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Shin EJ, Nguyen BT, Jeong JH, Hoai Nguyen BC, Tran NKC, Sharma N, Kim DJ, Nah SY, Lichtstein D, Nabeshima T, Kim HC. Ouabain inhibitor rostafuroxin attenuates dextromethorphan-induced manic potential. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 158:112657. [PMID: 34740715 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Dextromethorphan (DM) abuse produces mania-like symptoms in humans. ERK/Akt signaling activation involved in manic potential can be attenuated by the inhibition of ouabain-like cardiac steroids. In this study, increased phosphorylations of ERK/Akt and hyperlocomotion induced by DM (30 mg/kg, i.p./day × 7) were significantly protected by the ouabain inhibitor rostafuroxin (ROSTA), suggesting that DM induces the manic potential. ROSTA significantly attenuated DM-induced protein kinase C δ (PKCδ) phosphorylation, GluN2B (i.e., MDA receptor subunit) expression, and phospho-PKCδ/GluN2B interaction. DM instantly upregulated the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-dependent system. However, DM reduced Nrf2 nuclear translocation, Nrf2 DNA binding activity, γ-glutamylcysteine mRNA expression, and subsequent GSH/GSSG level and enhanced oxidative parameters following 1-h of administration. ROSTA, PKCδ inhibitor rottlerin, and GluN2B inhibitor traxoprodil significantly attenuated DM-induced alterations in Nrf2-related redox parameters and locomotor activity induced by DM in wild-type mice. Importantly, in PKCδ knockout mice, DM failed to alter the above parameters. Further, ROSTA and traxoprodil also failed to enhance PKCδ depletion effect, suggesting that PKCδ is a critical target for the anti-manic potential of ROSTA or GluN2B antagonism. Our results suggest that ROSTA inhibits DM-induced manic potential by attenuating ERK/Akt activation, GluN2B/PKCδ signalings, and Nrf2-dependent system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Joo Shin
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Bao-Trong Nguyen
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bao-Chau Hoai Nguyen
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Ngoc Kim Cuong Tran
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Naveen Sharma
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea; Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Joong Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical School, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - David Lichtstein
- Walter and Greta Stiel Chair in Heart Studies, Dean, Faculty of Medicine 2013-2017, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Toshitaka Nabeshima
- Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Science, Toyoake, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
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The effect of dextromethorphan use in Parkinson's disease: A 6-hydroxydopamine rat model and population-based study. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 862:172639. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Alam P, Borkokoty S, Siddiqi MK, Ehtram A, Majid N, Uddin M, Khan RH. DARK Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Opium, a Friend or Foe. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:182-189. [PMID: 30403473 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Opium has found great use medicinally for its analgesic properties and has been witnessed as one of the most popular medications used in psychiatry. Opium derivatives have been shown as efficacious for relieving pain and the treatment of epileptic seizures, but progressive research toward their use in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases remain elusive. To gain more insight into the other properties of opium such as anti-inflammatory properties, herein we discuss basic information regarding opium, opium content and mechanism of action, pharmacology of opium derivatives, the role of opium in the prevention of neurodegeneration, and adverse effects of opium derivatives on neuronal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvez Alam
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Subhomoi Borkokoty
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | | | - Aquib Ehtram
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Nabeela Majid
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Moin Uddin
- Department of IlmulAdvia (Unani Pharmacology), Ajmal Khan Tibbiya College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Rizwan Hasan Khan
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
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4
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Tran HQ, Lee Y, Shin EJ, Jang CG, Jeong JH, Mouri A, Saito K, Nabeshima T, Kim HC. PKCδ Knockout Mice Are Protected from Dextromethorphan-Induced Serotonergic Behaviors in Mice: Involvements of Downregulation of 5-HT 1A Receptor and Upregulation of Nrf2-Dependent GSH Synthesis. