups were: continuous training for twelve consecutive days or not continuous training for six non-consecutive days. The groups remained in the treadmill for 15min, with the speed set at 10m/min, and the training started 24h after the stroke. In the Shuttle Box, each animal had ten trials during the Learning Session (LS), which occurred 24h before the stroke. The Retention Test (RT) occurred 24h after the stroke and started on the second, third, seventh and twelfth day after LS. After the experiments, the brains were perfused, and coronal sections of the CA1 area of the hippocampus were cut and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. ANOVA on Ranks was used for Behavioral data analysis and morphological data by percentage. Ischemic training groups showed preservation in neuron density in the CA1 area of the hippocampus, when compared to the control groups. Animals subjected to continuous training, showed a higher latency in the RT when compared to ischemic animals in both weeks [(2nd, H=39.81; P<0.05), (3rd, H=38.08; P<0.05), (7th, H=44.17; P<0.05), and (12th, H=39.55; P<0.05). Animals in the not continuous training showed higher latency in the RT, in the second week only [(2nd, H=39.81; P<0.05), (3rd, H=38.08; P<0.05), (7th, H=44.17; P<0.05), and (12th, H=39.55; P<0.05). These findings suggest that improvement of memory after stroke after treadmill training is dependent on the frequency and total duration of training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Cassiano Silveira
- Laboratory of Neuropsychobiology and Motor Behavior, Department of Biomechanics, Medicine and Rehabilitation of the Locomotor System, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo (USP),AV. dos Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto (SP), 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Takae Tamy Kitabatake
- Laboratory of Neuropsychobiology and Motor Behavior, Department of Biomechanics, Medicine and Rehabilitation of the Locomotor System, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo (USP),AV. dos Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto (SP), 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Vivian Mozol Pantaleo
- Laboratory of Neuropsychobiology and Motor Behavior, Department of Biomechanics, Medicine and Rehabilitation of the Locomotor System, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo (USP),AV. dos Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto (SP), 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Hélio Zangrossi
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo (USP), AV. dos Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto (SP), 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Bertolino
- Laboratory of Neuropsychobiology and Motor Behavior, Department of Biomechanics, Medicine and Rehabilitation of the Locomotor System, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo (USP),AV. dos Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto (SP), 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Elaine Caldeira de Oliveira Guirro
- Laboratory of Neuropsychobiology and Motor Behavior, Department of Biomechanics, Medicine and Rehabilitation of the Locomotor System, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo (USP),AV. dos Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto (SP), 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Hugo Celso Dutra de Souza
- Laboratory of Neuropsychobiology and Motor Behavior, Department of Biomechanics, Medicine and Rehabilitation of the Locomotor System, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo (USP),AV. dos Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto (SP), 14049-900, Brazil
| | - João Eduardo de Araujo
- Laboratory of Neuropsychobiology and Motor Behavior, Department of Biomechanics, Medicine and Rehabilitation of the Locomotor System, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo (USP),AV. dos Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto (SP), 14049-900, Brazil.
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Bianchi VE, Locatelli V, Rizzi L. Neurotrophic and Neuroregenerative Effects of GH/IGF1. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112441. [PMID: 29149058 PMCID: PMC5713408 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Human neurodegenerative diseases increase progressively with age and present a high social and economic burden. Growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) are both growth factors exerting trophic effects on neuronal regeneration in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). GH and IGF-1 stimulate protein synthesis in neurons, glia, oligodendrocytes, and Schwann cells, and favor neuronal survival, inhibiting apoptosis. This study aims to evaluate the effect of GH and IGF-1 on neurons, and their possible therapeutic clinical applications on neuron regeneration in human subjects. Methods. In the literature, we searched the clinical trials and followed up studies in humans, which have evaluated the effect of GH/IGF-1 on CNS and PNS. The following keywords have been used: “GH/IGF-1” associated with “neuroregeneration”, “amyotrophic lateral sclerosis”, “Alzheimer disease”, “Parkinson’s disease”, “brain”, and “neuron”. Results. Of the retrieved articles, we found nine articles about the effect of GH in healthy patients who suffered from traumatic brain injury (TBI), and six studies (four using IGF-1 and two GH therapy) in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The administration of GH in patients after TBI showed a significantly positive recovery of brain and mental function. Treatment with GH and IGF-1 therapy in ALS produced contradictory results. Conclusions. Although strong findings have shown the positive effects of GH/IGF-1 administration on neuroregeneration in animal models, a very limited number of clinical studies have been conducted in humans. GH/IGF-1 therapy had different effects in patients with TBI, evidencing a high recovery of neurons and clinical outcome, while in ALS patients, the results are contradictory. More complex clinical protocols are necessary to evaluate the effect of GH/IGF-1 efficacy in neurodegenerative diseases. It seems evident that GH and IGF-1 therapy favors the optimal recovery of neurons when a consistent residual activity is still present. Furthermore, the effect of GH/IGF-1 could be mediated by, or be overlapped with that of other hormones, such as estradiol and testosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Emanuele Bianchi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism, Clinical Center Stella Maris, Strada Rovereta, 42-47891 Falciano, San Marino.
