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Bottero M, Pessina G, Bason C, Vigo T, Uccelli A, Ferrara G. Nerve-Glial antigen 2: unmasking the enigmatic cellular identity in the central nervous system. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1393842. [PMID: 39136008 PMCID: PMC11317297 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1393842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are fundamental components of the extracellular matrix in the central nervous system (CNS). Among these, the Nerve-Glial antigen 2 (NG2) stands out as a transmembrane CSPG exclusively expressed in a different population of cells collectively termed NG2-expressing cells. These enigmatic cells, found throughout the developing and adult CNS, have been indicated with various names, including NG2 progenitor cells, polydendrocytes, synantocytes, NG2 cells, and NG2-Glia, but are more commonly referred to as oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. Characterized by high proliferation rates and unique morphology, NG2-expressing cells stand apart from neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Intriguingly, some NG2-expressing cells form functional glutamatergic synapses with neurons, challenging the long-held belief that only neurons possess the intricate machinery required for neurotransmission. In the CNS, the complexity surrounding NG2-expressing cells extends to their classification. Additionally, NG2 expression has been documented in pericytes and immune cells, suggesting a role in regulating brain innate immunity and neuro-immune crosstalk in homeostasis. Ongoing debates revolve around their heterogeneity, potential as progenitors for various cell types, responses to neuroinflammation, and the role of NG2. Therefore, this review aims to shed light on the enigma of NG2-expressing cells by delving into their structure, functions, and signaling pathways. We will critically evaluate the literature on NG2 expression across the CNS, and address the contentious issues surrounding their classification and roles in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. By unraveling the intricacies of NG2-expressing cells, we hope to pave the way for a more comprehensive understanding of their contributions to CNS health and during neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Bottero
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giada Pessina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Tiziana Vigo
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Antonio Uccelli
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Neurology, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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Yu S, Chen X, Yang T, Cheng J, Liu E, Jiang L, Song M, Shu H, Ma Y. Revealing the mechanisms of blood-brain barrier in chronic neurodegenerative disease: an opportunity for therapeutic intervention. Rev Neurosci 2024; 0:revneuro-2024-0040. [PMID: 38967133 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2024-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
The brain microenvironment is tightly regulated, and the blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a pivotal role in maintaining the homeostasis of the central nervous system. It effectively safeguards brain tissue from harmful substances in peripheral blood. However, both acute pathological factors and age-related biodegradation have the potential to compromise the integrity of the BBB and are associated with chronic neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), as well as Epilepsy (EP). This association arises due to infiltration of peripheral foreign bodies including microorganisms, immune-inflammatory mediators, and plasma proteins into the central nervous system when the BBB is compromised. Nevertheless, these partial and generalized understandings do not prompt a shift from passive to active treatment approaches. Therefore, it is imperative to acquire a comprehensive and in-depth understanding of the intricate molecular mechanisms underlying vascular disease alterations associated with the onset and progression of chronic neurodegenerative disorders, as well as the subsequent homeostatic changes triggered by BBB impairment. The present article aims to systematically summarize and review recent scientific work with a specific focus on elucidating the fundamental mechanisms underlying BBB damage in AD, PD, and EP as well as their consequential impact on disease progression. These findings not only offer guidance for optimizing the physiological function of the BBB, but also provide valuable insights for developing intervention strategies aimed at early restoration of BBB structural integrity, thereby laying a solid foundation for designing drug delivery strategies centered around the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sixun Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Western Theater General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Western Theater General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Western Theater General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jingmin Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Western Theater General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Enyu Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Western Theater General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Lingli Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Western Theater General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Min Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, Western Theater General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Haifeng Shu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Western Theater General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yuan Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Western Theater General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
