The Role of Pericytes in Inner Ear Disorders: A Comprehensive Review

Inner ear disorders, including sensorineural hearing loss, Meniere's disease, and vestibular neuritis, are prevalent conditions that significantly impact the quality of life. Despite their high incidence, the underlying pathophysiology of these disorders remains elusive, and current treatment options are often inadequate. Emerging evidence suggests that pericytes, a type of vascular mural cell specialized to maintain the integrity and function of the microvasculature, may play a crucial role in the development and progression of inner ear disorders. The pericytes are present in the microvasculature of both the cochlea and the vestibular system, where they regulate blood flow, maintain the blood-labyrinth barrier, facilitate angiogenesis, and provide trophic support to neurons. Understanding their role in inner ear disorders may provide valuable insights into the pathophysiology of these conditions and lead to the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, improving the standard of living. This comprehensive review aims to provide a detailed overview of the role of pericytes in inner ear disorders, highlighting the anatomy and physiology in the microvasculature, and analyzing the mechanisms that contribute to the development of the disorders. Furthermore, we explore the potential pericyte-targeted therapies, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and angiogenic approaches, as well as gene therapy strategies.

Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Pathological and Therapeutic Roles of Pericytes in Atherosclerosis

Pericytes are multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells playing an active role in angiogenesis, vessel stabilisation, maturation, remodelling, blood flow regulation and are able to trans-differentiate into other cells of the mesenchymal lineage. In this review, we summarised recent data demonstrating that pericytes play a key role in the pathogenesis and development of atherosclerosis (AS). Pericytes are involved in lipid accumulation, inflammation, growth, and vascularization of the atherosclerotic plaque. Decreased pericyte coverage, endothelial and pericyte dysfunction is associated with intraplaque angiogenesis and haemorrhage, calcification and cholesterol clefts deposition. At the same time, pericytes can be used as a novel therapeutic target to promote vessel maturity and stability, thus reducing plaque vulnerability. Finally, we discuss recent studies exploring effective AS treatments with pericyte-mediated anti-atherosclerotic, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects.

NINJ1 triggers extravillous trophoblast cell dysfunction through blocking the STAT3 signaling pathway

BACKGROUND

Trophoblasts are the most important parts of the placenta in early pregnancy. Trophoblast cell dysfunction can induce embryo implantation insufficiency, thereby resulting in multiple diseases, including recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA). A previous study indicates higher nerve injury-induced protein 1 (NINJ1) RNA levels in the villi tissues of RSA patients.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to investigate the effect of NINJ1 on trophoblast behaviors and pregnancy loss.

METHODS

Fresh villi tissues were obtained from with RSA patients and patients with artificial selective abortion for personal reasons, and NINJ1 expression in these tissues was detected. Extravillous trophoblast cell line HTR-8/SVneo was transfected with small-interfering RNA targeting NINJ1 or NINJ1 overexpression vector to perform loss-/gain-of-function experiments. Spontaneous abortion (SA) was induced by mating CBA/J females with DBA/2 males and the pregnant females were intraperitoneally injected with adenovirus vector carrying NINJ1 short hairpin RNA.

RESULTS

NINJ1 mRNA and protein levels were higher in the villi tissues of RSA patients than those of artificial selective abortion patients. NINJ1 knockdown promoted trophoblast cell proliferation, migration and invasion but inhibited cell apoptosis. Moreover, conditioned medium from NINJ1-depleted trophoblasts promoted the angiogenesis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. NINJ1 knockdown also promoted activation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway in trophoblasts, and STAT3 inhibitor reversed NINJ1 knockdown-induced effects on trophoblast behaviors. Furthermore, pregnancy loss was attenuated by NINJ1 inhibition.

CONCLUSION

NINJ1 contributes to the development of SA and triggers trophoblast cell dysfunction through inhibiting the STAT3 pathway.

