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Fong D, Gradon K, Barrett CJ, Guild SJ, Tzeng YC, Paton JFR, McBryde FD. A method to evaluate dynamic cerebral pressure-flow relationships in the conscious rat. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 131:1361-1369. [PMID: 34498945 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00289.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The classic dogma of cerebral autoregulation is that cerebral blood flow is steadily maintained across a wide range of perfusion pressures. This has been challenged by recent studies suggesting little to no "autoregulatory plateau" in the relationship between cerebral blood flow and blood pressure (BP). Therefore, the mechanisms underlying the cerebral pressure-flow relationship still require further understanding. Here, we present a novel approach to examine dynamic cerebral autoregulation in conscious Wistar rats (n = 16) instrumented to measure BP and internal carotid blood flow (iCBF), as an indicator of cerebral blood flow. Transient reductions in BP were induced by occluding the vena cava via inflation of a chronically implanted intravascular silicone balloon. Falls in BP were paralleled by progressive decreases in iCBF, with no evidence of a steady-state plateau. No significant changes in internal carotid vascular resistance (iCVR) were observed. In contrast, intravenous infusions of the vasoactive drug sodium nitroprusside (SNP) produced a similar fall in BP but increases in iCBF and decreases in iCVR were observed. These data suggest a considerable confounding influence of vasodilatory drugs such as SNP on cerebrovascular tone in the rat, making them unsuitable to investigate cerebral autoregulation. We demonstrate that our technique of transient vena cava occlusion produced reliable and repeatable depressor responses, highlighting the potential for our approach to permit assessment of the dynamic cerebral pressure-flow relationship over time in conscious rats.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We present a novel technique to overcome the use of vasoactive agents when studying cerebrovascular dynamics in the conscious rat. Our method of vena cava occlusion to reduce BP was associated with decreased iCBF and no change in iCVR. In contrast, comparable BP falls with intravenous SNP increased iCBF and reduced iCVR. Thus, the dynamic cerebral pressure-flow relationship shows a narrower, less level autoregulatory plateau than conventionally thought. We confirm our method allows repeatable assessment of cerebrovascular dynamics in conscious rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra Fong
- Manaaki Mānawa-The Centre for Heart Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kelly Gradon
- Manaaki Mānawa-The Centre for Heart Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Carolyn J Barrett
- Manaaki Mānawa-The Centre for Heart Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sarah-Jane Guild
- Manaaki Mānawa-The Centre for Heart Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yu Chieh Tzeng
- Wellington Medical Technology Group, Centre for Translational Physiology, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Julian F R Paton
- Manaaki Mānawa-The Centre for Heart Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Fiona D McBryde
- Manaaki Mānawa-The Centre for Heart Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Whitehead AK, Erwin AP, Yue X. Nicotine and vascular dysfunction. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 231:e13631. [PMID: 33595878 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is the single most important risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). However, the role of nicotine, the addictive component of all tobacco products, in the development of CVD is incompletely understood. Although increased public awareness of the harms of cigarette smoking has successfully led to a decline in its prevalence, the use of electronic cigarettes (e-cig) or electronic nicotine delivery system has increased dramatically in recent years because of the perception that these products are safe. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the expression and function of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the cardiovascular system and the impact of nicotine exposure on cardiovascular health, with a focus on nicotine-induced vascular dysfunction. Nicotine alters vasoreactivity through endothelium-dependent and/or endothelium-independent mechanisms, leading to clinical manifestations in both cigarette smokers and e-cig users. In addition, nicotine induces vascular remodelling through its effects on proliferation, migration and matrix production of both vascular endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells. The purpose of this review is to identify critical knowledge gaps regarding the effects of nicotine on the vasculature and to stimulate continued nicotine research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K. Whitehead
- Department of Physiology Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans LA USA
| | - Abigail P. Erwin
- Department of Physiology Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans LA USA
| | - Xinping Yue
- Department of Physiology Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans LA USA