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:7802-7821. [PMID: 29468562 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0938-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether a specific serotonin (5-HT) receptor-mediated mechanism was involved in dextromethorphan (DM)-induced serotonergic behaviors. We firstly observed that the activation of 5-HT1A receptor, but not 5-HT2A receptor, contributed to DM-induced serotonergic behaviors in mice. We aimed to determine whether the upregulation of 5-HT1A receptor induced by DM facilitates the specific induction of certain PKC isoform, because previous reports suggested that 5-HT1A receptor activates protein kinase C (PKC). A high dose of DM (80 mg/kg, i.p.) induced a selective induction of PKCδ out of PKCα, PKCβI, PKCβII, PKCξ, and PKCδ in the hypothalamus of wild-type (WT) mice. More importantly, 5-HT1A receptor co-immunoprecipitated PKCδ in the presence of DM. Consistently, rottlerin, a pharmacological inhibitor of PKCδ, or PKCδ knockout significantly protected against increases in 5-HT1A receptor gene expression, 5-HT turnover rate, and serotonergic behaviors induced by DM. Treatment with DM resulted in an initial increase in nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) nuclear translocation and DNA-binding activity, γ-glutamylcysteine (GCL) mRNA expression, and glutathione (GSH) level. This compensative induction was further potentiated by rottlerin or PKCδ knockout. However, GCL mRNA and GSH/GSSG levels were decreased 6 and 12 h post-DM. These decreases were attenuated by PKCδ inhibition. Our results suggest that interaction between 5-HT1A receptor and PKCδ is critical for inducing DM-induced serotonergic behaviors and that inhibition of PKCδ attenuates the serotonergic behaviors via downregulation of 5-HT1A receptor and upregulation of Nrf2-dependent GSH synthesis.
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MESH Headings
- Acetophenones/pharmacology
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal
- Benzopyrans/pharmacology
- Cell Nucleus/drug effects
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Dextromethorphan
- Down-Regulation
- Glutamate-Cysteine Ligase/genetics
- Glutamate-Cysteine Ligase/metabolism
- Glutathione/biosynthesis
- Glutathione Disulfide/metabolism
- Hypothalamus/metabolism
- Hypothermia, Induced
- Isoenzymes/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- NF-E2-Related Factor 2/metabolism
- Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Protein Kinase C-delta/metabolism
- Pyridines/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A/metabolism
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A/metabolism
- Serotonin/metabolism
- Serotonin 5-HT1 Receptor Antagonists/pharmacology
- Time Factors
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Quyen Tran
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngho Lee
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Joo Shin
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Choon-Gon Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Akihiro Mouri
- Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Science, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Saito
- Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Science, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Nabeshima
- Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Science, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
- Aino University, Ibaraki, 576-0012, Japan
- Japanese Drug Organization of Appropriate and Research, Nagoya, 468-0069, Japan
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
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Tran HQ, Chung YH, Shin EJ, Tran TV, Jeong JH, Jang CG, Nah SY, Yamada K, Nabeshima T, Kim HC. MK-801, but not naloxone, attenuates high-dose dextromethorphan-induced convulsive behavior: Possible involvement of the GluN2B receptor. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 334:158-166. [PMID: 28916251 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Dextromethorphan (DM) is a dextrorotatory isomer of levorphanol, a typical morphine-like opioid. When administered at supra-antitussive doses, DM produces psychotoxic and neurotoxic effects in humans. Although DM abuse has been well-documented, few studies have examined the effects of high-dose DM. The present study aimed to explore the effects of a single high dose of DM on mortality and seizure occurrence. After intraperitoneal administration with a high dose of DM (80mg/kg), Sprague-Dawley rats showed increased seizure occurrence and intensity. Hippocampal expression levels of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunits (GluN1<GluN2A<GluN2B), c-Fos and pro-apoptotic factors (Bax and cleaved caspase-3) were upregulated by DM treatment; while levels of anti-apoptotic factors (Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL) were downregulated. Consistently, DM also induced ultrastructural degeneration in the hippocampus. A non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, MK-801, attenuated these effects of high-dose DM, whereas an opioid antagonist, naloxone, did not affect DM-induced neurotoxicity. Moreover, pretreatment with a highly specific GluN2B subunit inhibitor, traxoprodil, was selectively effective in preventing DM-induced c-Fos expression and apoptotic changes. These results suggest that high-dose DM produces convulsive behaviors by activating GluN2B/NMDA signaling that leads to pro-apoptotic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Quyen Tran
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Hee Chung
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Joo Shin
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - The-Vinh Tran
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Choon-Gon Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory, Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiyofumi Yamada
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Nabeshima
- Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Science, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Republic of Korea.