Ninjurin1 deletion in neuron-glial antigen 2-positive pericytes prevents microvessel maturation and delays wound healing

The formation of mature vasculature through angiogenesis is essential for adequate wound healing, such that blood-borne cells, nutrients, and oxygen can be delivered to the remodeling skin area. Neovessel maturation is highly dependent on the coordinated functions of vascular endothelial cells and perivascular cells, namely pericytes (PCs). However, the underlying mechanism for vascular maturation has not been completely elucidated, and its role in wound healing remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of Ninjurin-1 (Ninj1), a new molecule mediating vascular maturation, in wound healing using an inducible PC-specific Ninj1 deletion mouse model. Ninj1 expression increased temporarily in NG2-positive PCs in response to skin injury. When tamoxifen treatment induced a decreased Ninj1 expression in PCs, the neovessels in the regenerating wound margins were structurally and functionally immature, but the total number of microvessels was unaltered. This phenotypic change is associated with a reduction in PC-associated microvessels. Wound healing was significantly delayed in the NG2-specific Ninj1 deletion mouse model. Finally, we showed that Ninj1 is a crucial molecule that mediates vascular maturation in injured skin tissue through the interaction of vascular endothelial cells and PCs, thereby inducing adequate and prompt wound healing.

miR-125a-5p attenuates macrophage-mediated vascular dysfunction by targeting Ninjurin1

Ninjurin1 (Ninj1), an adhesion molecule, regulates macrophage function in hyaloid regression, multiple sclerosis, and atherosclerosis. However, its biological relevance and the mechanism underlying its function in vascular network integrity have not been studied. In this study, we investigated the role of Ninj1 in physiological (postnatal vessel formation) and pathological (endotoxin-mediated inflammation and diabetes) conditions and developed a strategy to regulate Ninj1 using specific micro (mi)RNAs under pathological conditions. Ninj1-deficient mice exhibited decreased hyaloid regression, tip cell formation, retinal vascularized area, recruitment of macrophages, and endothelial apoptosis during postnatal development, resulting in delayed formation of the vascular network. Five putative miRNAs targeting Ninj1 were selected using the miRanda algorithm and comparison of expression patterns. Among them, miR-125a-5p showed a profound inhibitory effect on Ninj1 expression, and miR-125a-5p mimic suppressed the cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix adhesion of macrophages and expression of pro-inflammatory factors mediated by Ninj1. Furthermore, miR-125a-5p mimic inhibited the recruitment of macrophages into inflamed retinas in endotoxin-induced inflammation and streptozotocin-induced diabetes in vivo. In particular, miR-125a-5p mimic significantly attenuated vascular leakage in diabetic retinopathy. Taken together, these findings suggest that Ninj1 plays a pivotal role in macrophage-mediated vascular integrity and that miR-125a-5p acts as a novel regulator of Ninj1 in the management of inflammatory diseases and diabetic retinopathy.

Ninjurin1 drives lung tumor formation and progression by potentiating Wnt/β-Catenin signaling through Frizzled2-LRP6 assembly

BACKGROUND

Cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) play a pivotal role in lung tumor formation and progression. Nerve injury-induced protein 1 (Ninjurin1, Ninj1) has been implicated in lung cancer; however, the pathological role of Ninj1 in the context of lung tumorigenesis remains largely unknown.

METHODS

The role of Ninj1 in the survival of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) CSCs within microenvironments exhibiting hazardous conditions was assessed by utilizing patient tissues and transgenic mouse models where Ninj1 repression and oncogenic Kras^G12D/+ or carcinogen-induced genetic changes were induced in putative pulmonary stem cells (SCs). Additionally, NSCLC cell lines and primary cultures of patient-derived tumors, particularly Ninj1^high and Ninj1^low subpopulations and those with gain- or loss-of-Ninj1 expression, and also publicly available data were all used to assess the role of Ninj1 in lung tumorigenesis.

RESULTS

Ninj1 expression is elevated in various human NSCLC cell lines and tumors, and elevated expression of this protein can serve as a biomarker for poor prognosis in patients with NSCLC. Elevated Ninj1 expression in pulmonary SCs with oncogenic changes promotes lung tumor growth in mice. Ninj1^high subpopulations within NSCLC cell lines, patient-derived tumors, and NSCLC cells with gain-of-Ninj1 expression exhibited CSC-associated phenotypes and significantly enhanced survival capacities in vitro and in vivo in the presence of various cell death inducers. Mechanistically, Ninj1 forms an assembly with lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6) through its extracellular N-terminal domain and recruits Frizzled2 (FZD2) and various downstream signaling mediators, ultimately resulting in transcriptional upregulation of target genes of the LRP6/β-catenin signaling pathway.