| | - Vittorio Locatelli
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca via Cadore, 48-20900 Monza Brianza, Italy.
| | - Laura Rizzi
- Molecular Biology, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore, 48-20900 Monza Brianza, Italy.
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Grinberg YY, Zitzow LA, Kraig RP. Intranasally administered IGF-1 inhibits spreading depression in vivo. Brain Res 2017; 1677:47-57. [PMID: 28951235 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Spreading depression (SD) is a wave of cellular depolarization that travels slowly through susceptible gray matter brain areas. SD is the most likely cause of migraine aura and perhaps migraine pain, and is a well-accepted animal model of migraine. Identification of therapeutics that can prevent SD may have clinical relevance toward migraine treatment. Here we show that insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) significantly inhibited neocortical SD in vivo after intranasal delivery to rats. A single dose of IGF-1 inhibited SD within an hour, and continued to protect for at least seven days thereafter. A two-week course of IGF-1, administered every third day, further decreased SD susceptibility and showed no aberrant effects on glial activation, nasal mucosa, or serum markers of toxicity. SD begets SD in vitro by mechanisms that involve microglial activation. We add to this relationship by showing that recurrent SD in vivo increased susceptibility to subsequent SD, and that intervention with IGF-1 significantly interrupted this pathology. These findings support nasal administration of IGF-1 as a novel intervention capable of mitigating SD susceptibility, and as a result, potentially migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelena Y Grinberg
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637-1470, United States
| | - Lois A Zitzow
- Animal Resources Center, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637-1470, United States
| | - Richard P Kraig
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637-1470, United States.
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Mattlage AE, Rippee MA, Abraham MG, Sandt J, Billinger SA. Estimated Prestroke Peak VO2 Is Related to Circulating IGF-1 Levels During Acute Stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2016; 31:65-71. [PMID: 27377914 DOI: 10.1177/1545968316656056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is neuroprotective after stroke and is regulated by insulin-like binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3). In healthy individuals, exercise and improved aerobic fitness (peak oxygen uptake; peak VO2) increases IGF-1 in circulation. Understanding the relationship between estimated prestroke aerobic fitness and IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 after stroke may provide insight into the benefits of exercise and aerobic fitness on stroke recovery. Objective The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 to estimated prestroke peak VO2 in individuals with acute stroke. We hypothesized that (1) estimated prestroke peak VO2 would be related to IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 and (2) individuals with higher than median IGF-1 levels will have higher estimated prestroke peak VO2 compared to those with lower than median levels. Methods Fifteen individuals with acute stroke had blood sampled within 72 hours of hospital admission. Prestroke peak VO2 was estimated using a nonexercise prediction equation. IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 levels were quantified using enzyme-linked immunoassay. Results Estimated prestroke peak VO2 was significantly related to circulating IGF-1 levels (r = .60; P = .02) but not IGFBP-3. Individuals with higher than median IGF-1 (117.9 ng/mL) had significantly better estimated aerobic fitness (32.4 ± 6.9 mL kg-1 min-1) than those with lower than median IGF-1 (20.7 ± 7.8 mL kg-1 min-1; P = .03). Conclusions Improving aerobic fitness prior to stroke may be beneficial by increasing baseline IGF-1 levels. These results set the groundwork for future clinical trials to determine whether high IGF-1 and aerobic fitness are beneficial to stroke recovery by providing neuroprotection and improving function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Janice Sandt
- University of Kansas Hospital, Kansas City, KS, USA
