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Zhu L, Mou C, Yang X, Lin J, Yang Q. Mitophagy in TGEV infection counteracts oxidative stress and apoptosis. Oncotarget 2017; 7:27122-41. [PMID: 27027356 PMCID: PMC5053637 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelial cells contain a large number of mitochondria for persisting absorption and barrier function. Selective autophagy of mitochondria (mitophagy) plays an important role in the quality control of mitochondria and maintenance of cell homeostasis. Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) is a porcine enteropathogenic coronavirus which induces malabsorption and lethal watery diarrhea in suckling piglets. The role of mitophagy in the pathological changes caused by TGEV infection is unclear. Here, we report that TGEV induces mitophagy to suppress oxidative stress and apoptosis induced by viral infection in porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). We observe that TGEV infection induce mitochondrial injury, abnormal morphology, complete mitophagy, and without obvious apoptosis after TGEV infection. Meanwhile, TGEV also induces DJ-1 and some antioxidant genes upregulation to suppress oxidative stress induced by viral infection. Furthermore, silencing DJ-1 inhibit mitophagy and increase apoptosis after TGEV infection. In addition, we demonstrate for the first time that viral nucleocapsid protein (N) is located in mitochondria and mitophagosome during virus infection or be expressed alone. Those results provide a novel perspective for further improvement of prevention and treatment in TGEV infection. These results suggest that TGEV infection induce mitophagy to promote cell survival and possibly viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunxiao Mou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University Weigang No.1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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Moulis M, Vindis C. Methods for Measuring Autophagy in Mice. Cells 2017; 6:cells6020014. [PMID: 28594368 PMCID: PMC5492018 DOI: 10.3390/cells6020014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a dynamic intracellular process that mediates the degradation of damaged cytoplasmic components by the lysosome. This process plays important roles in maintaining normal cellular homeostasis and energy balance. Measuring autophagy activity is critical and although the determination of autophagic flux in isolated cells is well documented, there is a need to have reliable and quantitative assays to evaluate autophagy in whole organisms. Because mouse models have been precious in establishing the functional significance of autophagy under physiological or pathological conditions, we present in this chapter a compendium of the current available methods to measure autophagy in mice, and discuss their advantages and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Moulis
- INSERM, UMR-1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases and University Paul Sabatier, F-31342 Toulouse, France.
| | - Cécile Vindis
- INSERM, UMR-1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases and University Paul Sabatier, F-31342 Toulouse, France.
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Abstract
In eukaryotes, physiological cell functions rely on the preservation of the size and activity of the mitochondrial network. Mitophagy provides a key contribution in this setting by ensuring the removal of permeabilized or supernumerary mitochondria. Throughout the past decade, mitophagy has attracted considerable attention from both fundamental researchers and translational investigators, both of whom have called for the development of techniques that allow the precise quantification of mitophagy (as opposed to general autophagy). In this chapter, we present morphological, biochemical, and fluorescence-based approaches to measure autophagy in mammalian cells, and discuss recent progress in mouse models for the assessment of mitophagy in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - K Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - J Han
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Q Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Y Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
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Zhou Y, Rucker EB, Zhou BP. Autophagy regulation in the development and treatment of breast cancer. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2016; 48:60-74. [PMID: 26637829 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmv119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a major catabolic process in which intracellular membrane structures, protein complexes, and lysosomes are formed as lysoautophagosome to degrade and renew cytoplasmic components. Autophagy is physiologically a strategy and mechanism for cellular homeostasis as well as adaptation to stress, and thus alterations in the autophagy machinery may lead to diverse pathological conditions. The role of autophagy in cancer is complex, and the current literature reflects this as a 'double-edged sword'. Autophagy shows promise as a novel therapeutic target in various types of breast cancer, inhibiting or increasing treatment efficacy in a context- and cell-type-dependent manner. This review aims to summarize the recent advances in the understanding of the mechanisms by which key modulators of autophagy participate in cancer metastasis, highlight different autophagy-deficient murine models for breast cancer study, and provide further impetus for the modulation of autophagy in anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Zhou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40506, USA Department of Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Edmund B Rucker
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences, Lexington, KY 40506, USA Department of Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Binhua P Zhou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40506, USA Department of Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
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Abstract
Autophagy is an important physiological process in the heart, and alterations in autophagic activity can exacerbate or mitigate injury during various pathological processes. Methods to assess autophagy have changed rapidly because the field of research has expanded. As with any new field, methods and standards for data analysis and interpretation evolve as investigators acquire experience and insight. The purpose of this review is to summarize current methods to measure autophagy, selective mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy), and autophagic flux. We will examine several published studies where confusion arose in data interpretation, to illustrate the challenges. Finally, we will discuss methods to assess autophagy in vivo and in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta A Gottlieb
- From the Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute and the Barbra Streisand Women's Heart Center Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA.