CONCLUSIONS

Ninj1 may act as a driver of lung tumor formation and progression by protecting NSCLC CSCs from hostile microenvironments through ligand-independent activation of LRP6/β-catenin signaling.

Pericyte-specific deletion of ninjurin-1 induces fragile vasa vasorum formation and enhances intimal hyperplasia of injured vasculature

Adventitial abnormalities including enhanced vasa vasorum malformation are associated with development and vulnerability of atherosclerotic plaque. However, the mechanisms of vasa vasorum malformation and its role in vascular remodeling have not been fully clarified. We recently reported that ninjurin-1 (Ninj1) is a crucial adhesion molecule for pericytes to form matured neovessels. The purpose is to examine if Ninj1 regulates adventitial angiogenesis and affects the vascular remodeling of injured vessels using pericyte-specific Ninj1 deletion mouse model. Mouse femoral arteries were injured by insertion of coiled wire. Four weeks after vascular injury, fixed arteries were decolorized. Vascular remodeling, including intimal hyperplasia and adventitial microvessel formation were estimated in a three-dimensional view. Vascular fragility, including blood leakiness was estimated by extravasation of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-lectin or FITC-dextran from microvessels. Ninj1 expression was increased in pericytes in response to vascular injury. NG2-CreER/Ninj1^loxp mice were treated with tamoxifen (Tam) to induce deletion of Ninj1 in pericyte (Ninj1 KO). Tam-treated NG2-CreER or Tam-nontreated NG2-CreER/Ninj1^loxp mice were used as controls. Intimal hyperplasia was significantly enhanced in Ninj1 KO compared with controls. Vascular leakiness was significantly enhanced in Ninj1 KO. In Ninj1 KO, the number of infiltrated macrophages in adventitia was increased, along with the expression of inflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, deletion of Ninj1 in pericytes induces the immature vasa vasorum formation of injured vasculature and exacerbates adventitial inflammation and intimal hyperplasia. Thus, Ninj1 contributes to the vasa vasorum maturation in response to vascular injury and to reduction of vascular remodeling.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Although abnormalities of adventitial vasa vasorum are associated with vascular remodeling such as atherosclerosis, the mechanisms of vasa vasorum malformation and its role in vascular remodeling have not been fully clarified. The present study provides a line of novel evidence that ninjurin-1 contributes to adventitial microvascular maturation during vascular injury and regulates vascular remodeling.

The Role of Ninjurin1 and Its Impact beyond the Nervous System

Ninjurin1 (Ninj1) is a double-transmembrane cell surface protein that could promote nerve regeneration in the process of the peripheral nervous system injury and repairment. Nonetheless, the accurate function of Ninj1 in the central nervous system and outside the nervous system is not completely clear. According to the recent studies, we found that Ninj1 is also aberrantly expressed in various pathophysiological processes in vivo, including inflammation, tumorigenesis, and vascular, bone, and muscle homeostasis. These findings suggest that Ninj1 may play an influential role during these pathophysiological processes. Our review summarizes the diverse roles of Ninj1 in multiple pathophysiological processes inside and outside the nervous system. Ninj1 should be considered as an important and novel therapeutic target in certain diseases, such as inflammatory diseases and ischemic diseases. Our study provided a better understanding of Ninj1 in different pathophysiological processes and thereby provided the theoretical support for further research.

Neural Mechanisms Underlying Repetitive Behaviors in Rodent Models of Autism Spectrum Disorders

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is comprised of several conditions characterized by alterations in social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviors. Genetic and environmental factors contribute to the heterogeneous development of ASD behaviors. Several rodent models display ASD-like phenotypes, including repetitive behaviors. In this review article, we discuss the potential neural mechanisms involved in repetitive behaviors in rodent models of ASD and related neuropsychiatric disorders. We review signaling pathways, neural circuits, and anatomical alterations in rodent models that display robust stereotypic behaviors. Understanding the mechanisms and circuit alterations underlying repetitive behaviors in rodent models of ASD will inform translational research and provide useful insight into therapeutic strategies for the treatment of repetitive behaviors in ASD and other neuropsychiatric disorders.

