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Chen F, Han J, Tang B. Patterns of Immune Infiltration and the Key Immune-Related Genes in Acute Type A Aortic Dissection in Bioinformatics Analyses. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14:2857-2869. [PMID: 34211294 PMCID: PMC8242140 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s317405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immune-inflammatory mechanisms contribute greatly to the complex process leading to type A aortic dissection (TAAD). This study aims to explore immune infiltration and key immune-related genes in acute TAAD. Methods ImmuCellAI algorithm was applied to analyze patterns of immune infiltration in TAAD samples and normal aortic vessel samples in the GSE153434 dataset. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened. Immune-related genes were obtained from overlapping DEGs of GSE153434 and immune genes of the ImmPort database. The hub genes were obtained based on the protein–protein interaction (PPI) network. The hub genes in TAAD were validated in the GSE52093 dataset. The correlation between the key immune-related genes and infiltrating immune cells was further analyzed. Results In the study, the abundance of macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer T cells (NKT cells), natural regulatory T cells (nTreg), T-helper 17 cells (Th17 cells) and monocytes was increased in TAAD samples, whereas that of dendritic cells (DCs), CD4 T cells, central memory T cells (Tcm), mucosa associated invariant T cells (MAIT cells) and B cells was decreased. Interleukin 6 (IL-6), C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) were identified and validated in the GSE52093 dataset as the key immune-related genes. Furthermore, IL-6, CCL2 and HGF were correlated with different types of immune cells. Conclusion In conclusion, several immune cells such as macrophages, neutrophils, NKT cells, and nTreg may be involved in the development of TAAD. IL-6, CCL2 and HGF were identified and validated as the key immune-related genes of TAAD via bioinformatics analyses. The key immune cells and immune-related genes have the potential to be developed as targets of prevention and immunotherapy for patients with TAAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengshou Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Han
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
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Naito A, Sakao S, Lang IM, Voelkel NF, Jujo T, Ishida K, Sugiura T, Matsumiya G, Yoshino I, Tanabe N, Tatsumi K. Endothelial cells from pulmonary endarterectomy specimens possess a high angiogenic potential and express high levels of hepatocyte growth factor. BMC Pulm Med 2018; 18:197. [PMID: 30594174 PMCID: PMC6310963 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-018-0769-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impaired angiogenesis is assumed to be an important factor in the development of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). However, the role of endothelial cells (ECs) in CTEPH remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the angiogenic potential of ECs from pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA) specimens. METHODS We isolated ECs from PEA specimens (CTEPH-ECs) and control EC lines from the intact pulmonary arteries of patients with peripheral lung cancers, using a MACS system. These cells were analyzed in vitro including PCR-array analysis, and the PEA specimens were analyzed with immunohistochemistry. Additionally, the serum HGF levels were determined in CTEPH patients. RESULTS A three-dimensional culture assay revealed that CTEPH-ECs were highly angiogenic. An angiogenesis-focused gene PCR array revealed a high expression of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in CTEPH-ECs. The high expression of HGF was also confirmed in the supernatant extracted from PEA specimens. The immunohistochemical analysis showed expression of HGF on the surface of the thrombus vessels. The serum HGF levels in CTEPH patients were higher than those in pulmonary thromboembolism survivors. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that there are ECs with pro-angiogenetic character and high expression of HGF in PEA specimens. It remains unknown how these results are attributable to the etiology. However, further investigation focused on the HGF pathway may provide novel diagnostic and therapeutic tools for patients with CTEPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Naito
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-Ku, Chiba City, 260-8670, Japan.,Department of Advancing Research on Treatment Strategies for respiratory disease, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-Ku, Chiba City, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Seiichiro Sakao
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-Ku, Chiba City, 260-8670, Japan.
