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Wu S, Yang K, Hong Y, Gong Y, Ni J, Yang N, Ding W. A New Perspective on the Antimicrobial Mechanism of Berberine Hydrochloride Against Staphylococcus aureus Revealed by Untargeted Metabolomic Studies. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:917414. [PMID: 35910599 PMCID: PMC9328669 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.917414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Berberine hydrochloride (BBR) is a natural product widely used in clinical medicine and animal production. It has a variety of antimicrobial effects, but its complex antimicrobial mechanism has not been clarified. This study aimed to discover the metabolic markers and gain a new perspective on the antibacterial mechanism of BBR. The effects of different inhibitory concentrations of BBR on the survival and growth of standard strain Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 were analyzed by the bacteriostatic activity test. Differences in intracellular metabolites of S. aureus following 19 μg/ml BBR exposure for 1 h were investigated by combining non-targeted metabolomics techniques of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The results showed that the minimum inhibitory concentration of BBR against S. aureus was 51 μg/ml. A total of 368 and 3,454 putative metabolites were identified by GC-MS and LC-MS analyses, respectively. Principal component analysis showed the separation of intracellular metabolite profiles between BBR-exposed samples and non-exposed controls. Pathway activity profiling analysis indicated a global inhibition of metabolisms by BBR exposure, while enhancement was also found in nucleic acid metabolism, amino sugar, and nucleotide sugar metabolism. Several metabolic markers were screened out mainly based on their variable importance of projection values. Two pyridine dicarboxylic acids were significantly downregulated, suggesting the reduction of stress resistance. The oxidized phospholipid (PHOOA-PE) was accumulated, while lipid antioxidant gamma-tocopherol was decreased, and farnesyl PP, the synthetic precursor of another antioxidant (staphyloxanthin), was decreased below the detection threshold. This evidence indicates that BBR reduced the antioxidant capacity of S. aureus. Accumulation of the precursors (UDP-GlcNAc, CDP-ribitol, and CDP-glycerol) and downregulation of the key metabolite D-Ala-D-Ala suggest the inhibition of cell wall synthesis, especially the peptidoglycan synthesis. Metabolites involved in the shikimate pathway (such as 3-dehydroshikimate) and downstream aromatic amino acid synthesis were disturbed. This study provides the first metabolomics information on the antibacterial mechanism of BBR against S. aureus. The key metabolic markers screened in this study suggest that the shikimate pathway, staphyloxanthin synthesis, and peptidoglycan biosynthesis are new directions for further study of BBR antibacterial mechanism in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Wu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Kun Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuhang Hong
- Key Laboratory of Application of Ecology and Environmental Protection in Plateau Wetland of Sichuan, Xichang University, Xichang, China
| | - Yanju Gong
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiajia Ni
- Research and Development Center, Guangdong Meilikang Bio-Sciences Ltd., Dongguan, China
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Development and Translational Research, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Ni Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Weijun Ding
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Weijun Ding
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Gheita HA, El-Sabbagh WA, Abdelsalam RM, Attia AS, El-Ghazaly MA. Promising role of filgrastim and α-tocopherol succinate in amelioration of gastrointestinal acute radiation syndrome (GI-ARS) in mice. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2019; 392:1537-1550. [PMID: 31350581 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-019-01702-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The protective role of α-tocopherol succinate (α-TCS) and the therapeutic efficacy of filgrastim were investigated in gastrointestinal acute radiation syndrome (GI-ARS) induced following 10 Gy whole-body γ-irradiation. Mice were randomly allocated into 5 groups: [1] normal-control, [2] irradiated-control, [3] subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of filgrastim (5 μg/kg/day) for 4 consecutive days given 1 h post-irradiation, [4] s.c. injection with α-TCS (400 mg/kg) 1 day prior to irradiation, [5] s.c. injection with α-TCS (400 mg/kg) 1 day prior to irradiation and filgrastim (5 μg/kg/day) for 4 consecutive days 1 h post-irradiation. Histopathological analysis, serum citrulline level, intestinal interleukin-1β (IL-1β), reduced glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents as well as myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity were measured. Intestinal caspase-3, p53, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) immunopositivity were examined. In irradiated-control, MDA increased (249%) and GSH decreased (25%) compared to normal and were unaffected by filgrastim. α-TCS alone significantly reduced MDA (84.5%) and normalized GSH. The combination significantly reduced MDA (59%) and dramatically increased GSH (1573%), pointing to a possible synergistic action. In irradiated-control, MPO and IL-1β significantly increased (111% and 613%, respectively) compared to normal-control and both were significantly decreased in all treated groups. Compared to normal-control, citrulline significantly declined (68%) in irradiated-control; a significant elevation was achieved by treatments with α-TCS alone or combined with filgrastim (88% and 94%, respectively). The combination therapy significantly decreased the degree of irradiation-induced injury of the epithelium and cellular infiltration and showed the lowest histopathological scoring compared to the other groups (p ≤ 0.05). In irradiated-control, immune-reactive expressions of iNOS, COX-2, caspase-3, and p53 were remarkable (18.62%, 34.27%, 31.19%, and 27.44%, respectively) and after combination therapy were reduced (1.04%, 22.39%, 8.76%, and 4.91%, respectively). The current findings represent a first-hand strategy in dealing with GI-ARS with a potential preference to using a combined therapy of filgrastim and α-TCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba A Gheita