Ninjurin 1 dodecamer peptide containing the N-terminal adhesion motif (N-NAM) exerts proangiogenic effects in HUVECs and in the postischemic brain

Nerve injury-induced protein 1 (Ninjurin 1, Ninj1) is a cell adhesion molecule responsible for cell-to-cell interactions between immune cells and endothelial cells. In our previous paper, we have shown that Ninj1 plays an important role in the infiltration of neutrophils in the postischemic brain and that the dodecamer peptide harboring the Ninj1 N-terminal adhesion motif (N-NAM, Pro²⁶-Asn³⁷) inhibits infiltration of neutrophils in the postischemic brain and confers robust neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects. In the present study, we examinedt the pro-angiogenic effect of N-NAM using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and rat MCAO (middle cerebral artery occlusion) model of stroke. We found that N-NAM promotes proliferation, migration, and tube formation of HUVECs and demonstrate that the suppression of endogenous Ninj1 is responsible for the N-NAM-mediated pro-angiogenic effects. Importantly, a pull-down assay revealed a direct binding between exogenously delivered N-NAM and endogenous Ninj1 and it is N-terminal adhesion motif dependent. In addition, N-NAM activated the Ang1-Tie2 and AKT signaling pathways in HUVECs, and blocking those signaling pathways with specific inhibitors suppressed N-NAM-induced tube formation, indicating critical roles of those signaling pathways in N-NAM-induced angiogenesis. Moreover, in a rat MCAO model, intranasal administration of N-NAM beginning 4 days post-MCAO (1.5 µg daily for 3 days) augmented angiogenesis in the penumbra of the ipsilateral hemisphere of the brain and significantly enhanced total vessel lengths, vessel densities, and pro-angiogenic marker expression. These results demonstrate that the 12-amino acid Ninj1 peptide, which contains the N-terminal adhesion motif of Ninj1, confers pro-angiogenic effects and suggest that those effects might contribute to its neuroprotective effects in the postischemic brain.

Radiation Potentiates Monocyte Infiltration into Tumors by Ninjurin1 Expression in Endothelial Cells

Radiation is a widely used treatment for cancer patients, with over half the cancer patients receiving radiation therapy during their course of treatment. Considerable evidence from both preclinical and clinical studies show that tumor recurrence gets restored following radiotherapy, due to the influx of circulating cells consisting primarily of monocytes. The attachment of monocyte to endothelial cell is the first step of the extravasation process. However, the exact molecules that direct the transmigration of monocyte from the blood vessels to the tumors remain largely unknown. The nerve injury-induced protein 1 (Ninjurin1 or Ninj1) gene, which encodes a homophilic adhesion molecule and cell surface protein, was found to be upregulated in inflammatory lesions, particularly in macrophages/monocytes, neutrophils, and endothelial cells. More recently Ninj1 was reported to be regulated following p53 activation. Considering p53 has been known to be activated by radiation, we wondered whether Ninj1 could be increased in the endothelial cells by radiation and it might contribute to the recruiting of monocytes in the tumor. Here we demonstrate that radiation-mediated up-regulation of Ninj1 in endothelial cell lines such as human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), EA.hy926, and immortalized HUVECs. Consistent with this, we found over-expressed Ninj1 in irradiated xenograft tumors, and increased monocyte infiltration into tumors. Radiation-induced Ninj1 was transcriptionally regulated by p53, as confirmed by transfection of p53 siRNA. In addition, Ninj1 over-expression in endothelial cells accelerated monocyte adhesion. Irradiation-induced endothelial cells and monocyte interaction was inhibited by knock-down of Ninj1. Furthermore, over-expressed Ninj1 stimulated MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression in monocyte cell lines, whereas the MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression were attenuated by Ninj1 knock-down in monocytes. Taken together, we provide evidence that Ninj1 is a key molecule that generates an interaction between endothelial cells and monocytes. This result suggests that radiation-mediated Ninj1 expression in endothelial cells could be involved in the post-radiotherapy recurrence mechanism.