| | - Irene M Lang
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Norbert F Voelkel
- Victoria Johnson Center for Obstructive Lung Disease, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1101 East Marshall Street, Sanger Hall, Richmond, VA, 23298-0565, USA
| | - Takayuki Jujo
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-Ku, Chiba City, 260-8670, Japan.,Department of Advanced Medicine in Pulmonary Hypertension, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-Ku, Chiba City, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Keiichi Ishida
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-Ku, Chiba City, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Sugiura
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-Ku, Chiba City, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Goro Matsumiya
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-Ku, Chiba City, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Ichiro Yoshino
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-Ku, Chiba City, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Tanabe
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-Ku, Chiba City, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Koichiro Tatsumi
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-Ku, Chiba City, 260-8670, Japan
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Current Status and Future Prospects of Biomarkers in the Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Biol Markers 2017; 32:e361-e369. [PMID: 28967065 DOI: 10.5301/ijbm.5000299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has one of the highest death rates of any cancer in the world, and its incidence is increasing worldwide. Early-stage diagnosis of HCC is thus crucial for medical treatment. Detection of tumor biomarkers is one of the main methods for the early diagnosis of HCC. At present, α-fetoprotein (AFP) is the most practical serum biomarker for HCC diagnosis. However, the diagnostic accuracy of HCC with serum AFP exhibits both sensitivity and specificity far below satisfaction, especially with small sizes of HCC. As a result, the discovery of new biomarkers and/or their combination to enhance both the sensitivity and specificity for laboratory diagnosis of HCC is a crucial goal. With the development of new technology and advances in research, a number of new and specific biomarkers of HCC have been discovered. These biomarkers and their applications for the diagnosis, treatment monitoring and prognosis prediction of HCC, are reviewed in this article.
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von Allmen RS, Dick F. Commentary on "biochemical and immunomorphological evaluation of hepatocyte growth factor and c-Met pathway in patients with critical limb ischemia": regenerative therapy of chronically ischaemic wounds: land in sight? Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2014; 48:438-9. [PMID: 25130317 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R S von Allmen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Swiss Cardiovascular Centre, University Hospital Bern and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - F Dick
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Swiss Cardiovascular Centre, University Hospital Bern and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Dawood A, Megahed M, Abdelatti E, Elmahallawy I, Demerdash H, Elghobashy Y, Ibrahim E. Hepatocyte growth factor and the risk of pulmonary embolism. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF CHEST DISEASES AND TUBERCULOSIS 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcdt.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Clinical significance of serum hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) levels in hepatocellular carcinoma. Tumour Biol 2013; 35:2327-33. [PMID: 24142532 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1308-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the commonest primary malignant cancer of the liver in the world. This study was conducted to investigate the serum levels of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)in HCC patients and the relationship with tumor progression and known prognostic parameters. Fifty-four patients with HCC were investigated. Pretreatment HGF levels were employed the quantitative sandwich enzyme immunoassay technique (ELISA). Age and sex matched 20 healthy controls were included in the analysis. The median age of the patients was 60 years (range 36-77 years); where males consistituted of majority of the group (88.8%). All of patients had cirrhotic history. Fourty-six percent (n = 25) of patients had Child-Pugh Score A, 30% (n = 16) had Score B or C. All of the patients were treated with local therapies but none of them received sorafenib. The baseline serum HGF levels were significantly higher in patients with HCC than in the control group (p < 0.001). Male patients had higher serum HGF levels compared with female patients (p = 0.01). Serum HGF levels were significantly higher in the patients with elevated serum ALT levels than others with normal serum ALT levels (p = 0.05). Poor performance status (p < 0.001), viral etiology of cirrhosis (p = 0.03), larger tumor size (p = 0.01), lower serum hemogloblin levels (p = 0.03), and not be treated for HCC (p = 0.001) related to worse survival. However, serum HGF did not have significantly adverse effect on survival (p = 0.58). Despite serum HGF levels were found diagnostic value, serum HGF levels had no prognostic value in patients with HCC.