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Chang JWH, Tromp TR, Joles JA, McBryde FD, Paton JFR, Ramchandra R. Role of the Carotid Body in an Ovine Model of Renovascular Hypertension. Hypertension 2020; 76:1451-1460. [PMID: 32981362 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.15676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The carotid body is implicated as an important mediator and potential treatment target for hypertension. The mechanisms driving increased carotid body tonicity in hypertension are incompletely understood. Using a large preclinical animal model, which is crucial for translation, we hypothesized that carotid sinus nerve denervation would chronically decrease blood pressure in a renovascular ovine model of hypertension in which hypertonicity of the carotid body is associated with reduced common carotid artery blood flow. Adult ewes underwent either unilateral renal artery clipping or sham surgery. Two weeks later, flow probes were placed around the contralateral renal and common carotid arteries. Hypertension was accompanied by a significant reduction in common carotid blood flow but no change in renal blood flow. Carotid sinus nerve denervation significantly reduced blood pressure compared with sham. In both hypertensive and normotensive animals, carotid body stimulation using potassium cyanide caused dose-dependent increases in mean arterial pressure and common carotid conductance but a reduction in renal vascular conductance. These responses were not different between the animal groups. Taken together, our findings indicate that (1) the carotid body is activated in renovascular hypertension, and this is associated with reduced blood flow (decreased vascular conductance) in the common carotid artery and (2) the carotid body can differentially regulate blood flow to the common carotid and renal arteries. We suggest that in the ovine renovascular model, carotid body hypertonicity may be a product of reduced common carotid artery blood flow and plays an amplifying role with the kidney in the development of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Wen-Han Chang
- From the Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, New Zealand (J.W.-H.C., T.R.T., F.D.M., J.F.R.P., R.R.)
| | - Tycho R Tromp
- From the Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, New Zealand (J.W.-H.C., T.R.T., F.D.M., J.F.R.P., R.R.).,Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands (T.R.T., J.A.J.)
| | - Jaap A Joles
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands (T.R.T., J.A.J.)
| | - Fiona D McBryde
- From the Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, New Zealand (J.W.-H.C., T.R.T., F.D.M., J.F.R.P., R.R.)
| | - Julian F R Paton
- From the Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, New Zealand (J.W.-H.C., T.R.T., F.D.M., J.F.R.P., R.R.)
| | - Rohit Ramchandra
- From the Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, New Zealand (J.W.-H.C., T.R.T., F.D.M., J.F.R.P., R.R.)
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4
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Ito A, Ohnuki Y, Suita K, Ishikawa M, Mototani Y, Shiozawa K, Kawamura N, Yagisawa Y, Nariyama M, Umeki D, Nakamura Y, Okumura S. Role of β-adrenergic signaling in masseter muscle. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215539. [PMID: 30986276 PMCID: PMC6464212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In skeletal muscle, the major isoform of β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) is β2-AR and the minor isoform is β1-AR, which is opposite to the situation in cardiac muscle. Despite extensive studies in cardiac muscle, the physiological roles of the β-AR subtypes in skeletal muscle are not fully understood. Therefore, in this work, we compared the effects of chronic β1- or β2-AR activation with a specific β1-AR agonist, dobutamine (DOB), or a specific β2-AR agonist, clenbuterol (CB), on masseter and cardiac muscles in mice. In cardiac muscle, chronic β1-AR stimulation induced cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis and myocyte apoptosis, whereas chronic β2-AR stimulation induced cardiac hypertrophy without histological abnormalities. In masseter muscle, however, chronic β1-AR stimulation did not induce muscle hypertrophy, but did induce fibrosis and apoptosis concomitantly with increased levels of p44/42 MAPK (ERK1/2) (Thr-202/Tyr-204), calmodulin kinase II (Thr-286) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) (Ser-2481) phosphorylation. On the other hand, chronic β2-AR stimulation in masseter muscle induced muscle hypertrophy without histological abnormalities, as in the case of cardiac muscle, concomitantly with phosphorylation of Akt (Ser-473) and mTOR (Ser-2448) and increased expression of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3-II, an autophagosome marker. These results suggest that the β1-AR pathway is deleterious and the β2-AR is protective in masseter muscle. These data should be helpful in developing pharmacological approaches for the treatment of skeletal muscle wasting and weakness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiko Ito
- Department of Physiology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Orthodontics, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Ohnuki
- Department of Physiology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kenji Suita
- Department of Physiology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Misao Ishikawa
- Department of Oral Anatomy, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Mototani
- Department of Physiology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kouichi Shiozawa
- Department of Physiology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Naoya Kawamura
- Department of Physiology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Periodontology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yuka Yagisawa
- Department of Physiology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Orthodontics, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Megumi Nariyama
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Daisuke Umeki
- Department of Orthodontics, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Nakamura
- Department of Orthodontics, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Okumura