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Fang M, Liu J, Zhang Z, Li Y, Zhu J, Lin Z. Chloroquine Protects Hypoxia/Ischemia-Induced Neonatal Brain Injury in Rats by Mitigating Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:1764-1773. [PMID: 37116216 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic (H/I) brain damage (HIBD) is a devastating condition for which there are presently no effective therapeutic strategies against its severe neurological deficits in neonates and young children. Traditionally, H/I induces the compromise of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which causes neuronal cell death, eventually resulting in brain secondary injury. In addition to neonatal HIBD, chloroquine (CQ) has been proved to exert a protective effect on BBB disruption in several brain injury models. The main purpose of this research was to study whether CQ protects the BBB from H/I insult and confers beneficial neuroprotection in the neonatal Rice-Vannucci rat model. Herein, we reported that CQ administration significantly reduced brain damage and improved behavioral dysplasia after H/I injury. Moreover, we demonstrated the protective effects of CQ on BBB integrity, evidenced by ameliorating brain edema and Evans blue extravasation, inhibiting the degeneration of the tight junction and adherens junction proteins, and improving pericyte survival in neonatal rats after HIBD. These findings indicated that CQ administration protected the BBB against H/I injury, thereby ameliorating brain damage and promoting neurofunctional recovery. Collectively, our data demonstrated that CQ played a crucial role in BBB integrity after neonatal H/I injury, which sheds light on the development of therapeutic agents to treat HIBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingchu Fang
- Department of Neonatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
- Key Laboratory of Perinatal Medicine of Wenzhou, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Pediatric Disease, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhang
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Yueqi Li
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Jianghu Zhu
- Department of Neonatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
- Key Laboratory of Perinatal Medicine of Wenzhou, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Pediatric Disease, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Zhenlang Lin
- Department of Neonatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
- Key Laboratory of Perinatal Medicine of Wenzhou, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Pediatric Disease, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
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Senescence in brain pericytes attenuates blood-brain barrier function in vitro: A comparison of serially passaged and isolated pericytes from aged rat brains. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 645:154-163. [PMID: 36689812 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Aging is associated with the dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which comprises brain microvessel endothelial cells (BMECs), astrocytes, and pericytes. Pericytes are present at intervals along the walls of the brain capillaries and play a key role in maintaining BBB integrity. Accumulation of senescent cells and the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) in the brain facilitate the development of age-related neurodegenerative diseases with BBB dysfunction. However, the ability of pericytes to support BBB integrity and their correlation with cellular senescence or aging remain unknown. Here, we investigated cellular senescence in pericytes focusing on its impact on BBB function using BBB models comprising intact BMECs co-cultured with senescent pericytes, which were obtained through a serial passage or isolated from 18-month-old rats. To assess BBB function, transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) and permeability of sodium fluorescein (Na-F) were studied. Both serially passaged pericytes (in passage 4, 7, and 10) and aged pericytes isolated from 18-month-old rats showed decreased TEER and enhanced permeability of BMECs to Na-F compared to that of normal pericytes (passage 2 or young). Furthermore, serially passaged and aged pericytes showed characteristic features of cellular senescence, including increased β-galactosidase activity, cell cycle arrest, enhanced expression of mRNA, and SASP factors. However, the senescence-induced mRNA expression profile of pericyte markers varied between serially passaged and aged pericytes. Hence, in vitro serial passages and isolation from naturally aged rodents differently influenced genetic and biochemical features of senescent brain pericytes. We conclude that senescent brain pericytes can induce BBB dysfunction and those isolated from aged rodents retain the senescence-specific properties. Our findings provide an alternative tool to investigate the senescence in brain pericytes in vitro.
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Effect of Pericytes on Cerebral Microvasculature at Different Time Points of Stroke. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2021:5281182. [PMID: 34977241 PMCID: PMC8716223 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5281182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Pericyte, as an important component of the blood-brain barrier, has received increasing attention in the study of cerebrovascular diseases. However, the mechanism of pericytes after the occurrence of cerebral ischemia is controversial. On the one hand, the expression of pericytes increases after cerebral ischemia, constricting the blood vessels to restrict blood supply and aggravating the damage caused by ischemia; on the other hand, pericytes participate in capillary angiogenesis in the ischemic area, which facilitates the repair of the ischemic injury area. The multifunctionality of pericytes is an important reason for this phenomenon, but the different time points of observation for the outcome indicators in each study are also an important factor that leads to the controversy of pericytes. Based on the review of a large database of original studies, the authors' team summarized the effects of pericytes on cerebral microvasculature at different time points after stroke, searched the possible markers, and explored possible therapeutic.