Capillary-resident EphA7+ pericytes are multipotent cells with anti-ischemic effects through capillary formation

The presence of pericytes (PCs) with multipotency and broad distribution along capillary suggests that microvasculature plays a role not only as a duct for blood fluid transport but also as a stem cell niche that contributes to tissue maintenance and regeneration. The lack of an appropriate marker for multipotent PCs still limits our understanding of their pathophysiological roles. We identified the novel marker EphA7 to detect multipotent PCs using microarray analysis of an immortalized PC library. PCs were isolated from microvessels of mouse subcutaneous adipose tissues, then EphA7⁺ PCs called capillary stem cells (CapSCs) were separated from EphA7⁻ control PCs (ctPCs) using fluorescence‐activated cell sorting system. CapSCs had highly multipotency that enabled them to differentiate into mesenchymal and neuronal lineages compared with ctPCs. CapSCs also differentiated into endothelial cells and PCs to form capillary‐like structures by themselves. Transplantation of CapSCs into ischemic tissues significantly improved blood flow recovery in hind limb ischemia mouse model due to vascular formation compared with that of ctPCs and adipose stromal cells. These data demonstrate that EphA7 identifies a subpopulation of multipotent PCs that have high angiogenesis and regenerative potency and are an attractive target for regenerative therapies.

Pericyte-Specific Ninjurin1 Deletion Attenuates Vessel Maturation and Blood Flow Recovery in Hind Limb Ischemia

Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text.

Objective—

Angiogenesis, entire step from endothelial cells (ECs) sprouts to vascular maturation, is a critical response to ischemia. To form functional mature vessels, interactions between ECs and pericytes are essential. Ninj1 (ninjurin1) is an adhesion molecule that contributes to the pathogenesis of neuroinflammation. We recently demonstrated that Ninj1 is expressed in pericytes during angiogenesis. However, the role of Ninj1 in angiogenesis under pathophysiological ischemic conditions has not yet been elucidated.

Approach and Results—

Ninj1 was detected in microvessels, and its expression was enhanced in ischemic tissues after mouse hindlimb ischemia. Knockdown of Ninj1 was performed by injection of biodegradable microspheres releasing Ninj1-small interfering RNA into muscle tissues. Alternatively, pericyte-specific Ninj1 knockout was induced by tamoxifen treatment of NG2-CreERT/Ninj1-flox mice. Ninj1 knockdown/knockout reduced the formation of blood-circulating functional vessels among total CD31⁺ microvessels within ischemic tissues and subsequently attenuated color Doppler–assessed blood flow recovery. Ninj1 overexpression enhanced expression of Anpt (angiopoietin) 1, whereas Ninj1 knockdown enhanced the endogenous Anpt1 antagonist, Anpt2 expression in pericytes and inhibited the association of pericytes with ECs and subsequent formation of capillary-like structure, that is, EC tube surrounded with pericytes in 3-dimensional gel culture.

Conclusions—

Our data demonstrate that Ninj1 is involved in the formation of functional matured vessels through the association between pericytes and ECs, resulting in blood flow recovery from ischemia. These findings further the current our understanding of vascular maturation and may support the development of therapeutics for ischemic diseases.

Pericytes in the Heart

Mural cells known as pericytes envelop the endothelial layer of microvessels throughout the body and have been described to have tissue-specific functions. Cardiac pericytes are abundantly found in the heart, but they are relatively understudied. Currently, their importance is emerging in cardiovascular homeostasis and dysfunction due to their pleiotropism. They are known to play key roles in vascular tone and vascular integrity as well as angiogenesis. However, their dysfunctional presence and/or absence is critical in the mechanisms that lead to cardiac pathologies such as myocardial infarction, fibrosis, and thrombosis. Moreover, they are targeted as a therapeutic potential due to their mesenchymal properties that could allow them to repair and regenerate a damaged heart. They are also sought after as a cell-based therapy based on their healing potential in preclinical studies of animal models of myocardial infarction. Therefore, recognizing the importance of cardiac pericytes and understanding their biology will lead to new therapeutic concepts.

