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Ma J, Liu W, Wang X, Lu C, Hao Z, Wang Y, Ding Y, Li Y. Cnidium officinale Makino: Phytology, Phytochemistry, Toxicology, Pharmacology and Prescriptions (1967-2023). Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202301639. [PMID: 38062000 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202301639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Cnidium officinale Makino (COM), a perennial herbaceous plant in the Apiaceous family, widely distribute in Eastern Asia and Asia-Temperate. It has a long history application as a traditional medicine for invigorating the blood and removing blood stasis, and also has been employed to diet, pesticide, herbal bathing materials, the cosmetic and skin care industry. However, there has been no associated review of literature in the past half a century (1967-2023). By searching the international authoritative databases and collecting 229 literatures closely related to COM, herewith a comprehensive and systematic review was conducted. The phytology includes plant distribution and botanical characteristics. The phytochemistry covers 8 major categories, 208 compounds in total, and the quantitative determination of 14 monomer compounds, total polyphenols and total flavonoids. The clinical trial in pregnant women and toxic experiments in mice, the pharmacology of 7 aspects and 82 frequently used prescriptions are summarized. It is expected that this paper will provide forward-looking scientific thinking and literature support for the further modern research, development and utilization of COM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Xueyu Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Chang Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Zezhuang Hao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Ye Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Yuling Ding
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Yong Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
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Salehi C, Seiiedy M, Soraya H, Fazli F, Ghasemnejad-Berenji M. Pretreatment with bisoprolol and vitamin E alone or in combination provides neuroprotection against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 394:685-695. [PMID: 33106920 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-020-02007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) induces selective neuronal injury in the hippocampus, leading to severe impairment in behavior, learning, and memory functions. This study aimed to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of bisoprolol (biso) and vitamin E (vit E) treatment alone or in combination on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. A total of 30 male rats were divided randomly into five groups (n = 6), sham, I/R, I/R + biso, I/R + vit E, and I/R + biso+vit E. Cerebral I/R group underwent global ischemia by bilateral common carotid artery occlusion for 20 min. Treatment groups received drugs once daily intraperitoneally for 7 days before the I/R induction. Locomotive and cognitive behaviors were utilized by open-field and Morris water maze tests. After behavioral testing, the brain was removed and processed to evaluate cerebral infarct size, histopathologic changes, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and malondialdehyde (MDA) level. In I/R group tissue MDA and MPO levels and cerebral infarct size were significantly increased in comparison with the sham group. Furthermore, significant deficits were observed in locomotion and spatial memory after I/R. The areas of cerebral infarction, MPO, and MDA levels in biso, vit E, and combination group were significantly reduced compared with I/R group. Histopathological analysis demonstrated a significant reduction in leukocyte infiltration in all treated groups with the most profound reduction in the combination group. According to the behavioral tests, administration of biso and/or vit E protected locomotive ability and improved spatial memory after cerebral I/R. Our findings show that biso and vit E have beneficial effects against the I/R injury and due to their synergistic effects when administered in combination, may have a more pronounced protective effect on the cerebral I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiman Salehi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 5715799313, Urmia, Iran
| | - Monireh Seiiedy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 5715799313, Urmia, Iran
| | - Hamid Soraya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 5715799313, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Farzaneh Fazli
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 5715799313, Urmia, Iran
| | - Morteza Ghasemnejad-Berenji
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 5715799313, Urmia, Iran.