- Department of Drug Radiation Research, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Atomic Energy Authority (AEA), Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Walaa A El-Sabbagh
- Department of Drug Radiation Research, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Atomic Energy Authority (AEA), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rania M Abdelsalam
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amina S Attia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mona A El-Ghazaly
- Department of Drug Radiation Research, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Atomic Energy Authority (AEA), Cairo, Egypt
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Kothencz A, Hajagos-Tóth J, Szűcs KF, Schaffer A, Gáspár R. α-Tocopherol Potentiates the Cervical Resistance Decreasing Effects of COX Inhibitors in Pregnant Rats: The Putative Role of Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibition. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 368:292-298. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.251850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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4
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Kothencz A, Hajagos-Tóth J, Csányi A, Gáspár R. Alpha-tocopherol succinate increases cyclooxygenase-2 activity: Tissue-specific action in pregnant rat uterus in vitro. Life Sci 2018; 192:199-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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5
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Schmölz L, Wallert M, Rozzino N, Cignarella A, Galli F, Glei M, Werz O, Koeberle A, Birringer M, Lorkowski S. Structure–Function Relationship Studies In Vitro Reveal Distinct and Specific Effects of Long‐Chain Metabolites of Vitamin E. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Schmölz
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry and PhysiologyInstitute of NutritionFriedrich Schiller University Jena Jena Germany
- Competence Center for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD)Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig
| | - Maria Wallert
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry and PhysiologyInstitute of NutritionFriedrich Schiller University Jena Jena Germany
- Competence Center for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD)Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute Melbourne Australia
| | - Nicolò Rozzino
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological SciencesUniversity of Padova Padova Italy
| | | | - Francesco Galli
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesLaboratory of Nutrition and Clinical BiochemistryUniversity of Perugia Perugia Italy
| | - Michael Glei
- Competence Center for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD)Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig
- Department of Nutritional ToxicologyInstitute of NutritionFriedrich Schiller University Jena Jena Germany
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal ChemistryInstitute of PharmacyFriedrich Schiller University Jena Jena Germany
| | - Andreas Koeberle
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal ChemistryInstitute of PharmacyFriedrich Schiller University Jena Jena Germany
| | - Marc Birringer
- Department of NutritionalFood and Consumer ScienceUniversity of Applied Sciences Fulda Germany
| | - Stefan Lorkowski
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry and PhysiologyInstitute of NutritionFriedrich Schiller University Jena Jena Germany
- Competence Center for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD)Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig
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6
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Laube M, Kniess T, Pietzsch J. Development of Antioxidant COX-2 Inhibitors as Radioprotective Agents for Radiation Therapy-A Hypothesis-Driven Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2016; 5:antiox5020014. [PMID: 27104573 PMCID: PMC4931535 DOI: 10.3390/antiox5020014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy (RT) evolved to be a primary treatment modality for cancer patients. Unfortunately, the cure or relief of symptoms is still accompanied by radiation-induced side effects with severe acute and late pathophysiological consequences. Inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) are potentially useful in this regard because radioprotection of normal tissue and/or radiosensitizing effects on tumor tissue have been described for several compounds of this structurally diverse class. This review aims to substantiate the hypothesis that antioxidant COX-2 inhibitors are promising radioprotectants because of intercepting radiation-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in normal tissue, especially the vascular system. For this, literature reporting on COX inhibitors exerting radioprotective and/or radiosensitizing action as well as on antioxidant COX inhibitors will be reviewed comprehensively with the aim to find cross-points of both and, by that, stimulate further research in the field of radioprotective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Laube
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, Dresden D-01328, Germany.