- Department of Physiology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Roloff EVL, Walas D, Moraes DJA, Kasparov S, Paton JFR. Differences in autonomic innervation to the vertebrobasilar arteries in spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar rats. J Physiol 2018; 596:3505-3529. [PMID: 29797726 PMCID: PMC6092310 DOI: 10.1113/jp275973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Essential hypertension is associated with hyperactivity of the sympathetic nervous system and hypoperfusion of the brainstem area controlling arterial pressure. Sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation of vertebrobasilar arteries may regulate blood perfusion to the brainstem. We examined the autonomic innervation of these arteries in pre-hypertensive (PHSH) and hypertensive spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats relative to age-matched Wistar rats. Our main findings were: (1) an unexpected decrease in noradrenergic sympathetic innervation in PHSH and SH compared to Wistar rats despite elevated sympathetic drive in PHSH rats; (2) a dramatic deficit in cholinergic and peptidergic parasympathetic innervation in PHSH and SH compared to Wistar rats; and (3) denervation of sympathetic fibres did not alter vertebrobasilar artery morphology or arterial pressure. Our results support a compromised vasodilatory capacity in PHSH and SH rats compared to Wistar rats, which may explain their hypoperfused brainstem. ABSTRACT Neurogenic hypertension may result from brainstem hypoperfusion. We previously found remodelling (decreased lumen, increased wall thickness) in vertebrobasilar arteries of juvenile, pre-hypertensive spontaneously hypertensive (PHSH) and adult spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats compared to age-matched normotensive rats. We tested the hypothesis that there would be a greater density of sympathetic to parasympathetic innervation of vertebrobasilar arteries in SH versus Wistar rats irrespective of the stage of development and that sympathetic denervation (ablation of the superior cervical ganglia bilaterally) would reverse the remodelling and lower blood pressure. Contrary to our hypothesis, immunohistochemistry revealed a decrease in the innervation density of noradrenergic sympathetic fibres in adult SH rats (P < 0.01) compared to Wistar rats. Unexpectedly, there was a 65% deficit in parasympathetic fibres, as assessed by both vesicular acetylcholine transporter (α-VAChT) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (α-VIP) immunofluorescence (P < 0.002) in PHSH rats compared to age-matched Wistar rats. Although the neural activity of the internal cervical sympathetic branch, which innervates the vertebrobasilar arteries, was higher in PHSH relative to Wistar rats, its denervation had no effect on the vertebrobasilar artery morphology or persistent effect on arterial pressure in SH rats. Our neuroanatomic and functional data do not support a role for sympathetic nerves in remodelling of the vertebrobasilar artery wall in PHSH or SH rats. The remodelling of vertebrobasilar arteries and the elevated activity in the internal cervical sympathetic nerve coupled with their reduced parasympathetic innervation suggests a compromised vasodilatory capacity in PHSH and SH rats that could explain their brainstem hypoperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva v. L. Roloff
- School of PhysiologyPharmacology and NeuroscienceBiomedical SciencesUniversity of BristolBristol BS8 1TDUK
| | - Dawid Walas
- School of PhysiologyPharmacology and NeuroscienceBiomedical SciencesUniversity of BristolBristol BS8 1TDUK
| | - Davi J. A. Moraes
- Department of PhysiologySchool of Medicine of Ribeirão PretoUniversity of São PauloRibeirão PretoSP 14049–900Brazil
| | - Sergey Kasparov
- School of PhysiologyPharmacology and NeuroscienceBiomedical SciencesUniversity of BristolBristol BS8 1TDUK
| | - Julian F. R. Paton
- School of PhysiologyPharmacology and NeuroscienceBiomedical SciencesUniversity of BristolBristol BS8 1TDUK
- Department of PhysiologyFaculty of Medical and Health SciencesThe University of Auckland85 Park RoadGraftonAuckland1142New Zealand
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Effects of endogenous nitric oxide on adrenergic nerve-mediated vasoconstriction and calcitonin gene-related peptide-containing nerve-mediated vasodilation in pithed rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 802:69-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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de Queiroz DB, Sastre E, Caracuel L, Callejo M, Xavier FE, Blanco-Rivero J, Balfagón G. Alterations in perivascular innervation function in mesenteric arteries from offspring of diabetic rats. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:4699-713. [PMID: 26177571 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE We have reported that exposure to a diabetic intrauterine environment during pregnancy increases blood pressure in adult offspring, but the mechanisms involved are not completely understood. This study was designed to analyse a possible role of perivascular sympathetic and nitrergic innervation in the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) in this effect. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Diabetes was induced in pregnant Wistar rats by a single injection of streptozotocin. Endothelium-denuded vascular rings from the offspring of control (O-CR) and diabetic rats (O-DR) were used. Vasomotor responses to electrical field stimulation (EFS), NA and the NO donor DEA-NO were studied. The expressions of neuronal NOS (nNOS) and phospho-nNOS (P-nNOS) and release of NA, ATP and NO were determined. Sympathetic and nitrergic nerve densities were analysed by immunofluorescence. KEY RESULTS Blood pressure was higher in O-DR animals. EFS-induced vasoconstriction was greater in O-DR animals. This response was decreased by phentolamine more in O-DR animals than their controls. L-NAME increased EFS-induced vasoconstriction more strongly in O-DR than in O-CR segments. Vasomotor responses to NA or DEA-NO were not modified. NA, ATP and NO release was increased in segments from O-DR. nNOS expression was not modified, whereas P-nNOS expression was increased in O-DR. Sympathetic and nitrergic nerve densities were similar in both experimental groups. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The activity of sympathetic and nitrergic innervation is increased in SMA from O-DR animals. The net effect is an increase in EFS-induced contractions in these animals. These effects may contribute to the increased blood pressure observed in the offspring of diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B de Queiroz