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Paudel P, Seong SH, Zhou Y, Park CH, Yokozawa T, Jung HA, Choi JS. Rosmarinic Acid Derivatives' Inhibition of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β Is the Pharmacological Basis of Kangen-Karyu in Alzheimer's Disease. Molecules 2018; 23:E2919. [PMID: 30413117 PMCID: PMC6278281 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) is considered to be the central therapeutic approach against Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the present study, boiled water extracts of the Kangen-karyu (KK) herbal mixture and its constituents were screened for GSK-3β inhibitory activity. KK is used in traditional Kampo and Chinese medicines for improving cognitive function. The GSK-3β inhibition potential was evaluated by using the Kinase-Glo luminescent kinase assay platform. Furthermore, enzyme kinetics and in silico modeling were performed by using AutoDockTools to demonstrate the mechanism of enzyme inhibition. KK extract significantly inhibited GSK-3β in a concentration-dependent manner (IC50: 17.05 ± 1.14 μg/mL) when compared with the reference drug luteolin (IC50: 2.18 ± 0.13 μM). Among the six components of KK, extracts of Cyperi Rhizoma and Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix significantly inhibited GSK-3β with IC50 values of 20.68 ± 2.50 and 7.77 ± 1.38 μg/mL, respectively. Among the constituents of the roots of S. miltiorrhiza water extract, rosmarinic acid, magnesium lithospermate B, salvianolic acid A, salvianolic acid B, and salvianolic acid C inhibited GSK-3β with IC50 values ranging from 6.97 to 135.5 μM. Salvianolic acid B was found to be an ATP-competitive inhibitor of GSK-3β and showed the lowest IC50 value (6.97 ± 0.96 µM). In silico modeling suggested a mechanism of action by which the hydrophobic, π⁻cation, and hydrophilic interactions of salvianolic acid B at ATP and substrate sites are critical for the observed GSK-3β inhibition. Therefore, one of the mechanisms of action of KK against AD may be the inhibition of GSK-3β and one of the active components of KK is the root of S. miltiorrhiza and its constituents: rosmarinic acid, magnesium lithospermate B, and salvianolic acids A, B, and C. Our results demonstrate the pharmacological basis for the use of KK against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Paudel
- Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea.
| | - Su Hui Seong
- Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea.
| | - Yajuan Zhou
- Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea.
| | - Chan Hum Park
- Department of Medicinal Crop Research National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science Rural Development Administration, Eumseong 27709, Korea.
| | - Takako Yokozawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering for Research University of Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan.
| | - Hyun Ah Jung
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea.
| | - Jae Sue Choi
- Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea.
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Tao J, Cui Y, Duan Y, Zhang N, Wang C, Zhang F. Puerarin attenuates locomotor and cognitive deficits as well as hippocampal neuronal injury through the PI3K/Akt1/GSK-3β signaling pathway in an in vivo model of cerebral ischemia. Oncotarget 2017; 8:106283-106295. [PMID: 29290948 PMCID: PMC5739733 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke causes irreversible damage to the brain. The hippocampus is a vulnerable region and plays an important role in cognition and locomotor activity. Puerarin is a phytoestrogen that has beneficial effects in treating neurological disorders. How puerarin protects against hippocampal injury and its molecular mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Transient global brain ischemia was induced by 4-vessel occlusion in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were pretreated with puerarin alone or together with LY294002 (an PI3K inhibitor) before ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). The open- and closed-field tasks and Morris water maze (MWM) test were used to assess the effects of puerarin on anxiety-like behavioral and cognitive impairment following I/R. Hematoxylin-eosin staining(HE) was used to examine the survival of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons, and immunoblotting was performed to examine the expression of the related proteins. By using the rat model for transient I/R, we demonstrated that puerarin pretreatment significantly increased the travelling distance and number of crossings in the open- and closed-field tests, reduced latency and increased the proportion of distance and time in zone IV in the MWM. The number of live cells in the hippocampus is sharply increased by puerarin pretreatment.We further observed that the levels of phosphorylated Akt1, GSK-3β and MCL-1were elevated and those of cleaved-caspase-3 were reduced in the puerarin-treatment group. Notably, the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 counteracted all of the effects of puerarin. Our findings suggest that puerarin protects the hippocampus from I/R damage by activating the PI3K/Akt1/GSK-3β/MCL-1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhao Tao
- Pediatric Emergency and Critical Care Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yuehua Cui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Yu Duan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Congmin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, P.R. China
| | - Fayong Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