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Ma KH, Liu TT, Weng SJ, Chen CFF, Huang YS, Chueh SH, Liao MH, Chang KW, Sung CC, Hsu TH, Huang WS, Cheng CY. Effects of dextromethorphan on MDMA-induced serotonergic aberration in the brains of non-human primates using [ 123I]-ADAM/SPECT. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38695. [PMID: 27941910 PMCID: PMC5150522 DOI: 10.1038/srep38695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), a common recreational drug, is known to cause serotonergic neurotoxicity in the brain. Dextromethorphan (DM) is a widely used antitussive reported to exert anti-inflammatory effect in vivo. In this study, we examined the long-term effect of MDMA on the primate serotonergic system and the protective property of DM against MDMA-induced serotonergic abnormality using single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Nine monkeys (Macaca cyclopis) were divided into three groups, namely control, MDMA and co-treatment (MDMA/DM). [123I]-ADAM was used as the radioligand for serotonin transporters (SERT) in SPECT scans. SERT levels of the brain were evaluated and presented as the uptake ratios (URs) of [123I]-ADAM in several regions of interest of the brain including midbrain, thalamus and striatum. We found that the URs of [123I]-ADAM were significantly lower in the brains of MDMA than control group, indicating lower brain SERT levels in the MDMA-treated monkeys. This MDMA-induced decrease in brain SERT levels could persist for over four years. However, the loss of brain SERT levels was not observed in co-treatment group. These results suggest that DM may exert a protective effect against MDMA-induced serotonergic toxicity in the brains of the non-human primate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Hsing Ma
- Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Ta Liu
- Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Ju Weng
- Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Fu F Chen
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuahn-Sieh Huang
- Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sheau-Huei Chueh
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Hsiu Liao
- Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | | | - Chi-Chang Sung
- Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Te-Hung Hsu
- Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Sheng Huang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yi Cheng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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7
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High-dose dextromethorphan produces myelinoid bodies in the hippocampus of rats. J Pharmacol Sci 2016; 132:166-170. [PMID: 27802908 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dextromethorphan (DM) administered at supra-antitussive doses produce psychotoxic and neurotoxic effects in humans. We administered DM (80 mg/kg) to rats intraperitoneally to determine the ultrastructural change induced by DM, because intraperitoneal route is sensitive for the behavioral responses. Treatment with DM resulted in mitochondrial dysfunction and formation of myelinoid bodies in the hippocampus. MK-801 [(+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine maleate] attenuated DM-induced cytosolic oxidative burdens. However, neither MK-801 nor naloxone affected DM-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and formation of myelinoid bodies, indicating that the neurotoxic mechanism needs to be further elucidated. Therefore, the spectrum of toxicological effects associated with DM need to be reassessed.