Functional blocking of Ninjurin1 as a strategy for protecting endothelial cells in diabetes mellitus

Ongoing efforts to remove pathological inflammatory stimuli are crucial for the protection of endothelial cells in diabetes. Nerve injury-induced protein 1 (Ninj1) is an adhesion molecule that not only contributes to inflammation but also regulates the apoptosis of endothelial cells. In the present study, Ninj1 was found highly expressed in endothelial cells in Type 2 diabetic mice and increased in high-glucose (HG) cultured HUVECs. Furthermore, we found that Ninj1 levels are up-regulated in endothelial cells in clinical specimens of diabetic patients when compared with nondiabetic tissues, indicating a biological correlation between Ninj1 and endothelial pathophysiology in diabetic condition. Functional blocking of Ninj1 promoted endothelial tube formation and eNOS phosphorylation in the HG condition. Additionally, blocking Ninj1 inhibited the activation of caspase-3 and increased the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, thus inhibiting HUVECs apoptosis induced by HG. HG-induced ROS overproduction, p38 MAPK and NF-κB activation, and the overexpression of VCAM-1, ICAM-1, MCP-1, and IL-6 genes were ameliorated after Ninj1 was blocked. Using the signaling pathway inhibitor LY294002, we found that Bcl-2 expression and eNOS phosphorylation after Ninj1 blockade were regulated via PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. The in vivo endothelial contents, α-SMA⁺PECAM-1⁺ vascular numbers, and blood perfusion in the hindlimb were markedly up-regulated after Ninj1 was blocked. According to our findings, functional blocking of Ninj1 shows protective effects on diabetic endothelial cells both in vitro and in vivo Thus, we consider Ninj1 to be a potential therapeutic target for preventing endothelial dysfunction in diabetes mellitus.

Ninjurin 1 has two opposing functions in tumorigenesis in a p53-dependent manner

WT p53 is critical for tumor suppression, whereas mutant p53 promotes tumor progression. Nerve injury-induced protein 1 (Ninj1) is a target of p53 and forms a feedback loop with p53 by repressing p53 mRNA translation. Here, we show that loss of Ninj1 increased mutant p53 expression and, subsequently, enhanced cell growth and migration in cells carrying a mutant p53. In contrast, loss of Ninj1 inhibited cell growth and migration in cells carrying a WT p53. To explore the biological significance of Ninj1, we generated a cohort of Ninj1-deficient mice and found that Ninj1^+/- mice were prone to systemic inflammation and insulitis, but not to spontaneous tumors. We also found that loss of Ninj1 altered the tumor susceptibility in both mutant p53 and p53-null background. Specifically, in a mutant p53(R270H) background, Ninj1 deficiency shortened the lifespan, altered the tumor spectrum, and increased tumor burden, likely via enhanced expression of mutant p53. In a p53-null background, Ninj1 deficiency significantly increased the incidence of T-lymphoblastic lymphoma. Taken together, our data suggest that depending on p53 genetic status, Ninj1 has two opposing functions in tumorigenesis and that the Ninj1-p53 loop may be targeted to manage inflammatory diseases and cancer.

A controlled release system for simultaneous delivery of three human perivascular stem cell-derived factors for tissue repair and regeneration

Transplanted stem/progenitor cells improve tissue healing and regeneration anatomically and functionally, mostly due to their secreted trophic factors. However, harsh conditions at the site of injury, including hypoxia, oxidative and inflammatory stress, increased fibrosis and insufficient angiogenesis, and in some cases immunological response or incompatibility, are detrimental to stem cell survival. To overcome the complexity and deficiencies of stem cell therapy, the coacervate delivery platform is deemed promising because it offers controlled and sustained release using heparin to recapitulate the binding and stabilization of extracellular proteins by heparan sulphates in native tissues. Here we show that recombinant alternatives of three key factors [vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6)], commonly produced by perivascular stem cells under various stress conditions, can be successfully incorporated into a heparin-based coacervate. We characterized the release profile of the triply incorporated factors from the complex coacervate. The coacervate-released factors were able to exert their desired biological activities in vitro: VEGF stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cell proliferation, MCP-1 elevated macrophage migration and IL-6 increased IgM production by IL-6-dependent cell line. Thus, a controlled release system can be used for simultaneous delivery of three stem cell-derived factors and could be useful for tissue repair and regenerative medicine.