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - E Sastre
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación La Paz (IdIPAZ), Madrid, Spain
| | - L Caracuel
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación La Paz (IdIPAZ), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Callejo
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - F E Xavier
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - J Blanco-Rivero
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación La Paz (IdIPAZ), Madrid, Spain
| | - G Balfagón
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación La Paz (IdIPAZ), Madrid, Spain
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Ohnuki Y, Umeki D, Mototani Y, Jin H, Cai W, Shiozawa K, Suita K, Saeki Y, Fujita T, Ishikawa Y, Okumura S. Role of cyclic AMP sensor Epac1 in masseter muscle hypertrophy and myosin heavy chain transition induced by β2-adrenoceptor stimulation. J Physiol 2014; 592:5461-75. [PMID: 25344550 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.282996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The predominant isoform of β-adrenoceptor (β-AR) in skeletal muscle is β2-AR and that in the cardiac muscle is β1-AR. We have reported that Epac1 (exchange protein directly activated by cAMP 1), a new protein kinase A-independent cAMP sensor, does not affect cardiac hypertrophy in response to pressure overload or chronic isoproterenol (isoprenaline) infusion. However, the role of Epac1 in skeletal muscle hypertrophy remains poorly understood. We thus examined the effect of disruption of Epac1, the major Epac isoform in skeletal muscle, on masseter muscle hypertrophy induced by chronic β2-AR stimulation with clenbuterol (CB) in Epac1-null mice (Epac1KO). The masseter muscle weight/tibial length ratio was similar in wild-type (WT) and Epac1KO at baseline and was significantly increased in WT after CB infusion, but this increase was suppressed in Epac1KO. CB treatment significantly increased the proportion of myosin heavy chain (MHC) IIb at the expense of that of MHC IId/x in both WT and Epac1KO, indicating that Epac1 did not mediate the CB-induced MHC isoform transition towards the faster isoform. The mechanism of suppression of CB-mediated hypertrophy in Epac1KO is considered to involve decreased activation of Akt signalling. In addition, CB-induced histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) phosphorylation on serine 246 mediated by calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII), which plays a role in skeletal muscle hypertrophy, was suppressed in Epac1KO. Our findings suggest that Epac1 plays a role in β2-AR-mediated masseter muscle hypertrophy, probably through activation of both Akt signalling and CaMKII/HDAC4 signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Ohnuki
- Department of Physiology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, 230-8501, Japan
| | - Daisuke Umeki
- Department of Physiology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, 230-8501, Japan Department of Orthodontics, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, 230-8501, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Mototani
- Department of Physiology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, 230-8501, Japan
| | - Huiling Jin
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Wenqian Cai
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Kouichi Shiozawa
- Department of Physiology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, 230-8501, Japan
| | - Kenji Suita
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Yasutake Saeki
- Department of Physiology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, 230-8501, Japan
| | - Takayuki Fujita
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ishikawa
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Satoshi Okumura
- Department of Physiology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, 230-8501, Japan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
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Gong CL, Leung YM, Wang MR, Lin NN, Lee TJF, Kuo JS. Neurochemicals involved in medullary control of common carotid blood flow. Curr Neuropharmacol 2014; 11:513-20. [PMID: 24403875 PMCID: PMC3763759 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x113119990044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The common carotid artery (CCA) supplies intra- and extra-cranial vascular beds. An area in the medulla controlling CCA blood flow is defined as the dorsal facial area (DFA) by Kuo et al. in 1987. In the DFA, presynaptic nitrergic and/or glutamatergic fibers innervate preganglionic nitrergic and/or cholinergic neurons which give rise to the preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic 7th and 9th cranial nerves. Released glutamate from presynaptic nitrergic and/or glutamatergic fibers can activate N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) receptors on preganglionic nitrergic and/or cholinergic neurons. By modulating this glutamate release, several neurochemicals including serotonin, arginine, nitric oxide, nicotine, choline and ATP in the DFA regulate CCA blood flow. Understanding the neurochemical regulatory mechanisms can provide important insights of the physiological roles of the DFA, and may help develop therapeutic strategies for diseases involving CCA blood flow, such as migraine, hypertensive disease, Alzheimer’s disease and cerebral ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Li Gong