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Yang R, Hu K, Chen J, Zhu S, Li L, Lu H, Li P, Dong R. Necrostatin-1 protects hippocampal neurons against ischemia/reperfusion injury via the RIP3/DAXX signaling pathway in rats. Neurosci Lett 2017; 651:207-215. [PMID: 28501693 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) induces selective neuronal injury in CA1 region of hippocampus, leading to severe impairment in behavior, learning and memory functions. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the processes was not elucidated clearly. RIP3 is a key molecular switch connecting apoptosis, necrosis and necroptosis. DAXX, as a novel substrate of RIP3, plays a vital role in ischemia-induced neuronal death. The aim of this study is to investigate the role and mechanism of RIP3/DAXX signaling pathway on neurons in CA1 region of the rat hippocampus after cerebral I/R. Global cerebral ischemia was induced by the method of four-vessel occlusion. RIP1 specific inhibitor Necrostatin-1 was administered by intracerebroventricular injection 1h before ischemia. Open-field, closed-field, and Morris water maze tests were performed respectively to examine the anxiety and cognitive behavior in each group. Hematoxylin and eosinstaining was used to examine the survival of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. Western blot or immunoprecipitation were carried to detect protein expression, phosphorylation, and interaction. We found that pre-treatment with Nec-1 protected locomotive ability, relieved anxiety behavior, and improved cognitive ability in the rats subjected to cerebral I/R. In addition Moreover, Nec-1 decreased significantly the dead rate of neurons in hippocampal CA1 region after cerebral I/R through suppressing RIP1-RIP3 interaction and RIP3 activation along with RIP3-DAXX interaction, and then blocked DAXX translocation from nucleaus to cytoplasm, which resulted in the inactiviation of DAXX. We concluded that pre-treatment with Nec-1 can protect neurons in the hippocampal CA1 region against ischemic damage through the RIP3-DAXX signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongli Yang
- Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huai-hai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, PR China
| | - Kun Hu
- Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huai-hai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, PR China
| | - Jieyun Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huai-hai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, PR China
| | - Shiguang Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huai-hai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, PR China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huai-hai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, PR China
| | - Hailong Lu
- Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huai-hai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, PR China
| | - Pingjing Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huai-hai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, PR China
| | - Ruiguo Dong
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huai-hai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, PR China.
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Ge XH, Zhu GJ, Geng DQ, Zhang HZ, He JM, Guo AZ, Ma LL, Yu DH. Metformin protects the brain against ischemia/reperfusion injury through PI3K/Akt1/JNK3 signaling pathways in rats. Physiol Behav 2016; 170:115-123. [PMID: 28017679 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Although Metformin, a first-line antidiabetic drug, can ameliorate ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) induced brain damage, but how metformin benefits injured hippocampus and the mechanisms are still largely unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the neuroprotective mechanisms of metformin against ischemic brain damage induced by cerebral I/R and to explore whether the Akt-mediated down-regulation of the phosphorylation of JNK3 signaling pathway contributed to the protection provided by metformin. Transient global brain ischemia was induced by 4-vessel occlusion in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. The open field tasks and Morris water maze were used to assess the effect of metformin on anxiety-like behavioral and cognitive impairment after I/R. Cresyl Violet staining was used to examine the survival of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. Immunoblotting was performed to measure the phosphorylation of Akt1, JNK3, c-Jun and the expression of cleaved caspase-3. Through ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) rat model, we found that metformin could attenuate the deficits of hippocampal related behaviors and inhibit cell apoptosis. The western blot data showed that metformin could promote the activation of Akt1 and reduce the phosphorylation of JNK3 and c-Jun as well as elevation of cleaved caspase-3 in I/R brains. PI3K inhibitor reversed all the protective effects, further indicating that metformin protect hippocampus from ischemic damage through PI3K/Akt1/JNK3/c-Jun signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Hua Ge
- Department of General Medicine, Yangpu Hospital of Tongji University, Department of General Practice of Tongji University, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Guo-Ji Zhu
- Department of pediatrics, Soochow University Affiliated Children's Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou 215003, China
| | - De-Qin Geng
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China
| | - Han-Zhi Zhang
- Department of General Medicine, Yangpu Hospital of Tongji University, Department of General Practice of Tongji University, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Juan-Mei He
- Department of General Medicine, Yangpu Hospital of Tongji University, Department of General Practice of Tongji University, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Ai-Zhen Guo
- Department of General Medicine, Yangpu Hospital of Tongji University, Department of General Practice of Tongji University, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Lin-Lin Ma
- Department of General Medicine, Yangpu Hospital of Tongji University, Department of General Practice of Tongji University, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - De-Hua Yu
- Department of General Medicine, Yangpu Hospital of Tongji University, Department of General Practice of Tongji University, Shanghai 200090, China.