Pericytes in Brain Injury and Repair After Ischemic Stroke

Pericytes are functional components of the neurovascular unit (NVU). They provide support to other NVU components and maintain normal physiological functions of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The brain ischemia and reperfusion result in pathological alterations in pericytes. The intimate anatomical and functional interactions between pericytes and other NVU components play pivotal roles in the progression of stroke pathology. In this review, we depict the biology and functions of pericytes in the normal brain and discuss their effects in brain injury and repair after ischemia/reperfusion. Since ischemic stroke occurs mostly in elderly people, we also review age-related changes in pericytes and how these changes predispose aged brains to ischemic/reperfusion injury. Strategies targeting pericyte responses after ischemia and reperfusion may provide new therapies for ischemic stroke.

Disruption of Ninjurin1 Leads to Repetitive and Anxiety-Like Behaviors in Mice

Over the last few decades, molecular neurobiology has uncovered many genes whose deficiency in mice results in behavioral traits associated with human neuropsychiatric disorders such as autism, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and schizophrenia. However, the etiology of these common diseases remains enigmatic with the potential involvement of a battery of genes. Here, we report abnormal behavioral phenotypes of mice deficient in a cell adhesion molecule Ninjurin 1 (Ninj1), which are relevant to repetitive and anxiety behaviors of neuropsychiatric disorders. Ninj1 knockout (KO) mice exhibit compulsive grooming-induced hair loss and self-made lesions as well as increased anxiety-like behaviors. Histological analysis reveals that Ninj1 is predominantly expressed in cortico-thalamic circuits, and neuron-specific Ninj1 conditional KO mice manifest aberrant phenotypes similar to the global Ninj1 KO mice. Notably, the brains of Ninj1 KO mice display altered synaptic transmission in thalamic neurons as well as a reduced number of functional synapses. Moreover, the disruption of Ninj1 leads to glutamatergic abnormalities, including increased ionotropic glutamate receptors but reduced glutamate levels. Furthermore, chronic treatment with fluoxetine, a drug reportedly ameliorates compulsive behaviors in mice, prevents progression of hair loss and alleviates the compulsive grooming and anxiety-like behavior of Ninj1 KO mice. Collectively, our results suggest that Ninj1 could be involved in neuropsychiatric disorders associated with impairments of repetitive and anxiety behaviors.

Overview of the 80(th) Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society - The Past, Present and Future of Cardiovascular Medicine in Japan - - The 5(th) Anniversary of the Great East Japan Earthquake

The 80(th)Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society was held in Sendai, Japan, on March 18-20, 2016, which coincided with the 5(th)anniversary of the Great East Japan Earthquake that hit the Tohoku area on March 11, 2011. Thus, the main themes for this meeting were "The Past, Present and Future of Cardiovascular Medicine in Japan" and "The 5(th)Anniversary of the Great East Japan Earthquake". Despite the provincial location, approximately 15,000 people attended during the 3-day meeting, and there were in-depth discussions in each of the various sessions on these themes. Especially, to our great pleasure, the Japanese Royals, Emperor Akihito and Empress Michiko, kindly visited the panel exhibition of the Great East Japan Earthquake and spoke words of appreciation to us. The meeting successfully completed and we sincerely appreciate the great cooperation and support from all affiliates. (Circ J 2016; 80: 1689-1694).

Tissue-Specific and Genetic Regulation of Insulin Sensitivity-Associated Transcripts in African Americans

Integrative multiomics analyses of adipose and muscle tissue transcripts, S, and genotypes revealed novel genetic regulatory mechanisms of insulin resistance in African Americans.