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Mattlage AE, Rippee MA, Sandt J, Billinger SA. Decrease in Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Ratio in the First Week of Stroke Is Related to Positive Outcomes. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2016; 25:1800-1806. [PMID: 27113779 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2016.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), measured once during acute stroke, is associated with greater survival rates and lower stroke severity. However, information is lacking regarding how IGF-1 availability, determined by IGF-1's ratio to insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), relates to recovery and how the response of IGF-1 during the first week of stroke relates to outcomes. The purpose of this study was to determine the following: (1) the relationship between percent change in IGF-1 and IGF-1 ratio during the first week of stroke and stroke outcomes; and (2) the difference in percent change in IGF-1 and IGF-1 ratio in individuals being discharged home and individuals being discharged to inpatient facilities. METHODS IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 were quantified from blood sampled twice (<72 hours of admission; 1 week post stroke) in 15 individuals with acute stroke. Length of stay, modified Rankin Scale at 1 month, and discharge destination were obtained from electronic medical records. RESULTS Percent change in IGF-1 ratio was related to length of stay (r = .54; P = .04). Modified Rankin Scale (n = 10) was related to percent change in IGF-1 (r = .90; P < .001) and IGF-1 ratio (r = .75 P = .01). Individuals who went home (n = 7) had decreases in IGF-1 (-24 + 25%) and IGF-1 ratio (-36 + 50%), whereas individuals who went to inpatient facilities (n = 8) had increases in IGF-1 (37 + 46%) and IGF-1 ratio (30 + 40%). These differences were significant (IGF-1: P = .008; IGF-1 ratio: P = .01). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that a decrease in IGF-1 and IGF-1 ratio during the first week of stroke is associated with favorable outcomes: shorter length of stay, greater independence at 1 month on the modified Rankin Scale, and discharging home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Mattlage
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Michael A Rippee
- Department of Neurology, The University of Kansas Hospital, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Janice Sandt
- Advanced Comprehensive Stroke Center, The University of Kansas Hospital, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Sandra A Billinger
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.
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Hasan SMM, Rancourt SN, Austin MW, Ploughman M. Defining Optimal Aerobic Exercise Parameters to Affect Complex Motor and Cognitive Outcomes after Stroke: A Systematic Review and Synthesis. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:2961573. [PMID: 26881101 PMCID: PMC4736968 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2961573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Although poststroke aerobic exercise (AE) increases markers of neuroplasticity and protects perilesional tissue, the degree to which it enhances complex motor or cognitive outcomes is unknown. Previous research suggests that timing and dosage of exercise may be important. We synthesized data from clinical and animal studies in order to determine optimal AE training parameters and recovery outcomes for future research. Using predefined criteria, we included clinical trials of stroke of any type or duration and animal studies employing any established models of stroke. Of the 5,259 titles returned, 52 articles met our criteria, measuring the effects of AE on balance, lower extremity coordination, upper limb motor skills, learning, processing speed, memory, and executive function. We found that early-initiated low-to-moderate intensity AE improved locomotor coordination in rodents. In clinical trials, AE improved balance and lower limb coordination irrespective of intervention modality or parameter. In contrast, fine upper limb recovery was relatively resistant to AE. In terms of cognitive outcomes, poststroke AE in animals improved memory and learning, except when training was too intense. However, in clinical trials, combined training protocols more consistently improved cognition. We noted a paucity of studies examining the benefits of AE on recovery beyond cessation of the intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. M. Mahmudul Hasan
- Recovery & Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, L.A. Miller Centre, Room 400, 100 Forest Road, St. John's, NL, Canada A1A 1E5
| | - Samantha N. Rancourt
- Recovery & Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, L.A. Miller Centre, Room 400, 100 Forest Road, St. John's, NL, Canada A1A 1E5
| | - Mark W. Austin
- Recovery & Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, L.A. Miller Centre, Room 400, 100 Forest Road, St. John's, NL, Canada A1A 1E5
| | - Michelle Ploughman
- Recovery & Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, L.A. Miller Centre, Room 400, 100 Forest Road, St. John's, NL, Canada A1A 1E5