| | - Torsten Kniess
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, Dresden D-01328, Germany.
| | - Jens Pietzsch
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, Dresden D-01328, Germany.
- Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden D-01062, Germany.
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7
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Ciffolilli S, Wallert M, Bartolini D, Krauth V, Werz O, Piroddi M, Sebastiani B, Torquato P, Lorkowski S, Birringer M, Galli F. Human serum determination and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of the vitamin E metabolite α-(13'-hydroxy)-6-hydroxychroman. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 89:952-62. [PMID: 26454076 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450-derived long-chain metabolites are gaining increasing interest as bioactive intermediates of vitamin E. In this study we first report on the HPLC-ECD and GC-MS analysis in human serum of the earliest metabolite of this vitamin, namely α-(13'-hydroxy)-6-hydroxychroman (α-13'-OH). The two chromatographic procedure are sensitive enough (LOQ of 10nM) to measure α-13'-OH after hexane extraction of 1 ml of sample obtained from healthy volunteers supplemented for 1-week with 1000 IU/d (671 mg/d) RRR-α-tocopherol. The observed concentrations ranged between 15 and 50 nM, with minor differences between fasting and 4-hr post-meal state. Baseline (non-supplemented state) levels of 7.2 ± 1.6 nM were observed extracting higher volumes of serum. Biological effects of α-13'-OH investigated for the first time in RAW264.7 murine macrophages involved transcriptional control of inflammatory cytokines, and transcriptional and functional regulation of COX2 and iNOS enzymes in response to lipopolysaccharides. In conclusion, here we present the first quantitative evaluation of serum α-13'-OH also providing early evidence of the anti-inflammatory potential of this metabolite that is worth of further investigation in the area of functional and nutraceutical implications of vitamin E metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Wallert
- Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | | | - Verena Krauth
- Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver Werz
- Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Marta Piroddi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Pierangelo Torquato
- Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany; Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Lorkowski
- Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Marc Birringer
- Department of Nutritional, Food and Consumer Studies, University of Applied Sciences Fulda, Germany
| | - Francesco Galli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Italy.