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Yuk-Man Leung
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taiwan; ; Graduate Institute of Neural and Cognitive Sciences, China Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ren Wang
- Yuhing Junior College of Health Care and Management, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Nu Lin
- Department of Education and Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tony Jer-Fu Lee
- Neuro-Medical Scientific Center and Center for Vascular Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital and Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan; ; Department of Medical Research, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital and Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Jon-Son Kuo
- Neuro-Medical Scientific Center and Center for Vascular Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital and Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan; ; Department of Medical Research, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital and Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan; ; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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10
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Nitrergic nerves derived from the pterygopalatine ganglion innervate arteries irrigating the cerebrum but not the cerebellum and brain stem in monkeys. Hypertens Res 2011; 35:88-92. [PMID: 21975516 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2011.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The functional roles of the nitrergic nerves innervating the monkey cerebral artery were evaluated in a tension-response study examining isolated arteries in vitro and cerebral angiography in vivo. Nicotine produced relaxation of arteries by stimulation of nerve terminals innervating isolated monkey arteries irrigating the cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem. Relaxation of arteries induced by nicotine was abolished by treatment with N(G)-nitro-L-arginine, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, and was restored by addition of L-arginine. Cerebral angiography showed that electrical stimulation of the unilateral greater petrosal nerve, which connects to the pterygopalatine ganglion via the parasympathetic ganglion synapse, produced vasodilatation of the anterior, middle and posterior cerebral arteries in the stimulated side. However, stimulation failed to produce vasodilatation of the superior and anterior-inferior cerebellar arteries and the basilar artery in anesthetized monkeys. Therefore, nitrergic nerves derived from the pterygopalatine ganglion appear to regulate cerebral vasomotor function. In contrast, circulation in the cerebellum and brain stem might be regulated by nitrergic nerves originating not from the pterygopalatine ganglion, but rather from an unknown ganglion (or ganglia).
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11
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Lee TJF, Chang HH, Lee HC, Chen PY, Lee YC, Kuo JS, Chen MF. Axo-axonal interaction in autonomic regulation of the cerebral circulation. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2011; 203:25-35. [PMID: 21159131 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2010.02231.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Noradrenaline (NE) and acetylcholine (ACh) released from the sympathetic and parasympathetic neurones in cerebral blood vessels were suggested initially to be the respective vasoconstricting and dilating transmitters. Both substances, however, are extremely weak post-synaptic transmitters. Compelling evidence indicates that nitric oxide (NO) which is co-released with ACh from same parasympathetic nerves is the major transmitter for cerebral vasodilation, and its release is inhibited by ACh. NE released from the sympathetic nerve, acting on presynaptic β2-adrenoceptors located on the neighbouring parasympathetic nitrergic nerves, however, facilitates NO release with enhanced vasodilation. This axo-axonal interaction mediating NE transmission is supported by close apposition between sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve terminals, and has been shown in vivo at the base of the brain and the cortical cerebral circulation. This result reveals the physiological need for increased regional cerebral blood flow in 'fight-or-flight response' during acute stress. Furthermore, α7- and α3β2-nicotinic ACh receptors (nAChRs) on sympathetic nerve terminals mediate release of NE, leading to cerebral nitrergic vasodilation. α7-nAChR-mediated but not α3β2-nAChR-mediated cerebral nitrergic vasodilation is blocked by β-amyloid peptides (Aβs). This may provide an explanation for cerebral hypoperfusion seen in patients with Alzheimer's disease. α7- and α3β2-nAChR-mediated nitrergic vasodilation is blocked by cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) which are widely used for treating Alzheimer's disease, leading to possible cerebral hypoperfusion. This may contribute to the limitation of clinical use of ChEIs. ChEI blockade of nAChR-mediated dilation like that by Aβs is prevented by statins pretreatment, suggesting that efficacy of ChEIs may be improved by concurrent use of statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J F Lee
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Science, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.