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The Effects of Exercise on Cognitive Recovery after Acquired Brain Injury in Animal Models: A Systematic Review. Neural Plast 2015; 2015:830871. [PMID: 26509085 PMCID: PMC4609870 DOI: 10.1155/2015/830871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present paper is to review the current status of exercise as a tool to promote cognitive rehabilitation after acquired brain injury (ABI) in animal model-based research. Searches were conducted on the PubMed, Scopus, and psycINFO databases in February 2014. Search strings used were: exercise (and) animal model (or) rodent (or) rat (and) traumatic brain injury (or) cerebral ischemia (or) brain irradiation. Studies were selected if they were (1) in English, (2) used adult animals subjected to acquired brain injury, (3) used exercise as an intervention tool after inflicted injury, (4) used exercise paradigms demanding movement of all extremities, (5) had exercise intervention effects that could be distinguished from other potential intervention effects, and (6) contained at least one measure of cognitive and/or emotional function. Out of 2308 hits, 22 publications fulfilled the criteria. The studies were examined relative to cognitive effects associated with three themes: exercise type (forced or voluntary), timing of exercise (early or late), and dose-related factors (intensity, duration, etc.). The studies indicate that exercise in many cases can promote cognitive recovery after brain injury. However, the optimal parameters to ensure cognitive rehabilitation efficacy still elude us, due to considerable methodological variations between studies.
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Neuroprotection of Early Locomotor Exercise Poststroke: Evidence From Animal Studies. Can J Neurol Sci 2015; 42:213-20. [PMID: 26041314 DOI: 10.1017/cjn.2015.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Early locomotor exercise after stroke has attracted a great deal of attention in clinical and animal research in recent years. A series of animal studies showed that early locomotor exercise poststroke could protect against ischemic brain injury and improve functional outcomes through the promotion of angiogenesis, inhibition of acute inflammatory response and neuron apoptosis, and protection of the blood-brain barrier. However, to date, the clinical application of early locomotor exercise poststroke was limited because some clinicians have little confidence in its effectiveness. Here we review the current progress of early locomotor exercise poststroke in animal models. We hope that a comprehensive awareness of the early locomotor exercise poststroke may help to implement early locomotor exercise more appropriately in treatment for ischemic stroke.
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Rubovitch V, Barak S, Rachmany L, Goldstein RB, Zilberstein Y, Pick CG. The Neuroprotective Effect of Salubrinal in a Mouse Model of Traumatic Brain Injury. Neuromolecular Med 2015; 17:58-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s12017-015-8340-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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CHANG HENGCHIH, YANG YEARU, WANG PAULUSS, WANG RAYYAU. Quercetin Enhances Exercise-Mediated Neuroprotective Effects in Brain Ischemic Rats. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014; 46:1908-16. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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The effects of poststroke aerobic exercise on neuroplasticity: a systematic review of animal and clinical studies. Transl Stroke Res 2014; 6:13-28. [PMID: 25023134 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-014-0357-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Aerobic exercise may be a catalyst to promote neuroplasticity and recovery following stroke; however, the optimal methods to measure neuroplasticity and the effects of training parameters have not been fully elucidated. We conducted a systematic review and synthesis of clinical trials and studies in animal models to determine (1) the extent to which aerobic exercise influences poststroke markers of neuroplasticity, (2) the optimal parameters of exercise required to induce beneficial effects, and (3) consistent outcomes in animal models that could help inform the design of future trials. Synthesized findings show that forced exercise at moderate to high intensity increases brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), nerve growth factor (NGF), and synaptogenesis in multiple brain regions. Dendritic branching was most responsive to moderate rather than intense training. Disparity between clinical stroke and stroke models (timing of initiation of exercise, age, gender) and clinically viable methods to measure neuroplasticity are some of the areas that should be addressed in future research.