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Wang M, Qi DS, Zhou C, Han D, Li PP, Zhang F, Zhou XY, Han M, Di JH, Ye JS, Yu HM, Song YJ, Zhang GY. Ischemic preconditioning protects the brain against injury via inhibiting CaMKII-nNOS signaling pathway. Brain Res 2016; 1634:140-149. [PMID: 26794251 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Although studies have shown that cerebral ischemic preconditioning (IPC) can ameliorate ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) induced brain damage, but its precise mechanisms remain unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the neuroprotective mechanisms of IPC against ischemic brain damage induced by cerebral I/R and to explore whether the Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII)-mediated up-regulation of nNOS ser847-phosphorylation signaling pathway contributed to the protection provided by IPC. Transient global brain ischemia was induced by 4-vessel occlusion in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were pretreated with 3 min of IPC alone or KN62 (selective antagonist of CaMKII) treatment before IPC, after reperfusion for 3 days, 6 min ischemia was induced. Cresyl violet staining was used to examine the survival of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. Immunoblotting was performed to measure the phosphorylation of CaMKII, nNOS, c-Jun and the expression of FasL. Immunoprecipitation was used to examine the binding between PSD95 and nNOS. The results showed that IPC could significantly protect neurons against cerebral I/R injury, furthermore, the combination of PSD95 and nNOS was increased, coinstantaneously the phosphorylation of CaMKII and nNOS (ser847) were up-regulated, however the activation of c-Jun and FasL were reduced. Conversely, KN62 treatment before IPC reversed all these effects of IPC. Taken together, the results suggest that IPC could diminish ischemic brain injury through CaMKII-mediated up-regulation of nNOS ser847-phosphorylation signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, PR China; Laboratory of Morphology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, PR China
| | - Da-Shi Qi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, PR China; Department of Genetics, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, PR China
| | - Cui Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, PR China
| | - Dong Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, PR China
| | - Pei-Pei Li
- Department of Endocrine, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, PR China
| | - Fang Zhang
- Laboratory of Morphology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, PR China
| | - Xiao-Yan Zhou
- Laboratory of Morphology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, PR China
| | - Meng Han
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, PR China
| | - Jie-Hui Di
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, PR China
| | - Jun-Song Ye
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, PR China
| | - Hong-Min Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, PR China
| | - Yuan-Jian Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, PR China; Department of Genetics, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, PR China.
| | - Guang-Yi Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, PR China.
