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Jonathan MC, Adrián SH, Gonzalo A. Type II nuclear receptors with potential role in Alzheimer disease. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 78:100940. [PMID: 33397589 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2020.100940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors are ligand-activated transcription factors that can modulated cellular processes involved in the development, homeostasis, cell proliferation, metabolism, and reproduction through the control of the specific genetic and molecular program. In the central nervous system, they are key regulators of neural stem cell fate decisions and can modulate the physiology of different brain cells. Over the past decades, a large body of evidence has supported that nuclear receptors are potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, the most common dementia worldwide, and the main cause of disability in later life. This disease is characterized by the progressive accumulation of amyloid-beta peptides and hyperphosphorylated tau protein that can explain alterations in synaptic transmission and plasticity; loss of dendritic spines; increased in reactive microglia and inflammation; reduction of neuronal stem cells number; myelin and vascular alterations that finally leads to increased neuronal death. Here, we present a review of type II no steroidal nuclear receptors that form obligatory heterodimers with the Retinoid X Receptor (RXR) and its potential in the therapeutic of AD. Activation of type II nuclear receptor by synthetic agonist leads to transcriptional regulation of specific genes that acts counteracting against the detrimental effects of amyloid-beta peptides and hyperphosphorylated tau in neuronal cells recovering the functionality of the synapses. But also, activation of type II nuclear receptor leads to modifications in APP metabolism, repression of inflammatory cascade and inductors of the generation of neuronal stem cells and progenitor cells supporting its potential therapeutics role for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muñoz-Cabrera Jonathan
- Grupo de Neurociencias y Muerte Celular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Sandoval-Hernández Adrián
- Grupo de Neurociencias y Muerte Celular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia; Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Arboleda Gonzalo
- Grupo de Neurociencias y Muerte Celular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia; Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.
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Theofilopoulos S, Abreu de Oliveira WA, Yang S, Yutuc E, Saeed A, Abdel-Khalik J, Ullgren A, Cedazo-Minguez A, Björkhem I, Wang Y, Griffiths WJ, Arenas E. 24( S),25-Epoxycholesterol and cholesterol 24S-hydroxylase ( CYP46A1) overexpression promote midbrain dopaminergic neurogenesis in vivo. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:4169-4176. [PMID: 30655290 PMCID: PMC6422085 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver X receptors Lxrα/NR1H3 and Lxrβ/NR1H2 are ligand-dependent nuclear receptors critical for midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neuron development. We found previously that 24(S),25-epoxycholesterol (24,25-EC), the most potent and abundant Lxr ligand in the developing mouse midbrain, promotes mDA neurogenesis in vitro In this study, we demonstrate that 24,25-EC promotes mDA neurogenesis in an Lxr-dependent manner in the developing mouse midbrain in vivo and also prevents toxicity induced by the Lxr inhibitor geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate. Furthermore, using MS, we show that overexpression of human cholesterol 24S-hydroxylase (CYP46A1) increases the levels of both 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol (24-HC) and 24,25-EC in the developing midbrain, resulting in a specific increase in mDA neurogenesis in vitro and in vivo, but has no effect on oculomotor or red nucleus neurogenesis. 24-HC, unlike 24,25-EC, did not affect in vitro neurogenesis, indicating that the neurogenic effect of 24,25-EC on mDA neurons is specific. Combined, our results indicate that increased levels of 24,25-EC in vivo, by intracerebroventricular delivery in WT mice or by overexpression of its biosynthetic enzyme CYP46A1, specifically promote mDA neurogenesis. We propose that increasing the levels of 24,25-EC in vivo may be a useful strategy to combat the loss of mDA neurons in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyridon Theofilopoulos
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden, .,the Regenerative Neurobiology Laboratory, Swansea University Medical School, Institute of Life Science 1, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Willy Antoni Abreu de Oliveira
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Shanzheng Yang
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Eylan Yutuc
- the Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmed Saeed
- the Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm 14157, Sweden, and
| | - Jonas Abdel-Khalik
- the Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Abbe Ullgren
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden.,the Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 14157, Sweden
| | - Angel Cedazo-Minguez
- the Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 14157, Sweden
| | - Ingemar Björkhem
- the Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm 14157, Sweden, and
| | - Yuqin Wang
- the Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - William J Griffiths
- the Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Ernest Arenas
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden,