| | - Allen M Andres
- From the Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute and the Barbra Streisand Women's Heart Center Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jon Sin
- From the Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute and the Barbra Streisand Women's Heart Center Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - David P J Taylor
- From the Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute and the Barbra Streisand Women's Heart Center Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
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Hale AN, Ledbetter DJ, Gawriluk TR, Rucker EB. Autophagy: regulation and role in development. Autophagy 2014; 9:951-72. [PMID: 24121596 DOI: 10.4161/auto.24273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved cellular process through which long-lived proteins and damaged organelles are recycled to maintain energy homeostasis. These proteins and organelles are sequestered into a double-membrane structure, or autophagosome, which subsequently fuses with a lysosome in order to degrade the cargo. Although originally classified as a type of programmed cell death, autophagy is more widely viewed as a basic cell survival mechanism to combat environmental stressors. Autophagy genes were initially identified in yeast and were found to be necessary to circumvent nutrient stress and starvation. Subsequent elucidation of mammalian gene counterparts has highlighted the importance of this process to normal development. This review provides an overview of autophagy, the types of autophagy, its regulation and its known impact on development gleaned primarily from murine models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber N Hale
- Department of Biology; University of Kentucky; Lexington, KY USA
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Peng YF, Shi YH, Shen YH, Ding ZB, Ke AW, Zhou J, Qiu SJ, Fan J. Promoting colonization in metastatic HCC cells by modulation of autophagy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74407. [PMID: 24058558 PMCID: PMC3772859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Autophagy is an important adaptive survival mechanism, which has been postulated to be involved in cancer metastasis. The purpose of this study was to investigate autophagy in metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods Immunohistochemical analysis of autophagic activity in metastatic and paired primary HCC tissues using LC3 as autophagosome marker was performed in samples from 216 HCC patients diagnosed with metastasis (including 158 intravascular, 42 intrabiliary, 8 lymph node, 4 bone and 4 lung metastases). Then a mouse model of pulmonary metastasis was established using a highly metastatic HCC cell line (HCCLM3). Autophagy in pulmonary metastases and paired primary tumors were analyzed by LC3 immunohistochemistry, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and western blot analysis. Further, mouse model of pulmonary metastasis and invitro cell migration, invasion and detachment models were established using a stable GFP-LC3-expressing HCCLM3 cell line (HCCLM3-GFP-LC3). Autophagic alterations during metastatic colonization, migration, invasion and detachment were determined by GFP-LC3 analysis and western blot analysis. Results LC3 immunohistochemistry of metastases and primary tumors from HCC patients revealed significantly higher LC3 expression in metastases than primary HCC, which suggested a higher level of autophagy in HCC metastases. Further immunohistochemical, TEM, western blot and invivo GFP-LC3 analyses of lung metastases and primary tumors in mouse model of pulmonary metastasis confirmed that metastatic colonies displayed higher level of autophagy than primary tumors and the early metastatic colonies displayed highest level. The dynamic monitoring of autophagy in cell migration, invasion and detachment showed that autophagy did not significantly alter in those processes. Conclusions Autophagy is activated in metastatic colonization but not in invasion, migration and detachment of HCC cells. Autophagy may play a role in HCC metastasis via promoting metastatic colonization of HCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Fei Peng
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying-Hong Shi
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying-Hao Shen
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen-Bin Ding
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Ai-Wu Ke
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuang-Jian Qiu
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Fan