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Yang J, Pan Y, Li X, Wang X. Atorvastatin attenuates cognitive deficits through Akt1/caspase-3 signaling pathway in ischemic stroke. Brain Res 2015; 1629:231-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Shang Y, Zhang H, Cheng J, Miao H, Liu Y, Cao K, Wang H. Flavonoids from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi are effective to treat cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. Neural Regen Res 2014; 8:514-22. [PMID: 25206694 PMCID: PMC4146055 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on previous studies that have shown flavonoids from the stems and leaves of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi are neuroprotective agents in a naturally senile, D-galactose, aging in vivo model, as well as an in vitro model of oxidative/hypoxic injury, we established a cerebral ischemia/reperfusion model in rats by middle cerebral artery occlusion. The light/electron microscopic observations found significant neuropathological changes including neuron loss or swelling and rough endoplasmic reticulum injury. Moreover, the activities of lactate dehydrogenase, Na+-K+-ATPase, Ca2+-ATPase and superoxide dismutase were significantly lowered, and the levels of malonaldehyde increased. In addition, the memory of rats worsened. However, treatment with flavonoids from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (35, 70 and 140 mg/kg) for 13 days dramatically improved the above abnormal changes. These results suggest that the ability of flavonoids from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi in attenuating cerebral functional and morphological consequences after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion may be beneficial for the treatment of ischemic brain disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazhen Shang
- Department of Pharmacology of Basic Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China ; Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research and Development, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengde Medical College, Chengde 067000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Second Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Chengde 067000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Jianjun Cheng
- Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research and Development, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengde Medical College, Chengde 067000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Hong Miao
- Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research and Development, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengde Medical College, Chengde 067000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yongping Liu
- Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research and Development, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengde Medical College, Chengde 067000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Kai Cao
- Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research and Development, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengde Medical College, Chengde 067000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology of Basic Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
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Tao T, Zhao M, Yang W, Bo Y, Li W. Neuroprotective effects of therapeutic hypercapnia on spatial memory and sensorimotor impairment via anti-apoptotic mechanisms after focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. Neurosci Lett 2014; 573:1-6. [PMID: 24813106 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A number of studies have demonstrated that therapeutic hypercapnia ameliorates neurological deficits and attenuates the histological damage of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. However, the effects of therapeutic hypercapnia on impaired spatial memory have not been reported. Here we aimed to investigate the effects and mechanisms of therapeutic hypercapnia on spatial memory in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R). Adult male rats were randomly assigned into three experimental groups: sham (sham operation), IR (MCAO/R), and hypercapnia [arterial blood CO2 tension (PaCO2) 80-100 mmHg+IR] groups. Sensorimotor deficits and spatial memory testing were evaluated by an 18-point scoring system and an 8-arm radial maze task, respectively. The hippocampal histological damage and the percentage of apoptotic neurons were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining as well as flow cytometry. Western blotting was used to investigate the changes of the apoptosis-related Bcl-2 and Bax proteins. The results indicated that hypercapnia treatment significantly improved the abilities of impaired sensorimotor and spatial memory after MCAO/R. Moreover, hypercapnia treatment significantly increased the percentage of surviving neurons and decreased the percentage of apoptotic neurons in the hippocampus after MCAO/R damage. The expressions of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 and pro-apoptotic protein Bax were significantly increased and decreased in the hypercapnia treated rats, respectively. These findings suggest that therapeutic hypercapnia can attenuate neuronal apoptosis and improve impaired spatial memory and sensorimotor after MCAO/R, which may be attributable to its anti-apoptotic effects through modulation of apoptosis-related protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Tao
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150081, China; Hei Long Jiang Province key Lab of Research on Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150081, China.
| | - Meng Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150081, China; Hei Long Jiang Province key Lab of Research on Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150081, China.
| | - Wanchao Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150081, China; Hei Long Jiang Province key Lab of Research on Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150081, China.
| | - Yulong Bo
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150081, China; Hei Long Jiang Province key Lab of Research on Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150081, China.
| | - Wenzhi Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150081, China; Hei Long Jiang Province key Lab of Research on Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150081, China.