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Wykrzykowska JJ, Garcia-Garcia HM, Goedhart D, Zalewski A, Serruys PW. Differential protein biomarker expression and their time-course in patients with a spectrum of stable and unstable coronary syndromes in the Integrated Biomarker and Imaging Study-1 (IBIS-1). Int J Cardiol 2011; 149:10-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2009] [Revised: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 11/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Wen D, Zhou XL, Li JJ, Hui RT. Biomarkers in aortic dissection. Clin Chim Acta 2011; 412:688-95. [PMID: 21237193 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2010.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 12/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/31/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Aortic dissection (AD) is a severe cardiovascular disease with high mortality and morbidity, which is characterized by acute onset and rapid progress. Mechanically, it has been considered that circulating blood flows into the media of the aorta through the rupture of the intima forming true and false lumens. Generally, its pathologic process is considered as follows: initially, inflammatory reaction, inflammatory cells infiltration in aortic wall, and then apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells, degenerating of aortic media, elastin fracture, and degradation. At last, the ingredients of the aorta are destroyed and lead to aortic dilatation, aneurysm formation, dissection and rupture. Currently, several biomarkers in peripheral blood including C-reactive protein (CRP), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), soluble elastin fragments (sELAF), D-dimer, smooth muscle myosin heavy chain, calponin, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), big endothelin-1 (Big ET-1), genetic markers and so on, have been demonstrated to play a major role in evaluation of AD, for example, making early diagnosis and classifying of AD. Additionally, those markers may also guide our treatment therapies and predict the prognosis. The aims of this review mainly focus on the clinical implications of the biomarkers in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wen
- Department of Cardiology, Fu Wai Hospital and Cardiovascular Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 167 Beilishi Road, Beijing 100037, China
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Anan F, Masaki T, Jikumaru K, Iwao T, Eshima N, Saikawa T, Yoshimatsu H. Hepatocyte growth factor is a significant risk factor for white matter lesions in Japanese type 2 diabetic patients. Eur J Clin Invest 2010; 40:585-90. [PMID: 20497462 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2010.02301.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of white matter lesions (WML) is an important prognostic factor for the development of stroke. Elevated hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) levels are associated with a high mortality rate in type 2 diabetic patients. The preliminary study was therefore designed to test the hypothesis that the presence of WML correlates with HGF and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic patients not receiving insulin treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS Based on brain magnetic resonance imaging, 92 type 2 diabetic patients were divided into two groups: WML-positive group (age 60 +/- 5 years, mean +/- SD, n = 35) and WML-negative group (age 59 +/- 6 years, mean +/- SD, n = 57. The level of blood glucose was assessed by fasting plasma glucose, fasting immunoreactive insulin, homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) index and haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). RESULTS The body mass index was higher in the WML-positive group than that in the WML-negative group (P < 0.005). Plasma levels of triglycerides were higher while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was lower in the WML-positive group than in the WML-negative group (P < 0.01 and P < 0.0001 respectively). Fasting plasma glucose (P < 0.0001), insulin concentrations (P < 0.0001), HOMA index (P < 0.0001) and HGF (< 0.0001) levels were higher in the WML-positive group than in the WML-negative group. Multivariate logistic analysis revealed that WML was independently predicted by the high HGF and insulin resistance (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.0001 respectively). CONCLUSION The results of this preliminary study indicate that the presence of WML was associated with the high HGF and insulin resistance in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Futoshi Anan
- Department of Cardiology, Oita Red Cross Hospital, Oita, Japan.
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10
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Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the commonest cancers worldwide, particularly in parts of the developing world, and is increasing in incidence. This article reviews the current modalities employed for the diagnosis of HCC, including serum markers, radiological techniques and histological evaluation, and summarises international guidelines for the diagnostic approach to HCC.
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Anan F, Masaki T, Yonemochi H, Takahashi N, Nakagawa M, Eshima N, Saikawa T, Yoshimatsu H. Hepatocyte growth factor levels are associated with the results of 123I-metaiodobenzylguanidine myocardial scintigraphy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism 2009; 58:167-73. [PMID: 19154948 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2008.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2008] [Accepted: 09/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Elevated hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) levels and cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction are associated with a high mortality rate in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. We tested the hypothesis that elevated HGF is associated with insulin resistance and cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus not receiving insulin treatment. The study group consisted of 21 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with high HGF levels (>0.26 ng/mL, 58 +/- 5 years old, high-HGF group). The control group consisted of 25 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with normal HGF levels (<or=0.26 ng/mL, 58 +/- 9 years old, normal-HGF group). Cardiovascular autonomic function was assessed by baroreflex sensitivity, heart rate variability, plasma norepinephrine concentrations, and cardiac (123)I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scintigraphy. Early and delayed (123)I-MIBG myocardial uptake values were lower (P < .005 and P < .01, respectively) and the percentage of washout rate of (123)I-MIBG was higher (P < .001) in the high-HGF group than in the normal-HGF group. The fasting plasma insulin concentrations (P < .0001) and the homeostasis model assessment index values (P < .0001) were higher in the high-HGF group than in the normal-HGF group. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the level of HGF was independently predicted by the homeostasis model assessment index values and the myocardial uptake of (123)I-MIBG at the delayed phase. Our results demonstrate that high levels of HGF are associated with depressed cardiovascular autonomic function and insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Futoshi Anan
- Department of Cardiology, Oita Red Cross Hospital, Oita 870-0033, Japan.
