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Saito Y, Tsujita K, Kobayashi Y. No standard modifiable cardiovascular risk factors in acute myocardial infarction: prevalence, pathophysiology, and prognosis. Cardiovasc Interv Ther 2024:10.1007/s12928-024-01022-4. [PMID: 38880836 DOI: 10.1007/s12928-024-01022-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Standard modifiable cardiovascular risk factors (SMuRFs), such as hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and current smoking, are associated with the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases including acute myocardial infarction (MI). Thus, therapeutic approaches against SMuRFs are important as primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases. In patients with acute MI, however, the prognosis is counterintuitively poor when SMuRFs are lacking. The growing evidence has explored the prevalence, pathophysiology, and prognosis of SMuRF-less patients in acute MI and suggested the potential underlying mechanisms. This review article summarizes the clinical evidence and relevance of the lack of SMuRFs in acute MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Saito
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan.
| | - Kenichi Tsujita
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yoshio Kobayashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
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Saito T, Mizobuchi M, Sakai M, Kawata T, Kitayama T, Kato T, Suzuki T, Ogata H, Koiwa F, Honda H. Effects of evocalcet on parathyroid calcium-sensing receptor and vitamin D receptor expression in uremic rats. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23094. [PMID: 37462513 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202300209r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the effect of the recently developed calcimimetic evocalcet (Evo) on parathyroid calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) and vitamin D receptor (VDR) expression. We examined the effects of Evo and cinacalcet (Cina) on CaSR and VDR expression in 5/6 nephrectomized Sprague-Dawley rats fed a high-phosphorus diet for 4 weeks to develop secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT). These uremic rats were divided into 4 groups-baseline control (Nx4W) and groups with additional treatment with either the Vehicle, Evo, or Cina for 2 weeks; normal rats were used as normal controls (NC). Blood parameters and parathyroid tissue were analyzed. CaSR and VDR expression levels were determined using immunohistochemistry. The degree of kidney injury and hyperphosphatemia was similar in the uremic groups (Nx4W, Vehicle, Cina, and Evo). Serum parathyroid hormone levels were significantly higher in the Nx4W and Vehicle groups than in the NC group. This increase was significantly suppressed in the Cina and Evo groups compared with that in the Vehicle group. Serum calcium levels were significantly and equally lower in the Cina and Evo groups relative to those in the Vehicle group. CaSR expression was significantly lower in the Nx4W and Vehicle groups than in the NC group. This downregulation was of an equally lesser magnitude in the Cina and Evo groups. A similar trend was observed for VDR expression. These results indicate that Evo and Cina treatment can increase parathyroid CaSR and VDR expression in uremic rats with SHPT, which could provide better control of mineral and bone disorder markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Saito
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahide Mizobuchi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mariko Sakai
- Biomedical Science Research Laboratories 1, Research Unit, R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takehisa Kawata
- Medical Affairs Department, Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kitayama
- Biomedical Science Research Laboratories 1, Research Unit, R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kato
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taihei Suzuki
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ogata
- Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Koiwa
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Honda
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Otsuki H, Yamaguchi J. Intact Parathyroid Hormone in Hemodialysis Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention - Is It Just a Marker or a Diamond in the Rough? Circ J 2023; 87:256-257. [PMID: 36123042 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-22-0521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hisao Otsuki
- Department of Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University
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