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11
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H₂S attenuates cognitive deficits through Akt1/JNK3 signaling pathway in ischemic stroke. Behav Brain Res 2014; 269:6-14. [PMID: 24768640 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal damage in the hippocampal formation which is more sensitive to ischemic stimulation and easily injured will cause severe learning and memory impairment. Therefore, inhibiting hippocampal neuron injuries is the main contributor for learning and memory impairment during cerebral ischemia. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a new type of neurotransmitter that regulates the nervous, circulatory and immune systems as well as various adverse factors that can reduce cerebral vascular or brain parenchyma injury. During an ischemic stroke, H2S inhibits hippocampal neuronal damage, reducing learning and memory impairment. However, this molecular mechanism has not been elucidated clearly. In this study, we established four-vessel occlusion model in rats with cerebral ischemia. We found that NaHS (28 mmol/kg, intraperitoneally, for 7 days before ischemia), donor of H2S, significantly shortened the distance and time of loading onto the hidden platform in the positioning navigation process, decreased the latency in the space exploration process when cognitive testing with Morris water maze was performed during ischemic stroke in rats. NaHS also significantly shortened latency and reduced the number of errors in the platform diving experiment. The survival rate of neurons in the CA1 area of the hippocampus and the phosphorylation of Akt in the neurons were increased, the phosphorylation ASK1 and JNK3 were inhibited by NaHS. After an intracerebroventricular injection of LY294002 (inhibitor of PI3K/Akt, 10 μL, 100 nmol in 25% DMSO in PBS), the above effects of NaHS were attenuated. These findings suggest that H2S may improve the survival rate of hippocampal neurons and reduce the impairment of learning and memory by increasing the phosphorylation of Akt, inhibiting the phosphorylation of ASK1 and JNK3 in rats with induced ischemic stroke.
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12
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Kumar H, Song SY, More SV, Kang SM, Kim BW, Kim IS, Choi DK. Traditional Korean East Asian medicines and herbal formulations for cognitive impairment. Molecules 2013; 18:14670-93. [PMID: 24287997 PMCID: PMC6270158 DOI: 10.3390/molecules181214670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hanbang, the Traditional Korean Medicine (TKM), is an inseparable component of Korean culture both within the country, and further afield. Korean traditional herbs have been used medicinally to treat sickness and injury for thousands of years. Oriental medicine reflects our ancestor’s wisdom and experience, and as the elderly population in Korea is rapidly increasing, so is the importance of their health problems. The proportion of the population who are over 65 years of age is expected to increase to 24.3% by 2031. Cognitive impairment is common with increasing age, and efforts are made to retain and restore the cognition ability of the elderly. Herbal materials have been considered for this purpose because of their low adverse effects and their cognitive-enhancing or anti-dementia activities. Herbal materials are reported to contain several active compounds that have effects on cognitive function. Here, we enumerate evidence linking TKMs which have shown benefits in memory improvements. Moreover, we have also listed Korean herbal formulations which have been the subject of scientific reports relating to memory improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chung-ju 380-701, Korea.
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13
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Yan BC, Park JH, Shin BN, Ahn JH, Kim IH, Lee JC, Yoo KY, Hwang IK, Choi JH, Park JH, Lee YL, Suh HW, Jun JG, Kwon YG, Kim YM, Kwon SH, Her S, Kim JS, Hyun BH, Kim CK, Cho JH, Lee CH, Won MH. Neuroprotective effect of a new synthetic aspirin-decursinol adduct in experimental animal models of ischemic stroke. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74886. [PMID: 24073226 PMCID: PMC3779249 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the second leading cause of death. Experimental animal models of cerebral ischemia are widely used for researching mechanisms of ischemic damage and developing new drugs for the prevention and treatment of stroke. The present study aimed to comparatively investigate neuroprotective effects of aspirin (ASA), decursinol (DA) and new synthetic aspirin-decursinol adduct (ASA-DA) against transient focal and global cerebral ischemic damage. We found that treatment with 20 mg/kg, not 10 mg/kg, ASA-DA protected against ischemia-induced neuronal death after transient focal and global ischemic damage, and its neuroprotective effect was much better than that of ASA or DA alone. In addition, 20 mg/kg ASA-DA treatment reduced the ischemia-induced gliosis and maintained antioxidants levels in the corresponding injury regions. In brief, ASA-DA, a new synthetic drug, dramatically protected neurons from ischemic damage, and neuroprotective effects of ASA-DA may be closely related to the attenuation of ischemia-induced gliosis and maintenance of antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Chun Yan
- Institute of Integrative traditional & western Medicine,Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Joon Ha Park
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Bich Na Shin
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Institute of Neurodegeneration and Neuroregeneration, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Ahn
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - In Hye Kim
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Jae-Chul Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Ki-Yeon Yoo