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Bao S, Zhang J, Lin Z, Su K, Mo J, Hong L, Qian S, Chen L, Sun F, Wen C, Wu Q, Hu L, Lin G, Wang X. Serum metabolic changes in rats after intragastric administration of dextromethorphan. Biomed Chromatogr 2016; 31. [PMID: 27528536 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shihui Bao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital; Wenzhou Medical University; Wenzhou China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Anlytical and Testing Center of Wenzhou Medical University; Wenzhou China
| | - Zixia Lin
- Anlytical and Testing Center of Wenzhou Medical University; Wenzhou China
| | - Ke Su
- Anlytical and Testing Center of Wenzhou Medical University; Wenzhou China
| | - Jingjing Mo
- Anlytical and Testing Center of Wenzhou Medical University; Wenzhou China
| | - Lin Hong
- Anlytical and Testing Center of Wenzhou Medical University; Wenzhou China
| | - Shuyi Qian
- Anlytical and Testing Center of Wenzhou Medical University; Wenzhou China
| | - Lianguo Chen
- Department of Pharmacy; Wenzhou People's Hospital; Wenzhou China
| | - Fa Sun
- Anlytical and Testing Center of Wenzhou Medical University; Wenzhou China
| | - Congcong Wen
- Anlytical and Testing Center of Wenzhou Medical University; Wenzhou China
| | - Qing Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University; Wenzhou China
| | - Lufeng Hu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University; Wenzhou China
| | - Guanyang Lin
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University; Wenzhou China
| | - Xianqin Wang
- Anlytical and Testing Center of Wenzhou Medical University; Wenzhou China
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Pringle G, McDonald MP, Gabriel KI. Patterns and Perceptions of Dextromethorphan Use in Adult Members of an Online Dextromethorphan Community. J Psychoactive Drugs 2015; 47:267-75. [PMID: 26266886 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2015.1071448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Dextromethorphan (DXM) is a widely available antitussive that has, at elevated dose levels, euphoric and dissociative effects. This article presents the reported patterns and preferences of DXM use, and perceptions of DXM use among adult members of an online DXM community. Analyses were conducted of quantitative and qualitative responses from nine female and 43 male individuals, aged 18-63 years old. All respondents reported illegal and DXM drug use, beginning, on average, at 15.7 and 17.1 years of age, respectively. The majority of respondents first heard about DXM online or from a friend, preferred to use DXM alone, ingested substances concurrently with DXM to modify its effects, had not been to an emergency room or arrested because of their DXM use, and used DXM for its dissociative and mind-altering effects. DXM was perceived as safe and in no need of further regulation with only 14% of respondents mentioning DXM's addictive qualities. Findings from this sample of adult DXM users reveal a sophisticated subculture in which users report using DXM specifically to induce changes to their mental state and use a variety of substances to modify or enhance DXM's effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Pringle
- a Department of Psychology , Central Washington University , Ellensburg , WA
| | - Michael P McDonald
- a Department of Psychology , Central Washington University , Ellensburg , WA
| | - Kara I Gabriel
- a Department of Psychology , Central Washington University , Ellensburg , WA
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Nam Y, Shin EJ, Yang BK, Bach JH, Jeong JH, Chung YH, Park ES, Li Z, Kim KW, Kwon YB, Nabeshima T, Kim HC. Dextromethorphan-induced psychotoxic behaviors cause sexual dysfunction in male mice via stimulation of σ-1 receptors. Neurochem Int 2012; 61:913-22. [PMID: 22326744 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 01/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Dextromethorphan (DM) is a well-known antitussive dextrorotatory morphinan. We and others have demonstrated that sigma (σ) receptors may be important for DM-mediated neuromodulation. Because an earlier report suggested that DM might affect sexual function and that σ receptor ligands affect signaling pathways in the periphery, we examined whether DM-induced psychotoxic burden affected male reproductive function. We observed that DM had a high affinity at σ-1 receptors in the brain and testis but relatively low affinity at σ-2 receptors. Prolonged treatment with DM resulted in conditioned place preference and hyperlocomotion, followed by an increase in Fos-related antigen expression in the nucleus accumbens in male mice. Simultaneously, DM induced significant reductions in gonadotropin-releasing-hormone immunoreactivity in the hypothalamus. Moreover, we observed that DM induced increased sperm abnormalities and decreased sperm viability and sexual behavior. These phenomena were significantly attenuated by combined treatment with BD1047, a σ-1 receptor antagonist, but not by SM-21, a σ-2 receptor antagonist. Thus, these results suggest that DM psychotoxicity might lead to reproductive stress in male mice by activating σ-1 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsung Nam