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Austin MW, Ploughman M, Glynn L, Corbett D. Aerobic exercise effects on neuroprotection and brain repair following stroke: a systematic review and perspective. Neurosci Res 2014; 87:8-15. [PMID: 24997243 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic exercise (AE) enhances neuroplasticity and improves functional outcome in animal models of stroke, however the optimal parameters (days post-stroke, intensity, mode, and duration) to influence brain repair processes are not known. We searched PubMed, CINAHL, PsychInfo, the Cochrane Library, and the Central Register of Controlled Clinical Trials, using predefined criteria, including all years up to July 2013 (English language only). Clinical studies were included if participants had experienced an ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke. We included animal studies that utilized any method of global or focal ischemic stroke or intracerebral hemorrhage. Any intervention utilizing AE-based activity with the intention of improving cardiorespiratory fitness was included. Of the 4250 titles returned, 47 studies (all in animal models) met criteria and measured the effects of exercise on brain repair parameters (lesion volume, oxidative damage, inflammation and cell death, neurogenesis, angiogenesis and markers of stress). Our synthesized findings show that early-initiated (24-48h post-stroke) moderate forced exercise (10m/min, 5-7 days per week for about 30min) reduced lesion volume and protected perilesional tissue against oxidative damage and inflammation at least for the short term (4 weeks). The applicability and translation of experimental exercise paradigms to clinical trials are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Austin
- Recovery and Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Michelle Ploughman
- Recovery and Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada.
| | - Lindsay Glynn
- Health Sciences Library, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Dale Corbett
- Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Cosín-Tomás M, Alvarez-López MJ, Sanchez-Roige S, Lalanza JF, Bayod S, Sanfeliu C, Pallàs M, Escorihuela RM, Kaliman P. Epigenetic alterations in hippocampus of SAMP8 senescent mice and modulation by voluntary physical exercise. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:51. [PMID: 24688469 PMCID: PMC3960508 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The senescence-accelerated SAMP8 mouse model displays features of cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease. With the purpose of identifying potential epigenetic markers involved in aging and neurodegeneration, here we analyzed the expression of 84 mature miRNAs, the expression of histone-acetylation regulatory genes and the global histone acetylation in the hippocampus of 8-month-old SAMP8 mice, using SAMR1 mice as control. We also examined the modulation of these parameters by 8 weeks of voluntary exercise. Twenty-one miRNAs were differentially expressed between sedentary SAMP8 and SAMR1 mice and seven miRNAs were responsive to exercise in both strains. SAMP8 mice showed alterations in genes involved in protein acetylation homeostasis such as Sirt1 and Hdac6 and modulation of Hdac3 and Hdac5 gene expression by exercise. Global histone H3 acetylation levels were reduced in SAMP8 compared with SAMR1 mice and reached control levels in response to exercise. In sum, data presented here provide new candidate epigenetic markers for aging and neurodegeneration and suggest that exercise training may prevent or delay some epigenetic alterations associated with accelerated aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Cosín-Tomás
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Facultat de Farmàcia Institut de Biomedicina Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Nucli Universitari de Pedralbes Barcelona, Spain ; Department of Brain Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) Barcelona, Spain
| | - María J Alvarez-López
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Facultat de Farmàcia Institut de Biomedicina Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Nucli Universitari de Pedralbes Barcelona, Spain ; Department of Brain Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Sanchez-Roige
- Departamento de Psiquiatría y Medicina Legal, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Neurociencias, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume F Lalanza
- Departamento de Psiquiatría y Medicina Legal, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Neurociencias, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Bayod
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Facultat de Farmàcia Institut de Biomedicina Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Nucli Universitari de Pedralbes Barcelona, Spain
| | - Coral Sanfeliu
- Department of Brain Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) Barcelona, Spain
| | - Merce Pallàs
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Facultat de Farmàcia Institut de Biomedicina Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Nucli Universitari de Pedralbes Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa M Escorihuela
- Departamento de Psiquiatría y Medicina Legal, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Neurociencias, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