- Department of Oral Anatomy, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, South Korea
| | - In Koo Hwang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung Hoon Choi
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Park
- Division of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Hanbat National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Yun Lyul Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Hong-Won Suh
- Department of Pharmacology and Institute of Natural Medicine, College of Medicine Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Jong-Gab Jun
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Applied Chemistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Young-Guen Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young-Myeong Kim
- Vascular System Research Center and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Seung-Hae Kwon
- Division of Analytical Bio-imaging, Chuncheon Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Chuncheon, Kangwon, South Korea
| | - Song Her
- Division of Analytical Bio-imaging, Chuncheon Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Chuncheon, Kangwon, South Korea
| | - Jin Su Kim
- Molecular Imaging Research Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Byung-Hwa Hyun
- Laboratory Animal Center, OSONG Medical Innovation Foundation, Osong, South Korea
| | - Chul-Kyu Kim
- Laboratory Animal Center, OSONG Medical Innovation Foundation, Osong, South Korea
| | - Jun Hwi Cho
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Institute of Medical Sciences, Kangwon National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Choong Hyun Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
- * E-mail: (MHW); (CHL)
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
- * E-mail: (MHW); (CHL)
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14
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Zhao Q, Matsumoto K, Tsuneyama K, Tanaka K, Li F, Shibahara N, Miyata T, Yokozawa T. Diabetes-induced central cholinergic neuronal loss and cognitive deficit are attenuated by tacrine and a Chinese herbal prescription, kangen-karyu: elucidation in type 2 diabetes db/db mice. J Pharmacol Sci 2011; 117:230-42. [PMID: 22083044 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.11115fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effect of kangen-karyu (KK), a Chinese herbal prescription, on cognitive deficits and central cholinergic systems of type 2 diabetic db/db mice. Seven-week-old db/db (Y-db/db) mice received daily administration of test drugs during an experimental period of 12 weeks. At 18 weeks of age (O-db/db), the animals underwent the water maze test. Compared with age-matched control strain mice (O-m/m), vehicle-treated O-db/db mice showed impaired learning and memory performance. KK (100 - 200 mg/kg per day) and the reference drug tacrine (THA: 2.5 mg/kg per day) ameliorated the performance of O-db/db mice without affecting their serum glucose level. O-db/db mice had lower levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA and its protein in the brain than O-m/m mice. Expression levels of central cholinergic marker proteins in the hippocampus and the number of cholinergic cells in the medial septum and basal forebrain were also significantly lower in O-db/db than in O-m/m mice, whereas no significant differences in the expression levels of these factors and the cell number were found between Y-m/m and Y-db/db mice. KK and THA treatment significantly reversed the down-regulated levels of cholinergic markers, choline acetyltransferase-positive cell number, and BDNF expression in db/db mice. These findings suggest that KK as well as THA prevents diabetes-induced cognitive deficits by attenuating dysfunction of central cholinergic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhao
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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15
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Takasaki K, Uchida K, Fujikawa R, Nogami A, Nakamura K, Kawasaki C, Yamaguchi K, Morita M, Morishita K, Kubota K, Katsurabayashi S, Mishima K, Fujiwara M, Iwasaki K. Neuroprotective effects of citidine-5-diphosphocholine on impaired spatial memory in a rat model of cerebrovascular dementia. J Pharmacol Sci 2011; 116:232-7. [PMID: 21613753 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.11013fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Citidine-5-diphosphocholine or citicoline (CDP-choline) is used as a neuroprotective and memory-enhancing drug in cerebral stroke, Alzheimer's disease, and other neurovascular diseases. Non-clinical studies have demonstrated the neuroprotective effects of CDP-choline in ischemic animal models. However, the relationship between the neuroprotective effect and the memory enhancing effect of CDP-choline is still unknown. No studies have demonstrated the ameliorative effect on impaired spatial memory and the suppressive effect on neuronal cell death of CDP-choline in the same model. In this study, we examined the effect of CDP-choline on impaired spatial memory and hippocampal CA1 neuronal death in rats subjected to repeated cerebral ischemia, and we compared the mechanism of CDP-choline to that of donepezil. Seven days post administration of CDP-choline (100, 300, 1000 mg/kg per day, p.o.) or donepezil increased correct choices and reduced error choices in an eight-arm radial maze task in a dose-dependent manner. Neuronal cell death of caspase-3 protein-positive neurons in the hippocampus were reduced by repeated administration of CDP-choline at the highest dose. These results suggest that CDP-choline has ameliorative effects on the impairment of spatial memory via hippocampal neuronal cell death in a rat model of cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Takasaki
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Fukuoka University, Japan.