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A potential role for inducible nitric oxide synthase in the cerebral response to acute hemodilution. Can J Anaesth 2009; 56:502-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12630-009-9104-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2009] [Accepted: 04/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Jadhav V, Jabre A, Chen MF, Lee TJF. Presynaptic Prostaglandin E
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-Receptor Facilitation of Cerebral Nitrergic Neurogenic Vasodilation. Stroke 2009; 40:261-9. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.108.516104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Jadhav
- From the Department of Pharmacology (V.J., T.J.-F.L.), Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Ill; the Department of Neurosurgery (A.J.), Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Mass; the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (V.J.), Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, Calif; and Research Department (T.J.-F.L., M.-F.C.), Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital and Tzu Chi University Center for Vascular Medicine (M.-F.C., T.J.-F.L.), College of Life Sciences,
| | - Anthony Jabre
- From the Department of Pharmacology (V.J., T.J.-F.L.), Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Ill; the Department of Neurosurgery (A.J.), Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Mass; the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (V.J.), Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, Calif; and Research Department (T.J.-F.L., M.-F.C.), Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital and Tzu Chi University Center for Vascular Medicine (M.-F.C., T.J.-F.L.), College of Life Sciences,
| | - Mei-Fang Chen
- From the Department of Pharmacology (V.J., T.J.-F.L.), Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Ill; the Department of Neurosurgery (A.J.), Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Mass; the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (V.J.), Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, Calif; and Research Department (T.J.-F.L., M.-F.C.), Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital and Tzu Chi University Center for Vascular Medicine (M.-F.C., T.J.-F.L.), College of Life Sciences,
| | - Tony Jer-Fu Lee
- From the Department of Pharmacology (V.J., T.J.-F.L.), Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Ill; the Department of Neurosurgery (A.J.), Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Mass; the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (V.J.), Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, Calif; and Research Department (T.J.-F.L., M.-F.C.), Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital and Tzu Chi University Center for Vascular Medicine (M.-F.C., T.J.-F.L.), College of Life Sciences,
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Kacem K, Sercombe C, Hammami M, Vicaut E, Sercombe R. Sympathectomy Causes Aggravated Lesions and Dedifferentiation in Large Rabbit Atherosclerotic Arteries without Involving Nitric Oxide. J Vasc Res 2006; 43:289-305. [PMID: 16651846 DOI: 10.1159/000093010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2005] [Accepted: 02/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously [Histochem J 1997;29:279-286], we found that sympathectomy induced neointima formation in ear but not cerebral arteries of genetically hyperlipidemic rabbits. To clarify the influence of sympathetic nerves in atherosclerosis, and whether their influence involves vascular NO activity, we studied groups of normocholesterolemic intact (NI) and sympathectomized (NS), and hypercholesterolemic intact (HI) and sympathectomized (HS) rabbits (diet/6-hydroxydopamine for 79 days). Segments of basilar (BA) and femoral (FA) arteries were studied histochemically, to evaluate differentiation (anti-desmin, anti-vimentin, anti-h-caldesmon, and nuclear dye), by confocal microscopy, and by in vitro myography. In BAs, staining of NI and NS groups was similar. In hypercholesterolemic groups, a small neointima developed, more frequently in HS segments where smooth muscle cells (SMCs) positive for all antibodies appeared to be migrating into the neointima. In FAs, SMCs stained for the three antibodies in the NI group, but we observed desmin- and h-caldesmon-negative, vimentin-positive cells in some external medial layers of the NS, HI and HS groups, identical to adventitial fibroblasts. Large neointimas of the HS group contained vimentin-positive and largely desmin- and h-caldesmon-negative cells. Relaxation of BA or FA segments to acetylcholine was not decreased by sympathectomy. Sympathectomy increased the contraction of resting FAs to nitro-L-arginine (p = 0.0379). Thus, sympathectomy aggravates the tendency for FA SMCs to migrate and dedifferentiate, increasing atherosclerotic lesions, without decreasing NO activity, but has only minor effects on BAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamel Kacem