| | - Perla Kaliman
- Department of Brain Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) Barcelona, Spain
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Sohrabji F, Williams M. Stroke neuroprotection: oestrogen and insulin-like growth factor-1 interactions and the role of microglia. J Neuroendocrinol 2013; 25:1173-81. [PMID: 23763366 PMCID: PMC5630268 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Oestrogen has been shown to be neuroprotective for stroke and other neural injury models. Oestrogen promotes a neuroprotective phenotype through myriad actions, including stimulating neurogenesis, promoting neuronal differentiation and survival, suppressing neuroinflammation and maintaining the integrity of the blood-brain barrier. At the molecular level, oestrogen directly modulates genes that are beneficial for repair and regeneration via the canonical oestrogen receptor. Increasingly, evidence indicates that oestrogen acts in concert with growth factors to initiate neuroprotection. Oestrogen and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 act cooperatively to influence cell survival, and combined steroid hormone/growth factor interaction has been well documented in the context of neurones and astrocytes. Here, we summarise the evidence that oestrogen-mediated neuroprotection is critically dependent on IGF-1 signalling, and specifically focus on microglia as the source of IGF-1 and the locus of oestrogen-IGF-1 interactions in stroke neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Sohrabji
- Women's Health in Neuroscience Program, Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, TAMHSC College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, USA
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Radak Z, Ihasz F, Koltai E, Goto S, Taylor AW, Boldogh I. The redox-associated adaptive response of brain to physical exercise. Free Radic Res 2013; 48:84-92. [PMID: 23870001 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2013.826352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are continuously generated during metabolism. ROS are involved in redox signaling, but in significant concentrations they can greatly elevate oxidative damage leading to neurodegeneration. Because of the enhanced sensitivity of brain to ROS, it is especially important to maintain a normal redox state in brain and spinal cord cell types. The complex effects of exercise benefit brain function, including functional enhancement as well as its preventive and therapeutic roles. Exercise can induce neurogenesis via neurotrophic factors, increase capillarization, decrease oxidative damage, and enhance repair of oxidative damage. Exercise is also effective in attenuating age-associated loss in brain function, which suggests that physical activity-related complex metabolic and redox changes are important for a healthy neural system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Radak
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Institute of Sport Science, Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary
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Chang HC, Yang YR, Wang PS, Kuo CH, Wang RY. The neuroprotective effects of intramuscular insulin-like growth factor-I treatment in brain ischemic rats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64015. [PMID: 23717526 PMCID: PMC3661564 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain ischemia leads to muscle inactivity-induced atrophy and may exacerbate motor function deficits. Intramuscular insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) injection has been shown to alleviate the brain ischemia-induced muscle atrophy and thus improve the motor function. Motor function is normally gauged by the integrity and coordination of the central nervous system and peripheral muscles. Whether brain ischemic regions are adaptively changed by the intramuscular IGF-I injection is not well understood. In this study, the effect of intramuscular IGF-I injection was examined on the central nervous system of brain ischemic rats. Rats were divided into 4 groups: sham control, brain ischemia control, brain ischemia with IGF-I treatment, and brain ischemia with IGF-I plus IGF-I receptor inhibitor treatment. Brain ischemia was induced by right middle cerebral artery occlusion. IGF-I and an IGF-1 receptor inhibitor were injected into the affected calf and anterior tibialis muscles of the treated rats for 4 times. There was an interval of 2 days between each injection. Motor function was examined and measured at the 24 hours and 7 days following a brain ischemia. The affected hind-limb muscles, sciatic nerve, lumbar spinal cord, and motor cortex were collected for examination after euthanizing the rats. IGF-I expression in the central nervous system and affected muscles were significantly decreased after brain ischemia. Intramuscular IGF-I injection increased the IGF-I expression in the affected muscles, sciatic nerve, lumbar spinal cord, and motor cortex. It also increased the p-Akt expression in the affected motor cortex. Furthermore, intramuscular IGF-I injection decreased the neuronal apoptosis and improved the motor function. However, co-administration of the IGF-I receptor inhibitor eliminated these effects. Intramuscular IGF-I injection after brain ischemia attenuated or reversed the decrease of IGF-I in both central and peripheral tissues, and these effects could contribute to neuroprotection and improve motor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Chih Chang