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8
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Wallert M, Schmölz L, Koeberle A, Krauth V, Glei M, Galli F, Werz O, Birringer M, Lorkowski S. α-Tocopherol long-chain metabolite α-13'-COOH affects the inflammatory response of lipopolysaccharide-activated murine RAW264.7 macrophages. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 59:1524-34. [PMID: 25943249 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Inflammatory response of macrophages is regulated by vitamin E forms. The long-chain metabolite α-13'-carboxychromanol (α-13'-COOH) is formed by hepatic α-tocopherol (α-TOH) catabolism and acts as a regulatory metabolite via pathways that are different from its metabolic precursor. METHODS AND RESULTS Using semisynthetically-derived α-13'-COOH we profiled its action on LPS-induced expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory genes using RT-qPCR and of key proteins by Western blotting. Effects on inflammatory response were assessed by measuring production of nitric oxide and prostaglandin (PG) E2 , PGD2 , and PGF2α. α-13'-COOH inhibits proinflammatory pathways in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages more efficiently than α-TOH. Profiling inflammation-related genes showed significant blocking of interleukin (Il)1β by the metabolite and its precursor as well, while upregulation of Il6 was not impaired. However, induction of Il10, cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNos) by LPS and consequently the formation of nitric oxide and PG was significantly reduced by α-13'-COOH. Interestingly, α-13'-COOH acted independently from translocation of NFκB subunit p65. CONCLUSION Our study sheds new light on the mode of action of α-TOH on the inflammatory response in macrophages, which may be mediated in vivo at least in part by its metabolite α-13'-COOH. Our data show that α-13'-COOH is a potent anti-inflammatory molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Wallert
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry and Physiology, Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany.,Competence Cluster of Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Lisa Schmölz
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry and Physiology, Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany.,Competence Cluster of Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Koeberle
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Verena Krauth
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Glei
- Competence Cluster of Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany.,Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany.,Department of Nutrition Toxicology, Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Francesco Galli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Nutrition and Clinical Biochemistry, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Oliver Werz
- Competence Cluster of Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany.,Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Marc Birringer
- Department of Nutritional, Food and Consumer Studies, HS Fulda - University of Applied Sciences, Fulda, Germany
| | - Stefan Lorkowski
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry and Physiology, Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany.,Competence Cluster of Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
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9
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Hwang D, Son BW, Shin PG, Choi JS, Seo YB, Kim GD. Toluhydroquinone from A
spergillus sp. suppress inflammatory mediators via nuclear factor-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinases pathways in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 cells. J Pharm Pharmacol 2015; 67:1297-305. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
The purpose of this study is to investigate anti-inflammatory effects of toluhydroquinone in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells.
Methods
Toluhydroquinone was purified from a fungal strain, Aspergillus sp. We investigated that levels of nitric oxide (NO) using Griess reagent, production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and pro-inflammatory cytokines using ELISA assay. We conducted Western blot analysis to investigate regulatory effects of toluhydroquinone on expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxyganse-2 (COX-2), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. The translocation of NF-κB was detected by immunofluorescence staining.
Key findings
Toluhydroquinone inhibited production of NO and PGE2 via suppressing protein expression of iNOS and COX-2, respectively. Secretion and expression of inflammatory cytokines were down-regulated by toluhydroquinone as well. Toluhydroquinone reduced phosphorylation of Akt, NF-κB and MAPKs. Moreover, toluhydroquinone inhibited translocation of NF-κB from the cytosol into the nucleus.
Conclusions
We revealed that inhibitory effects of toluhydroquinone on expression of inflammatory mediators are induced through inactivation of Akt, NF-κB and MAPKs. Thus, our results suggest that toluhydroquinone may be used for a potential anti-inflammatory reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dukhyun Hwang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Byeng-Wha Son
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Pyung-Gyun Shin
- Rural Development Administration, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jae-Sue Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Yong-Bae Seo
- Institute of Fisheries Science, College of Fisheries Science, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Gun-Do Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