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Chu SH, Feng DF, Ma YB, Zhu ZA, Zhang H, Qiu JH. Stabilization of hepatocyte growth factor mRNA by hypoxia-inducible factor 1. Mol Biol Rep 2008; 36:1967-75. [PMID: 18979225 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-008-9406-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2008] [Accepted: 10/21/2008] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia regulates expression of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) by increasing its transcription and by stabilizing its mRNA. Despite the pivotal role of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) in transcriptional activation of hypoxia-responsive genes, it is not known whether HIF-1 mediates hypoxia-induced stabilization of HGF mRNA. We constructed adenoviral vectors expressing either the wild-type HIF-1alpha (Ad2/HIF-1alpha/FL), a constitutively stable hybrid form of HIF-1alpha (Ad2/HIF-1alpha/VP16), or no transgene (Ad2/CMVEV). In rat glioma (C6) cells, human glioma (U251) cells human cardiac, vascular smooth muscle, and endothelial cells, infection with Ad2/HIF-1alpha/VP16 or Ad2/HIF-1alpha/FL increased HGF expression at both the mRNA and protein levels. Under normoxic conditions, the half-life of HGF mRNA was 43 min in C6 and U251 cells. Hypoxia and Ad2/HIF-1alpha/VP16 increased the half-life of HGF mRNA to 3.2 and 2.8 h, respectively, while Ad2/CMVEV had no effect. These studies are the first to demonstrate that overexpression of HIF-1alpha increases HGF mRNA stability. Our results also suggest that stabilization of HGF mRNA by hypoxia is mediated, at least in part, by HIF-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Hua Chu
- Department of Neurosurgery, No. 3 People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Anan F, Shimomura T, Imagawa M, Masaki T, Nawata T, Takahashi N, Yonemochi H, Eshima N, Saikawa T, Yoshimatsu H. Predictors for silent cerebral infarction in patients with chronic renal failure undergoing hemodialysis. Metabolism 2007; 56:593-8. [PMID: 17445532 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2007.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2006] [Accepted: 12/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In patients with chronic renal failure undergoing hemodialysis (HD), silent cerebral infarctions (SCIs) are associated with high mortality. Levels of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) increase with renal dysfunction and may be a novel predictor of cerebrovascular events. We examined if HGF is a predictor of SCI in HD patients. Brain magnetic resonance imaging findings were used to divide 50 patients undergoing HD into 2 groups, a group with SCI (age, 61 +/- 8 years, mean +/- SD; n = 27) and a group without SCI (age, 60 +/- 7 years; n = 23). These patients received 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. The number of patients with diabetes or hypertension was not different between the 2 groups. We made the following observations: (1) The percentage of smokers was higher in the group with SCI than in the group without SCI (P < .05). (2) Plasma levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were lower and HGF levels were higher in the group with SCI compared with the group without SCI (P < .05 and P < .005, respectively). (3) Systolic ambulatory blood pressure and mean heart rate at night were higher in the group with SCI than in the group without SCI (P < .05). Multiple logistic regression analysis identified HGF as a significant risk factor for SCI (odds ratio, 1.89; 95% confidence interval, 1.57-3.38; P < .005). Our findings indicate that HGF may be a novel useful predictor of SCI in patients with chronic renal failure undergoing HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Futoshi Anan
- Department of Cardiology, Oita Red Cross Hospital, Oita, Japan.