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Zhang Y, Zhang X, Wei Q, Leng S, Li C, Han B, Bai Y, Zhang H, Yao H. Activation of Sigma-1 Receptor Enhanced Pericyte Survival via the Interplay Between Apoptosis and Autophagy: Implications for Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity in Stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2020; 11:267-287. [PMID: 31290080 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-019-00711-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is a cerebrovascular disorder that affects many people worldwide. Pericytes play an important role in stroke progression and recovery. The sigma-1 receptor (σ-1R) signaling pathway has been suggested as having promising neuroprotective potential in treating stroke; however, whether σ-1R activation regulates pericyte function remains unknown. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of σ-1R and a novel σ-1R agonist in pericytes following ischemic stroke. An ischemic stroke animal model was induced by photothrombotic middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) in σ-1R knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice. After pMCAO, there was significant pericyte loss and coverage in σ-1R KO mice compared with WT mice as determined using transmission electron microscopy, immunofluorescence staining, and western blot. Interestingly, a novel σ-1R agonist decreased infarct volume and blood-brain barrier damage with a concomitant amelioration of pericyte loss, as determined by western blot. Further studies indicated that cell apoptosis and autophagy were induced in an in vivo pMCAO ischemic stroke animal model and an in vitro oxygen glucose deprivation-treatment group. Inhibition of autophagy using a pharmacological approach significantly mitigated pericyte apoptosis, suggesting that autophagy was upstream of apoptosis in pericytes. Both in vivo and in vitro studies indicated that the σ-1R agonist significantly decreased cell apoptosis via inhibition of autophagy with a subsequent enhancement of pericyte survival. This study identified the unique roles for σ-1R in mediating pericyte survival via the regulation of the interplay between apoptosis and autophagy, suggesting that a novel σ-1R agonist may be a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China.
| | | | - Qiangqiang Wei
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuo Leng
- Center of Interventional Radiology and Vascular Surgery, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cai Li
- Department of Neurology, Rizhao Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Rizhao, 276800, Shandong, China
| | - Bing Han
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Bai
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huibin Zhang
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Honghong Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China.
- Institute of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, Jiangsu, China.
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Kim Y, Lee S, Zhang H, Lee S, Kim H, Kim Y, Won MH, Kim YM, Kwon YG. CLEC14A deficiency exacerbates neuronal loss by increasing blood-brain barrier permeability and inflammation. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:48. [PMID: 32019570 PMCID: PMC7001304 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-1727-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ischemic stroke is a main cause of mortality. Blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown appears to play a critical role in inflammation in patients with ischemic stroke and acceleration of brain injury. The BBB has a protective function and is composed of endothelial cells, pericytes, and astrocytes. In ischemic stroke treatments, regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-2 is a crucial target despite adverse effects. Our previous study found that loss of C-type lectin family 14 member A (CLEC14A) activated VEGF-A/VEGFR-2 signaling in developmental and tumoral angiogenesis. Here, we evaluate the effects of BBB impairment caused by CLEC14A deficiency in ischemia-reperfusion injury. Methods In vitro fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran permeability, transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) assay, and immunostaining were used to evaluate endothelial integrity. BBB permeability was assessed using Evans blue dye and FITC-dextran injection in Clec14a−/− (CLEC14A-KO) mice and wild-type mice. Middle cerebral artery occlusion surgery and behavioral assessments were performed to evaluate the neurologic damage. The change of tight junctional proteins, adhesion molecules, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and microglial were confirmed by immunofluorescence staining, Western blotting, and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction of brain samples. Results In endothelial cells, knockdown of CLEC14A increased FITC-dextran permeability and decreased transendothelial electrical resistance; the severity of this effect increased with VEGF treatment. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that tight junctional proteins were attenuated in the CLEC14A knockdown endothelial cells. Consistent with the in vitro results, CLEC14A-KO mice that were injected with Evans blue dye had cerebral vascular leakage at postnatal day 8; wild-type mice had no leakage. We used a middle cerebral artery occlusion model and found that CLEC14A-KO mice had severe infarcted brain and neurological deficits with upregulated VEGFR-2 expression. FITC-dextran leakage was present in CLEC14A-KO mice after ischemia-reperfusion, and the numbers of tight junctional molecules were significantly decreased. Loss of CLEC14A increased the pro-inflammatory response through adhesion molecule expression, and glial cells were activated. Conclusions These results suggest that activation of VEGFR-2 in CLEC14A-KO mice aggravates ischemic stroke by exacerbating cerebral vascular leakage and increasing neuronal inflammation after ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeomyeong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Sungwoon Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Haiying Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Sunghye Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Hyejeong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Yeaji Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea
| | - Young-Myeong Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea
| | - Young-Guen Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea.