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
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Brucker MC, King TL. Prescribing Drugs in the 21st Century. J Midwifery Womens Health 2011; 56:189. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1542-2011.2011.00069.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kikura-Hanajiri R, Kawamura M, Miyajima A, Sunouchi M, Goda Y. Chiral analyses of dextromethorphan/levomethorphan and their metabolites in rat and human samples using LC-MS/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:165-74. [PMID: 21311876 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4707-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In order to develop an analytical method for the discrimination of dextromethorphan (an antitussive medicine) from its enantiomer, levomethorphan (a narcotic) in biological samples, chiral analyses of these drugs and their O-demethyl and/or N-demethyl metabolites in rat plasma, urine, and hair were carried out using LC-MS/MS. After the i.p. administration of dextromethorphan or levomethorphan to pigmented hairy male DA rats (5 mg/kg/day, 10 days), the parent compounds and their three metabolites in plasma, urine and hair were determined using LC-MS/MS. Complete chiral separation was achieved in 12 min on a Chiral CD-Ph column in 0.1% formic acid-acetonitrile by a linear gradient program. Most of the metabolites were detected as being the corresponding O-demethyl and N, O-didemethyl metabolites in the rat plasma and urine after the hydrolysis of O-glucuronides, although obvious differences in the amounts of these metabolites were found between the dextro and levo forms. No racemation was observed through O- and/or N-demethylation. In the rat hair samples collected 4 weeks after the first administration, those differences were more clearly detected and the concentrations of the parent compounds, their O-demethyl, N-demethyl, and N, O-didemethyl metabolites were 63.4, 2.7, 25.1, and 0.7 ng/mg for the dextro forms and 24.5, 24.6, 2.6, and 0.5 ng/mg for the levo forms, respectively. In order to fully investigate the differences of their metabolic properties between dextromethorphan and levomethorphan, DA rat and human liver microsomes were studied. The results suggested that there might be an enantioselective metabolism of levomethorphan, especially with regard to the O-demethylation, not only in DA rat but human liver microsomes as well. The proposed chiral analyses might be applied to human samples and could be useful for discriminating dextromethorphan use from levomethorphan use in the field of forensic toxicology, although further studies should be carried out using authentic human samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruri Kikura-Hanajiri
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry and Narcotics, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1, Kamiyoga, Setagaya, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan.
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Shin EJ, Bach JH, Lee SY, Kim JM, Lee J, Hong JS, Nabeshima T, Kim HC. Neuropsychotoxic and Neuroprotective Potentials of Dextromethorphan and Its Analogs. J Pharmacol Sci 2011; 116:137-48. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.11r02cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Shin EJ, Hong JS, Kim HC. Neuropsychopharmacological understanding for therapeutic application of morphinans. Arch Pharm Res 2010; 33:1575-87. [PMID: 21052935 PMCID: PMC3399693 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-010-1009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Revised: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Morphinans are a class of compounds containing the basic structure of morphine. It is well-known that morphinans possess diverse pharmacological effects on the central nervous system. This review will demonstrate novel neuroprotective effects of several morphinans such as, dextromethorphan, its analogs and naloxone on the models of multiple neurodegenerative disease by modulating glial activation associated with the production of a host of proinflammatory and neurotoxic factors, although dextromethorphan possesses neuropsychotoxic potentials. The neuroprotective effects and the therapeutic potential for the treatment of excitotoxic and inflammatory neurodegenerative diseases, and underlying mechanism of morphinans are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Joo Shin
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 200-701, Korea
| | - Jau-Shyong Hong
- Neuropharmacology Section, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 200-701, Korea
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15
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Jupp B, Lawrence AJ. New horizons for therapeutics in drug and alcohol abuse. Pharmacol Ther 2010; 125:138-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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