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Wright LM, Kreikemeier JT, Fimmel CJ. A concise review of serum markers for hepatocellular cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 31:35-44. [PMID: 17293059 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdp.2006.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2006] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rising incidence of hepatocellular cancer in the US and worldwide has sparked a renewed interest in HCC serum markers. HCC typically develops in patients with chronic liver disease and cirrhosis. It is in these target populations that serum markers are most urgently needed. Unfortunately, the currently available markers lack sensitivity and specificity. A number of novel candidate markers have recently been introduced. METHODS We performed a review of the literature (2001-2006) of traditional and novel serum markers for hepatocellular cancer. RESULTS Several promising new HCC markers have been identified over the past 5 years. They include single proteins, complex proteomics features, and tumor-specific autoantibodies. The excitement about the new markers is tempered by the realization that none of them have yet met the most stringent criteria defined by the Early Detection Research Network (EDRN). CONCLUSION A new generation of HCC serum markers awaits validation in properly controlled clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorinda M Wright
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Loyola University, Chicago, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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Anwaruddin S, Askari AT, Topol EJ. Redefining Risk in Acute Coronary Syndromes Using Molecular Medicine. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 49:279-89. [PMID: 17239708 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2006.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2006] [Revised: 07/06/2006] [Accepted: 08/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Acute coronary syndromes represent a complex phenotype involving the interplay of many elements. The risk of developing an acute coronary syndrome and related complications has been defined by variables such as age, diabetes, smoking history, serum creatine phosphokinase, or electrocardiographic findings. However, in the past 5 years the wide-scale acceptance of a protein--troponin--has changed the diagnostic profile. With advances in molecular medicine, this protein is a segue to a panel of molecular assays that will improve screening and tailored intervention. We expound upon some of these factors and the potential they may carry in changing clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saif Anwaruddin
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Zhou YJ, Wang JH, Zhang J. Hepatocyte growth factor protects human endothelial cells against advanced glycation end products-induced apoptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 344:658-66. [PMID: 16630544 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.03.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2006] [Accepted: 03/23/2006] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) form by a non-enzymatic reaction between reducing sugars and biological proteins, which play an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. In this study, we assessed AGEs effects on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) growth, proliferation and apoptosis. Additionally, we investigated whether hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), an anti-apoptotic factor for endothelial cells, prevents AGEs-induced apoptosis of HUVECs. HUVECs were treated with AGEs in the presence or absence of HGF. Treatment of HUVECs with AGEs changed cell morphology, decreased cell viability, and induced DNA fragmentation, leading to apoptosis. Apoptosis was induced by AGEs in a dose- and time-dependent fashion. AGEs markedly elevated Bax and decreased NF-kappaB, but not Bcl-2 expression. Additionally, AGEs significantly inhibited cell growth through a pro-apoptotic action involving caspase-3 and -9 activations in HUVECs. Most importantly, pretreatment with HGF protected against AGEs-induced cytotoxicity in the endothelial cells. HGF significantly promoted the expression of Bcl-2 and NF-kappaB, while decreasing the activities of caspase-3 and -9 without affecting Bax level. Our data suggest that AGEs induce apoptosis in endothelial cells. HGF effectively attenuate AGEs-induced endothelial cell apoptosis. These findings provide new perspectives in the role of HGF in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jun Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, PR China.
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Awata M, Kotani JI, Nanto S, Uematsu M, Morozumi T, Hori M, Nagata S. Sustained Attenuation of Neointimal Coverage Over the Stent Following Brachytherapy for In-Stent Restenosis Angioscopic Findings. Circ J 2006; 70:846-50. [PMID: 16799236 DOI: 10.1253/circj.70.846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nature of the vessel lumen following vascular brachytherapy (VBT) has not been extensively explored in the clinical setting. METHODS AND RESULTS By using angioscopy, 33 stents treated with percutaneous balloon angioplasty with or without VBT for in-stent restenosis after 8.9 +/- 2.1 months of the treatment were followed (VBT =14 lesions; control =19 lesions). Neointimal coverage, stent attachment, and the presence of red or white thrombi were factors that were assessed. The majority of the stents (74%) were fully covered with non-transparent neointima in the control group. In contrast, stent struts were clearly seen in 57% lesions with VBT. The absence of neointima with glittering stent struts were only seen in 29% of lesions in VBT (p = 0.03). Incomplete stent attachment was not detected in the controls, whereas 14% were in VBT (p = 0.17). Red thrombi were observed in 14% with VBT and in 16% in controls, which showed that there was a similar incidence regardless of the treatment. Neither exposure of stent struts (p = 0.5) nor incomplete stent attachment (p = 1.0) was related to thrombi. CONCLUSIONS The exposure of stent struts and incomplete stent attachment were occasionally observed by angioscopy even 9 months after VBT for the treatment of in-stent restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Awata
- Cardiovascular Division, Kansai Rosai Hospital, Amagasaki, Japan.