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Qin W, Li J, Zhu R, Gao S, Fan J, Xia M, Zhao RC, Zhang J. Melatonin protects blood-brain barrier integrity and permeability by inhibiting matrix metalloproteinase-9 via the NOTCH3/NF-κB pathway. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:11391-11415. [PMID: 31811815 PMCID: PMC6932927 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The pathophysiological mechanism of white matter hyperintensities of cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) includes an impaired blood-brain barrier (BBB) with increased permeability. Neuroinflammation likely contributes to the disruption of the BBB in CSVD. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanism of how neuroinflammation causes BBB damage is essential to preventing BBB disruption in CSVD. Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) contributes to BBB damage in neuroinflammatory diseases. In this study, we observed that interleukin-1β (IL-1β)-induced MMP-9 secretion in pericytes increased BBB permeability to sodium fluorescein (Na-F) by damaging the disruption of VE-cadherin, occludin, claudin-5, and zonula occludin-1 (ZO-1). Melatonin reduced BBB permeability to Na-F and inhibited the disruption of the adherens and tight junction proteins. Melatonin also downregulated MMP-9 and upregulated tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP-1) gene expression, which decreased the MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio. In addition, nuclear translocation of NF-κB/p65 induced by IL-1β in pericytes upregulated MMP-9 expression, which was inhibited by the NF-κB inhibitor PDTC. However, the NOTCH3 inhibitor DAPT significantly inhibited NF-κB/p65 translocation to the nucleus, while melatonin in combination with DAPT significantly prevented NF-κB/p65 translocation than DAPT alone. Our results suggest that melatonin reduced MMP-9-induced permeability of the BBB. Melatonin reduced MMP-9 expression and activity, which was induced by IL-1β through the regulation of the NOTCH3/NF-κB signaling pathway in pericytes, suggesting that pericytes regulate BBB integrity and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Qin
- Department of Neurology, State Key Clinical Specialty of the Ministry of Health for Neurology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jing Li
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Center of Excellence in Tissue Engineering Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory (No. BZO381), Beijing 100005, China
| | - Rongjia Zhu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Center of Excellence in Tissue Engineering Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory (No. BZO381), Beijing 100005, China
| | - Suhua Gao
- Department of Scientific Research and Discipline Construction, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Junfen Fan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Center of Excellence in Tissue Engineering Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory (No. BZO381), Beijing 100005, China
| | - Mingrong Xia
- Department of Neurology, State Key Clinical Specialty of the Ministry of Health for Neurology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Robert Chunhua Zhao
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Center of Excellence in Tissue Engineering Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory (No. BZO381), Beijing 100005, China
| | - Jiewen Zhang
- Department of Neurology, State Key Clinical Specialty of the Ministry of Health for Neurology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Wang X, Xu B, Xiang M, Yang X, Liu Y, Liu X, Shen Y. Advances on fluid shear stress regulating blood-brain barrier. Microvasc Res 2019; 128:103930. [PMID: 31639383 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2019.103930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The integrity of structure and function of blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a central role in maintaining the homeostasis of the central nervous system. Patients with severe cerebrovascular stenosis often undergo cerebrovascular bypass surgery. However, the sharply increased fluid shear stress (FSS) after cerebrovascular bypass disrupts the physiological function of brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) at the lesion site, damaging BBB and inducing intracerebral hemorrhage eventually. At present, there are great interests in cerebral vascular flow regulating the structure and function of BBB under physiological and pathological conditions, and most of studies have highlighted the importance of BMECs in BBB. Understanding of how FSS regulating BBB can promote the development of new protective and restorative cerebral vascular interventional therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Bowen Xu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Mengya Xiang
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xinyue Yang