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16
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Takasaki K, Mishima K, Morita M, Morishita K, Nogami A, Sakamoto Y, Nagao M, Kubota K, Katsurabayashi S, Fujiwara M, Iwasaki K. Citidine-5-diphosphocholine Ameliorates the Impairment of Spatial Memory Induced by Scopolamine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.57.432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Takasaki
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Fukuoka University
| | - Kenichi Mishima
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Fukuoka University
| | - Masahiko Morita
- Healthcare Products Development Center, KYOWA HAKKO BIO CO., LTD
| | - Koji Morishita
- Healthcare Products Development Center, KYOWA HAKKO BIO CO., LTD
| | - Ai Nogami
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Fukuoka University
| | - Yuya Sakamoto
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Fukuoka University
| | - Masaki Nagao
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Fukuoka University
| | - Kaori Kubota
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Fukuoka University
| | | | - Michihiro Fujiwara
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Fukuoka University
| | - Katsunori Iwasaki
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Fukuoka University
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17
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Zhao Q, Yokozawa T, Yamabe N, Tsuneyama K, Li X, Matsumoto K. Kangen-karyu improves memory deficit caused by aging through normalization of neuro-plasticity-related signaling system and VEGF system in the brain. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 131:377-385. [PMID: 20637274 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 06/03/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Kangen-karyu (KK) is a traditional Chinese prescription consisting of six different herbs. This study was conducted to investigate the anti-dementia effect of KK on aging-induced cognitive deficits and the underlying mechanism using senescence-accelerated mice prone (SAMP8). MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-week old SAMP8 (older SAMP8) were used as an animal model of aging and age-matched senescence-resistant inbred strain (SAMR1) and 8-week-old SAMP8 (young SAMP8) were as controls. Older SAMP8 received daily administration of KK (100 mg/kg, p.o.) or water vehicle for 22 days. RESULTS Compared to the controls, older SAMP8 exhibited cognitive deficits in the object recognition and object location tests; however, KK improved the deficits caused by aging. Moreover, the older SAMP8 treated with vehicle exhibited reduced anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus-maze test compared to SAMR1, but KK had no effect on emotional disorder of older SAMP8. The levels of biochemical factors related to neuro-plasticity and learning and memory; i.e., phosphorylated forms of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 1, Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, and cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor, were significantly decreased in older SAMP8 compared to those in the control animals. KK normalized the levels of these factors. Moreover, the mRNA and protein levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor type 2 in the cerebral cortices of older SAMP8 were down-regulated by aging, but these levels were reversed by KK. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that normalization of neuro-plasticity-related neuronal signaling and VEGF systems in the brain may be of the mechanisms underlying the ameliorative effects of KK on the cognitive deficits in older SAMP8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhao
- Division of Medicinal Pharmacology, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Japan
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18
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Pu F, Kaneko T, Enoki M, Irie K, Okamoto T, Sei Y, Egashira N, Oishi R, Mishima K, Kamimura H, Iwasaki K, Fujiwara M. Ameliorating effects of Kangen-karyu on neuronal damage in rats subjected to repeated cerebral ischemia. J Nat Med 2010; 64:167-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s11418-010-0392-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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