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Maejima Y, Yasu T, Ueba H, Kobayashi N, Hashimoto S, Kubo N, Kakehashi A, Isobe M, Kawakami M, Saito M. Exercise after heparin administration: new therapeutic program for patients with-option arteriosclerosis oblitrans. Circ J 2005; 69:1099-104. [PMID: 16127194 DOI: 10.1253/circj.69.1099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A prospective study examined whether a combination of an exercise program and heparin administration improves the clinical symptoms of patients with arteriosclerosis obliterans (ASO) without an indication for surgical revascularization because of the lack of distal target vessels or other reasons such as high surgical risk or lack of a vein conduit from previous coronary artery bypass surgery. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 19 consecutive patients with symptomatic non-option ASO diagnosed by angiography were randomly assigned to 3 groups: heparin + exercise (walking for 60 min after heparin injection [3,000 units/day IV for 14 days], n = 6), heparin administration only (n = 6), and exercise only (n = 7). Plasma levels of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) were serially measured before and after intravenous administration of heparin. Ankle brachial pressure index was measured and treadmill exercise test (2.5 km/h, 12% slope) was performed before the 2-week treatment, just after finishing treatment, and 12 weeks after beginning the treatment. Ophthalmic examinations, including visual acuity test, ocular fundoscopy and fluorescein angiographic fundus photography, were performed before and 12 weeks after the treatment program. In all patients, HGF levels increased more than 4-fold of the basal level at 30 min after heparin injection. Maximum walking time was significantly higher in the heparin + exercise group than in the other 2 groups (p < 0.05). There were no patients who showed pathological retinal angiogenesis. CONCLUSION The combination of an exercise program and heparin administration improves the clinical symptoms of patients with non-option ASO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Maejima
- First Department of Integrated Medicine, Omiya Medical Center, Jichi Medical School, Saitama, Japan
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Hazui H, Fukumoto H, Negoro N, Hoshiga M, Muraoka H, Nishimoto M, Morita H, Hanafusa T. Simple and Useful Tests for Discriminating Between Acute Aortic Dissection of the Ascending Aorta and Acute Myocardial Infarction in the Emergency Setting. Circ J 2005; 69:677-82. [PMID: 15914945 DOI: 10.1253/circj.69.677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is important to rapidly distinguish patients with acute aortic dissection of the ascending aorta (AADa) from those with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), because minimizing the time to initiation of reperfusion therapy leads to maximum benefits for AMI and erroneous reperfusion therapy for AADa can produce harmful outcomes. The aim of this study was to find a simple test to distinguish such patients. METHODS AND RESULTS Data were collected from 29 consecutive patients with AADa and 49 consecutive patients with AMI who were admitted within 4 h of the onset of symptoms. The D-dimer concentration and the ratio of the maximum upper mediastinal diameter to the maximum thoracic diameter on plain chest radiograph (M-ratio) in the emergency room were studied retrospectively. Setting the cutoff values of the D-dimer concentration and the M-ratio to 0.8 or 0.9 microg/ml and 0.309, respectively, gave a sensitivity of 93.1% and 93.1% for AADa, respectively, and a sensitivity of 91.8% and 85.7% for AMI, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The D-dimer value and the M-ratio, with appropriate cutoff values, have potential as tests that can be routinely used to exclude AADa patients from patients diagnosed with AMI prior to reperfusion therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Hazui
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Osaka Mishima Emergency and Critical Care Center, Japan.
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20
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Akutsu K, Sato N, Yamamoto T, Morita N, Takagi H, Fujita N, Tanaka K, Takano T. A Rapid Bedside D-Dimer Assay (Cardiac D-Dimer) for Screening of Clinically Suspected Acute Aortic Dissection. Circ J 2005; 69:397-403. [PMID: 15791032 DOI: 10.1253/circj.69.397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A rapid laboratory test for diagnosis of acute aortic dissection (AAD) has not been available. We performed this prospective study to determine the utility of a rapid bedside D-dimer (DD) assay for detection of AAD. METHODS AND RESULTS Patients with suspected AAD were recruited and their DD levels were measured by rapid bedside assay. They were divided into 2 groups according to enhanced computed tomography findings: an AAD group (n = 30) and a non-AAD group (n = 48). The median DD level was higher in the AAD group (1.80 microg/ml) than in the non-AAD group (0.42 microg/ml) (p = 0.000). The rapid bedside DD assay showed 100% sensitivity, 54% specificity, 58% positive predictive value and 100% negative predictive value for detection of AAD with a normal DD level of up to 0.5 microg/ml. The combination of DD level >0.5 microg/ml and systolic blood pressure > or = 180 mmHg showed 86% positive predictive value for detection of AAD. Conclusions We conclude that the rapid bedside DD assay is a highly sensitive method for early exclusion of AAD in patients with chest and/or back pain suggestive of AAD. Acute aortic dissection is highly probable if a rapid DD assay shows the elevated DD level with systolic blood pressure > or = 180 mmHg on admission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Akutsu
- Intensive and Coronary Care Unit, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.
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