- Department of Physical Therapy and Assistive Technology, National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan
| | - Yea-Ru Yang
- Department of Physical Therapy and Assistive Technology, National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan
| | - Paulus S. Wang
- Department and Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, Ph.D. Program for Aging, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Asia University, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hua Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Exercise Science, Taipei Physical Education College, Taiwan
| | - Ray-Yau Wang
- Department of Physical Therapy and Assistive Technology, National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Ström JO, Ingberg E, Theodorsson A, Theodorsson E. Method parameters' impact on mortality and variability in rat stroke experiments: a meta-analysis. BMC Neurosci 2013; 14:41. [PMID: 23548160 PMCID: PMC3637133 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-14-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Even though more than 600 stroke treatments have been shown effective in preclinical studies, clinically proven treatment alternatives for cerebral infarction remain scarce. Amongst the reasons for the discrepancy may be methodological shortcomings, such as high mortality and outcome variability, in the preclinical studies. A common approach in animal stroke experiments is that A) focal cerebral ischemia is inflicted, B) some type of treatment is administered and C) the infarct sizes are assessed. However, within this paradigm, the researcher has to make numerous methodological decisions, including choosing rat strain and type of surgical procedure. Even though a few studies have attempted to address the questions experimentally, a lack of consensus regarding the optimal methodology remains. Methods We therefore meta-analyzed data from 502 control groups described in 346 articles to find out how rat strain, procedure for causing focal cerebral ischemia and the type of filament coating affected mortality and infarct size variability. Results The Wistar strain and intraluminal filament procedure using a silicone coated filament was found optimal in lowering infarct size variability. The direct and endothelin methods rendered lower mortality rate, whereas the embolus method increased it compared to the filament method. Conclusions The current article provides means for researchers to adjust their middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) protocols to minimize infarct size variability and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob O Ström
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, County Council of Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden.
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Sun C, Meng Q, Zhang L, Wang H, Quirion R, Zheng W. Glutamate attenuates IGF-1 receptor tyrosine phosphorylation in mouse brain: Possible significance in ischemic brain damage. Neurosci Res 2012; 74:290-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Leite HR, Mourão FAG, Drumond LE, Ferreira-Vieira TH, Bernardes D, Silva JF, Lemos VS, Moraes MFD, Pereira GS, Carvalho-Tavares J, Massensini AR. Swim training attenuates oxidative damage and promotes neuroprotection in cerebral cortical slices submitted to oxygen glucose deprivation. J Neurochem 2012; 123:317-24. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07898.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hércules R. Leite
- Núcleo de Neurociências (NNC), Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Pampulha; Belo Horizonte; Minas Gerais; Brasil
| | - Flávio A. G. Mourão
- Núcleo de Neurociências (NNC), Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Pampulha; Belo Horizonte; Minas Gerais; Brasil
| | - Luciana E. Drumond
- Núcleo de Neurociências (NNC), Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Pampulha; Belo Horizonte; Minas Gerais; Brasil
| | - Talita H. Ferreira-Vieira
- Núcleo de Neurociências (NNC), Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Pampulha; Belo Horizonte; Minas Gerais; Brasil
| | - Danielle Bernardes
- Núcleo de Neurociências (NNC), Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Pampulha; Belo Horizonte; Minas Gerais; Brasil
| | - Josiane F. Silva
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Cardiovascular, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Pampulha; Belo Horizonte; Minas Gerais; Brasil
| | - Virgínia S. Lemos
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Cardiovascular, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Pampulha; Belo Horizonte; Minas Gerais; Brasil
| | - Márcio F. D. Moraes
- Núcleo de Neurociências (NNC), Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Pampulha; Belo Horizonte; Minas Gerais; Brasil
| | - Grace S. Pereira
- Núcleo de Neurociências (NNC), Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Pampulha; Belo Horizonte; Minas Gerais; Brasil
| | - Juliana Carvalho-Tavares
- Núcleo de Neurociências (NNC), Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Pampulha; Belo Horizonte; Minas Gerais; Brasil
| | - André R. Massensini
- Núcleo de Neurociências (NNC), Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Pampulha; Belo Horizonte; Minas Gerais; Brasil
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