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaoheng Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Yang Shen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Hirunpattarasilp C, Attwell D, Freitas F. The role of pericytes in brain disorders: from the periphery to the brain. J Neurochem 2019; 150:648-665. [PMID: 31106417 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly apparent that disorders of the brain microvasculature contribute to many neurological disorders. In recent years it has become clear that a major player in these events is the capillary pericyte which, in the brain, is now known to control the blood-brain barrier, regulate blood flow, influence immune cell entry and be crucial for angiogenesis. In this review we consider the under-explored possibility that peripheral diseases which affect the microvasculature, such as hypertension, kidney disease and diabetes, produce central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction by mechanisms affecting capillary pericytes within the CNS. We highlight how cellular messengers produced peripherally can act via signalling pathways within CNS pericytes to reshape blood vessels, restrict blood flow or compromise blood-brain barrier function, thus causing neuronal dysfunction. Increased understanding of how renin-angiotensin, Rho-kinase and PDGFRβ signalling affect CNS pericytes may suggest novel therapeutic approaches to reducing the CNS effects of peripheral disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanawee Hirunpattarasilp
- Department of Neuroscience, Andrew Huxley Building, University College London, Physiology & Pharmacology, Gower Street, London, UK
| | - David Attwell
- Department of Neuroscience, Andrew Huxley Building, University College London, Physiology & Pharmacology, Gower Street, London, UK
| | - Felipe Freitas
- Department of Neuroscience, Andrew Huxley Building, University College London, Physiology & Pharmacology, Gower Street, London, UK
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Xu L, Li J, Luo Z, Wu Q, Fan W, Yao X, Li Q, Yan H, Wang J. Aβ inhibits mesenchymal stem cell-pericyte transition through MAPK pathway. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2018; 50:776-781. [PMID: 29939221 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmy072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple independent reports have demonstrated pericyte loss in both the hippocampus and cortex in human Alzheimer's disease (AD). The differentiation and recruitment of pericytes are the essential steps in vasculature development. However, the role of amyloid beta (Aβ) in pericyte differentiation has not yet been fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated the interaction between Aβ and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) toward pericytes in culture. Our results showed that mice overexpressing Aβ-precursor protein (APP/PS1) exhibited the loss of pericytes compared with the control group mice, evidenced by the lack of desmin expression in the cortex of 12-month-old mice. Interestingly, we further found that both Aβ40 and Aβ42 inhibited the expressions of pericyte markers (α-SMA, desmin, and PDGFRβ) in cultured MSCs which can be differentiated into mature pericytes. Mechanistically, the inhibitory effects of Aβs on MSC-pericyte transition is mediated by the activation of the ERK1/2 MAPK signal pathway. These new insights into the roles of Aβ in pericyte differentiation may help to develop more effective strategies for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tianjin Neurosurgical Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Jialin Li
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhongqiu Luo
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiaoli Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tianjin Neurosurgical Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Weijia Fan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tianjin Neurosurgical Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiuhua Yao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tianjin Neurosurgical Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Qingguo Li
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hua Yan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tianjin Neurosurgical Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinhuan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tianjin Neurosurgical Institute, Tianjin, China
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The Neuropilin-1 Inhibitor, ATWLPPR Peptide, Prevents Experimental Diabetes-Induced Retinal Injury by Preserving Vascular Integrity and Decreasing Oxidative Stress. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142571. [PMID: 26554379 PMCID: PMC4640834 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) is a transmembrane glycoprotein. As a VEGF co-receptor, NRP1 significantly enhances VEGFR2 signaling and promotes vascular permeability and migration. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of an NRP-1 inhibitor, ATWLPPR peptide, on the early stages of diabetic retinopathy. Eight-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were divided into three groups: a Normal group, a Diabetes (DB) ATWLPPR treatment group and a DB saline group. Electroretinography (ERG), fundus fluorescence angiography (FFA) and leukostasis were examined to evaluate the retinal injury induced by diabetes at the end of the fifth week after STZ injection. Occludin expression and extravasation of albumin were measured to determine the extent of vascular injury. The oxidative stress level and the levels of inflammation-associated proteins were also assayed. The results indicated that treatment with ATWLPPR prevents the abnormal condition of ERG (amplitudes of b-wave decreased and implicit time increased) and vascular injury (occludin degradation and increase in extravasated albumin). These effects were associated with a reduction in the oxidase stress level and the expression of VEGF, GFAP, and ICAM-1. We conclude that ATWLPPR, an NRP-1 inhibitor, may reduce the early retinal damage induced by diabetes by preserving vascular integrity and decreasing the oxidative stress level. Blockade of NRP-1 may be a new therapeutic strategy for the early stages of DR.
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