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Wakabayashi K, Hamada C, Kanda R, Nakano T, Io H, Horikoshi S, Tomino Y. Oral Astaxanthin Supplementation Prevents Peritoneal Fibrosis in Rats. Perit Dial Int 2014; 35:506-16. [PMID: 25292409 DOI: 10.3747/pdi.2013.00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preventing peritoneal damage during peritoneal dialysis is critical. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have an important role in peritoneal damage; however, few studies have investigated this. We aimed to determine the effects of oral astaxanthin (AST) supplementation in a peritoneal fibrosis (PF) rat model. METHODS Thirty-seven Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 5 groups: Control 1 (fed a normal diet without stimulation), Control 2 (fed an AST-supplemented diet without stimulation), Group 1 (fed a normal diet with 8% chlorhexidine gluconate [CG] stimulation for 3 weeks), Group 2 (fed a 0.06% AST-supplemented diet with CG stimulation), and Group 3 (fed a 0.06% AST-supplemented diet that was initiated 4 weeks before CG stimulation). Peritoneal fibrosis, vascular proliferation, and fibrosis-related factor expression were examined. RESULTS Peritoneal thickness was significantly suppressed by AST supplementation. Astaxanthin diminished the number of CD68-, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG)-, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1)-positive cells. Type 3 collagen, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and MCP-1 mRNA expression was significantly lower in Group 3 than in Group 1. Increased transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and Snail mRNA expression, vascular density, and the number of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)-positive cells were also decreased in Group 3. CONCLUSION Astaxanthin suppressed PF development through the inhibition of inflammation and oxidation in PF rats. It appears that the anti-oxidative agent AST may be useful for the prevention of peritoneal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Wakabayashi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chieko Hamada
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reo Kanda
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takanori Nakano
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Io
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Horikoshi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Tomino
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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11
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Regulatory metabolites of vitamin E and their putative relevance for atherogenesis. Redox Biol 2014; 2:495-503. [PMID: 24624339 PMCID: PMC3949092 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin E is likely the most important antioxidant in the human diet and α-tocopherol is the most active isomer. α-Tocopherol exhibits anti-oxidative capacity in vitro, and inhibits oxidation of LDL. Beside this, α-tocopherol shows anti-inflammatory activity and modulates expression of proteins involved in uptake, transport and degradation of tocopherols, as well as the uptake, storage and export of lipids such as cholesterol. Despite promising anti-atherogenic features in vitro, vitamin E failed to be atheroprotective in clinical trials in humans. Recent studies highlight the importance of long-chain metabolites of α-tocopherol, which are formed as catabolic intermediate products in the liver and occur in human plasma. These metabolites modulate inflammatory processes and macrophage foam cell formation via mechanisms different than that of their metabolic precursor α-tocopherol and at lower concentrations. Here we summarize the controversial role of vitamin E as a preventive agent against atherosclerosis and point the attention to recent findings that highlight a role of these long-chain metabolites of vitamin E as a proposed new class of regulatory metabolites. We speculate that the metabolites contribute to physiological as well as pathophysiological processes.
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12
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Nishio K, Horie M, Akazawa Y, Shichiri M, Iwahashi H, Hagihara Y, Yoshida Y, Niki E. Attenuation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cytotoxicity by tocopherols and tocotrienols. Redox Biol 2013; 1:97-103. [PMID: 24024142 PMCID: PMC3757666 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces host inflammatory responses and tissue injury and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various age-related diseases such as acute respiratory distress syndrome, vascular diseases, and periodontal disease. Antioxidants, particularly vitamin E, have been shown to suppress oxidative stress induced by LPS, but the previous studies with different vitamin E isoforms gave inconsistent results. In the present study, the protective effects of α- and γ-tocopherols and α- and γ-tocotrienols on the oxidative stress induced by LPS against human lung carcinoma A549 cells were studied. They suppressed intracellular reactive oxygen formation, lipid peroxidation, induction of inflammatory mediator cytokines, and cell death. Tocopherols were incorporated into cultured cells much slower than tocotrienols but could suppress LPS-induced oxidative stress at much lower intracellular concentration than tocotrienols. Considering the bioavailability, it was concluded that α-tocopherol may exhibit the highest protective capacity among the vitamin E isoforms against LPS-induced oxidative stress.
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Key Words
- DCFH, Dichlorofluorescein
- DPPP, Diphenyl-1-pyrenylphosphine
- LPS, Lipopolysaccharide
- Lipid peroxidation
- Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
- MTT, 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]2,5-dipheyltetrazolium bromide
- NF-κB, Nuclear factor-kappaB
- Oxidative stress
- ROS, Reactive oxygen species
- SP-D, Pulmonary surfactant protein D
- TNF-α, Tumor necrosis factor α
- Toc, Tocopherol
- Toc3, Tocotrienol
- Tocopherol
- Tocotrienol
- Vitamin E
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Nishio
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST), Ikeda 563-8577, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Etsuo Niki
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST), Ikeda 563-8577, Japan
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