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Thomas RL, Gustafsson AB. Mitochondrial autophagy--an essential quality control mechanism for myocardial homeostasis. Circ J 2013; 77:2449-54. [PMID: 23985961 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-13-0835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Efficient and functional mitochondrial networks are essential for myocardial contraction and cardiomyocyte survival. Mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy) refers to selective sequestration of mitochondria by autophagosomes, which subsequently deliver them to lysosomes for destruction. This process is essential for myocardial homeostasis and adaptation to stress. Elimination of damaged mitochondria protects against cell death, as well as stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis. Mitophagy is a tightly controlled and highly selective process. It is modulated by mitochondrial fission and fusion proteins, BCL-2 family proteins, and the PINK1/Parkin pathway. Recent studies have provided evidence that miRNAs can regulate mitophagy by controlling the expression of essential proteins involved in the process. Disruption of autophagy leads to rapid accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria, and diseases associated with impaired autophagy produce severe cardiomyopathies. Thus, autophagy and mitophagy pathways hold promise as new therapeutic targets for clinical cardiac care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Thomas
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego
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Hariharan N, Zhai P, Sadoshima J. Oxidative stress stimulates autophagic flux during ischemia/reperfusion. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 14:2179-90. [PMID: 20812860 PMCID: PMC3085947 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a bulk degradation process in which cytosolic proteins and organelles are degraded through lysosomes. To evaluate autophagic flux in cardiac myocytes, we generated adenovirus and cardiac-specific transgenic mice harboring tandem fluorescent mRFP-GFP-LC3. Starvation significantly increased the number of mRFP-GFP-LC3 dots representing both autophagosomes and autolysosomes per cell, suggesting that autophagic flux is increased in cardiac myocytes. H(2)O(2) significantly increased autophagic flux, which was attenuated in the presence of N-2-mercaptopropionyl glycine (MPG), an antioxidant, suggesting that oxidative stress stimulates autophagy in cardiac myocytes. Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) increased both autophagosomes and autolysosomes, thereby increasing autophagic flux. Treatment with MPG attenuated I/R-induced increases in oxidative stress, autophagic flux, and Beclin-1 expression, accompanied by a decrease in the size of myocardial infarction (MI)/area at risk (AAR), suggesting that oxidative stress plays an important role in mediating autophagy and myocardial injury during I/R. MI/AAR after I/R was significantly reduced in beclin1(+/-) mice, whereas beclin1(+/-) mice treated with MPG exhibited no additional reduction in the size of MI/AAR after I/R. These results suggest that oxidative stress plays an important role in mediating autophagy during I/R, and that activation of autophagy through oxidative stress mediates myocardial injury in response to I/R in the mouse heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmala Hariharan
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, UMDNJ, New Jersey Medical School, New Jersey, USA
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Abstract
Transgenic mice have had a tremendous impact on biomedical research. Most researchers are familiar with transgenic mice that carry Cre recombinase (Cre) and how they are used to create conditional knockouts. However, some researchers are less familiar with many of the other types of transgenic mice and their applications. For example, transgenic mice can be used to study biochemical and molecular pathways in primary cultures and cell suspensions derived from transgenic mice, cell-cell interactions using multiple fluorescent proteins in the same mouse, and the cell cycle in real time and in the whole animal, and they can be used to perform deep tissue imaging in the whole animal, follow cell lineage during development and disease, and isolate large quantities of a pure cell type directly from organs. These novel transgenic mice and their applications provide the means for studying of molecular and biochemical events in the whole animal that was previously limited to cell cultures. In conclusion, transgenic mice are not just for generating knockouts.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lance Miller
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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