- Unité de Pathologies Vasculaires, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Jarzouna, Tunisia
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Chen YC, Shen SC, Lin HY, Tsai SH, Lee TJF. Nicotine enhancement of lipopolysaccharide/interferon-γ-induced cytotoxicity with elevating nitric oxide production. Toxicol Lett 2004; 153:191-200. [PMID: 15451549 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2004.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2003] [Revised: 12/22/2003] [Accepted: 01/19/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine has been shown to induce relaxation via nitric oxide (NO) production with activation of endothelium nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), however the effect of nicotine on lipopolysaccharide/interferon-gamma (LPS/IFN-gamma)-induced NO production and inducible NOS (iNOS) gene expression is still undefined. Here, nicotine alone did not affect the NO and PGE2 production in RAW264.7 and primary peritoneal macrophages. Interestingly, nicotine showed the dose-dependent stimulatory effect on LPS (20 ng/ml)/IFN-gamma (10 ng/ml)-induced NO but not PGE2 production in both cells. Although nicotine stimulates NO production in the presence of LPS/IFN-gamma, LPS at the dose of 20 ng/ml, nicotine showed no obvious inductive effect on the expression of iNOS protein by Western blotting in both cells. However, nicotine significantly stimulates LPS (2.5, 5 ng/ml)/IFN-gamma (10 ng/ml)-induced iNOS expression and NO production in RAW264.7 cells. Cytotoxicity assay showed that nicotine enhanced LPS (20 ng/ml) and IFN-gamma (10 ng/ml)-induced cytotoxicity, which was inhibited by an NOS inhibitor N-nitro-L-arginine (NLA) in RAW264.7 cells. Direct and indirect NOS activity assays indicated that nicotine did not affect NOS activity. And, iNOS protein stability was not changed by nicotine after LPS/IFN-gamma treatment. These data indicates that nicotine may potentiate LPS/IFN-gamma-induced cytotoxic effects by enhancing NO production; enhancing iNOS gene expression induced by LPS/IFN-gamma is involved. A cross-talk between inflammation and smoking was proposed in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Chou Chen
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Tsuru H, Tanimitsu N, Hirai T. Role of perivascular sympathetic nerves and regional differences in the features of sympathetic innervation of the vascular system. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY 2002; 88:9-13. [PMID: 11855682 DOI: 10.1254/jjp.88.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of blood pressure is mostly dependent on sympathetic "tone", and the sympathetic nerve innervates the entire vascular bed, excepting the capillaries. Although norepinephrine (NE) is the principal neurotransmitter released upon sympathetic nerve stimulation, neuropeptide Y and ATP are cotransmitters in various vascular tissues. In addition, dopamine and epinephrine, as well as acetylcholine, have been shown to be sympathetic neurotransmitters in specific vasculatures. Transmitter NE release is modified by a number of endogenous substances including the transmitter itself. Chronic denervation of the preganglionic fiber induces an increase in NE release per pulse, indicating postganglionic neuronal supersensitivity. So far, three main adrenoceptor types have been shown, alpha1, alpha2 and beta, each of which is further divided into at least three subtypes, as well as the alpha1L-adrenoceptor, a phenotype of the cloned alpha1a-adrenoceptor, in the blood vessel. Thus, the response of vessels with different receptor types to a transmitter varies quantitatively and even qualitatively from one vessel to another. The remarkable diversity in the sympathetic innervation mechanism in the vascular system may play an important role in regional variations in the regulation of blood flow. The sympathetic nerve also exerts long-term trophic action on the blood vessel. In conclusion, the sympathetic nervous system plays an important role not only in the regulation of cardiovascular dynamics but in the maintenance of the vessel structure, as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromichi Tsuru
- Department of Pharmacology, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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