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Li G, Zhou L, Zhu Y, Wang C, Sha S, Xian X, Ji Y, Liu G, Chen L. Seipin knockout in mice impairs stem cell proliferation and progenitor cell differentiation in the adult hippocampal dentate gyrus via reduced levels of PPARγ. Dis Model Mech 2015; 8:1615-24. [PMID: 26398946 PMCID: PMC4728316 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.021550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The seipin gene (BSCL2) was originally identified in humans as a loss-of-function gene associated with congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 2 (CGL2). Neuronal seipin-knockout (seipin-nKO) mice display a depression-like phenotype with a reduced level of hippocampal peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). The present study investigated the influence of seipin deficiency on adult neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) and the underlying mechanisms of the effects. We show that the proliferative capability of stem cells in seipin-nKO mice was substantially reduced compared to in wild-type (WT) mice, and that this could be rescued by the PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone (rosi). In seipin-nKO mice, neuronal differentiation of progenitor cells was inhibited, with the enhancement of astrogliogenesis; both of these effects were recovered by rosi treatment during early stages of progenitor cell differentiation. In addition, rosi treatment could correct the decline in hippocampal ERK2 phosphorylation and cyclin A mRNA level in seipin-nKO mice. The MEK inhibitor U0126 abolished the rosi-rescued cell proliferation and cyclin A expression in seipin-nKO mice. In seipin-nKO mice, the hippocampal Wnt3 protein level was less than that in WT mice, and there was a reduction of neurogenin 1 (Neurog1) and neurogenic differentiation 1 (NeuroD1) mRNA, levels of which were corrected by rosi treatment. STAT3 phosphorylation (Tyr705) was enhanced in seipin-nKO mice, and was further elevated by rosi treatment. Finally, rosi treatment for 10 days could alleviate the depression-like phenotype in seipin-nKO mice, and this alleviation was blocked by the MEK inhibitor U0126. The results indicate that, by reducing PPARγ, seipin deficiency impairs proliferation and differentiation of neural stem and progenitor cells, respectively, in the adult DG, which might be responsible for the production of the depression-like phenotype in seipin-nKO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Libin Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Conghui Wang
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Sha Sha
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xunde Xian
- Department of Molecular Genetics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yong Ji
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Atherosclerosis Research Centre, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - George Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
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Stergiopoulos A, Politis PK. The role of nuclear receptors in controlling the fine balance between proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 2013; 534:27-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2012.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Huang H, Zhang L, Zhang X, Ji X, Ding X, Shen X, Jiang H, Liu H. Total Synthesis of Cytosporone B. CHINESE J CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201090163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Ghosh D, Yan X, Tian Q. Gene regulatory networks in embryonic stem cells and brain development. BIRTH DEFECTS RESEARCH. PART C, EMBRYO TODAY : REVIEWS 2009; 87:182-91. [PMID: 19530135 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.20149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are endowed with the ability to generate multiple cell lineages and carry great therapeutic potentials in regenerative medicine. Future application of ESCs in human health and diseases will embark on the delineation of molecular mechanisms that define the biology of ESCs. Here, we discuss how the finite ESC components mediate the intriguing task of brain development and exhibit biomedical potentials to cure diverse neurological disorders.
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Nair A, Xie J, Joshi S, Harden P, Davies J, Hermiston T. A rapid and efficient branched DNA hybridization assay to titer lentiviral vectors. J Virol Methods 2008; 153:269-72. [PMID: 18706449 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2008.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2008] [Revised: 07/07/2008] [Accepted: 07/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A robust assay to titer lentiviral vectors is imperative to qualifying their use in drug discovery, target validation and clinical applications. In this study, a novel branched DNA based hybridization assay was developed to titer lentiviral vectors by quantifying viral RNA genome copy numbers from viral lysates without having to purify viral RNA, and this approach was compared with other non-functional (p24 protein ELISA and viral RT-qPCR) and a functional method (reporter gene expression) used commonly. The RT-qPCR method requires purification of viral RNA and the accuracy of titration therefore depends on the efficiency of purification; this requirement is ameliorated in the hybridization assay as RNA is measured directly in viral lysates. The present study indicates that the hybridization based titration assay performed on viral lysates was more accurate and has additional advantages of being rapid, robust and not dependent on transduction efficiency in different cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayyappan Nair
- Bayer Health Care, 2600 Hilltop Drive, P.O. Box 4099, Richmond, CA 94804, United States.
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Shi Y, Sun G, Zhao C, Stewart R. Neural stem cell self-renewal. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2007; 65:43-53. [PMID: 17644000 PMCID: PMC2235812 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2007.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2007] [Revised: 05/28/2007] [Accepted: 06/07/2007] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Two fundamental properties of stem cells are their ability to self-renew and to differentiate. Self-renewal is an integration of proliferation control with the maintenance of an undifferentiated state. Stem cell self-renewal is regulated by the dynamic interplay between transcription factors, epigenetic control, microRNA (miRNA) regulators, and cell-extrinsic signals from the microenvironment in which stem cells reside. Recent progress in defining specific roles for cell-intrinsic factors and extrinsic factors in regulating stem cell self-renewal starts to unfold the multilayered regulatory networks. This review focuses on cell-intrinsic regulators, including orphan nuclear receptor TLX, polycomb transcriptional repressor Bmi1, high-mobility-group DNA binding protein Sox2, basic helix-loop-helix Hes genes, histone modifying enzymes and chromatin remodeling proteins, and small RNA modulators, as well as cell-extrinsic signaling molecules, such as Wnt, Notch, Sonic hedgehog (Shh), TGFalpha, EGF, and FGF. Unraveling the mechanisms by which neural stem cells renew themselves will provide insights into both basic neurosciences and clinical applications of stem cell-based cell replacement therapies for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Shi
- Neuroscience Division, Center of Gene Expression and Drug Discovery, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
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