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Morciano G, Rimessi A, Patergnani S, Vitto VAM, Danese A, Kahsay A, Palumbo L, Bonora M, Wieckowski MR, Giorgi C, Pinton P. Calcium dysregulation in heart diseases: Targeting calcium channels to achieve a correct calcium homeostasis. Pharmacol Res 2022; 177:106119. [PMID: 35131483 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular calcium signaling is a universal language source shared by the most part of biological entities inside cells that, all together, give rise to physiological and functional anatomical units, the organ. Although preferentially recognized as signaling between cell life and death processes, in the heart it assumes additional relevance considered the importance of calcium cycling coupled to ATP consumption in excitation-contraction coupling. The concerted action of a plethora of exchangers, channels and pumps inward and outward calcium fluxes where needed, to convert energy and electric impulses in muscle contraction. All this without realizing it, thousands of times, every day. An improper function of those proteins (i.e., variation in expression, mutations onset, dysregulated channeling, differential protein-protein interactions) being part of this signaling network triggers a short circuit with severe acute and chronic pathological consequences reported as arrhythmias, cardiac remodeling, heart failure, reperfusion injury and cardiomyopathies. By acting with chemical, peptide-based and pharmacological modulators of these players, a correction of calcium homeostasis can be achieved accompanied by an amelioration of clinical symptoms. This review will focus on all those defects in calcium homeostasis which occur in the most common cardiac diseases, including myocardial infarction, arrhythmia, hypertrophy, heart failure and cardiomyopathies. This part will be introduced by the state of the art on the proteins involved in calcium homeostasis in cardiomyocytes and followed by the therapeutic treatments that to date, are able to target them and to revert the pathological phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giampaolo Morciano
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola, RA, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Rimessi
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Simone Patergnani
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Veronica A M Vitto
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alberto Danese
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Asrat Kahsay
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Laura Palumbo
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Massimo Bonora
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mariusz R Wieckowski
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biology and Metabolism. Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Carlotta Giorgi
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola, RA, Italy.
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2
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Huang Y, Wen LL, Xie JD, Ouyang HD, Chen DT, Zeng WA. Antinociceptive effectiveness of the inhibition of NCX reverse-mode action in rodent neuropathic pain model. Mol Pain 2019; 15:1744806919864511. [PMID: 31370728 PMCID: PMC6681272 DOI: 10.1177/1744806919864511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic neuropathic pain is a debilitating condition that remains difficult
to treat. The Na+-Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) is a
transporter that can exchange Ca2+ with Na+ in either
direction to maintain intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis. However,
the effect of NCX on neuropathic pain remains unclear. Therefore, in this
study, we aimed to clarify whether neuropathic pain is altered by NCX. Methods Adult Sprague–Dawley rats and mice (NCX2 knockout and wild type) were
randomized to receive spinal nerve ligation surgery or intrathecal
injection. Using behavioral testing to analyze the withdrawal thresholds and
thermal withdrawal latency of rats after surgery or intrathecal injection.
Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting were used to analyze the changes
of NCX protein and downstream signaling pathways in rats dorsal root
ganglion. We isolated the dorsal root ganglion neurons of adult rats using
Fluo-4AM to detect the Ca2+ imaging in neurons after drug
treatment. Results NCX was expressed in the sensory neurons of rodent dorsal root ganglia. NCX
expression was altered in ipsilateral L4–6 dorsal root ganglion neurons in
spinal nerve ligation rats. Intrathecal injection of an inhibitor of
reverse-mode NCX activity (KB-R7943 5∼20 µg) had an antinociceptive effect
in spinal nerve ligation rats, and the effect lasted for 3 h. We measured
the expression of signaling pathway molecules in dorsal root ganglion
neurons, and only the p-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2
level was reduced after intrathecal injection in the spinal nerve ligation
group compared to the control group. In cultured dorsal root ganglion
neurons, inhibitors of reverse-mode NCX activity (KB-R7943 and ORM-10103)
restrained Ca2+ overload after tumor necrosis factor alpha
(TNF-α) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment. NCX2 knockout mice presented
an antinociceptive effect that lasted for more than 28 days after spinal
nerve ligation surgery. The p-ERK1/2 level in NCX2 knockout mice ipsilateral
L4–6 dorsal root ganglion neurons was lower than that in wild-type mice. Conclusions NCX proteins may mediate neuropathic pain progression via the Ca2+
and ERK pathways. NCX represents a potential target for the treatment of
neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Huang
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,2 State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,3 Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Li Wen
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,2 State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,3 Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Dun Xie
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,2 State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,3 Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Han-Dong Ouyang
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,2 State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,3 Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong-Tai Chen
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,2 State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,3 Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-An Zeng
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,2 State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,3 Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
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3
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Mera T, Itoh T, Kita S, Kodama S, Kojima D, Nishinakamura H, Okamoto K, Ohkura M, Nakai J, Iyoda T, Iwamoto T, Matsuda T, Baba A, Omori K, Ono J, Watarai H, Taniguchi M, Yasunami Y. Pretreatment of donor islets with the Na(+) /Ca(2+) exchanger inhibitor improves the efficiency of islet transplantation. Am J Transplant 2013; 13:2154-60. [PMID: 23746308 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.12306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic islet transplantation is an attractive therapy for the treatment of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. However, the low efficiency of this procedure necessitating sequential transplantations of islets with the use of 2-3 donors for a single recipient, mainly due to the early loss of transplanted islets, hampers its clinical application. Previously, we have shown in mice that a large amount of HMGB1 is released from islets soon after their transplantation and that this triggers innate immune rejection with activation of DC, NKT cells and neutrophils to produce IFN-γ, ultimately leading to the early loss of transplanted islets. Thus, HMGB1 release plays an initial pivotal role in this process; however, its mechanism remains unclear. Here we demonstrate that release of HMGB1 from transplanted islets is due to hypoxic damage resulting from Ca(2+) influx into β cells through the Na(+) /Ca(2+) exchanger (NCX). Moreover, the hypoxia-induced β cell damage was prevented by pretreatment with an NCX-specific inhibitor prior to transplantation, resulting in protection and long-term survival of transplanted mouse and human islets when grafted into mice. These findings suggest a novel strategy with potentially great impact to improve the efficiency of islet transplantation in clinical settings by targeting donor islets rather than recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Mera
- Central Research Institute for Islet Biology, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Pott C, Eckardt L, Goldhaber JI. Triple threat: the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger in the pathophysiology of cardiac arrhythmia, ischemia and heart failure. Curr Drug Targets 2011; 12:737-47. [PMID: 21291388 PMCID: PMC4406235 DOI: 10.2174/138945011795378559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger (NCX) is the main Ca(2+) extrusion mechanism of the cardiac myocyte and thus is crucial for maintaining Ca(2+) homeostasis. It is involved in the regulation of several parameters of cardiac excitation contraction coupling, such as cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration, repolarization and contractility. Increased NCX activity has been identified as a mechanism promoting heart failure, cardiac ischemia and arrhythmia. Transgenic mice as well as pharmacological interventions have been used to support the idea of using NCX inhibition as a future pharmacological strategy to treat cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Pott
- University Hospital of Muenster, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Albert-Schweitzer-Str. 33, 48149 Muenster, Germany.
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5
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Waghorn B, Yang Y, Baba A, Matsuda T, Schumacher A, Yanasak N, Hu TCC. Assessing manganese efflux using SEA0400 and cardiac T1-mapping manganese-enhanced MRI in a murine model. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2009; 22:874-881. [PMID: 19593760 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The sodium-calcium exchanger (NCX) is one of the transporters contributing to the control of intracellular calcium (Ca(2+)) concentration by normally mediating net Ca(2+) efflux. However, the reverse mode of the NCX can cause intracellular Ca(2+) concentration overload, which exacerbates the myocardial tissue injury resulting from ischemia. Although the NCX inhibitor SEA0400 has been shown to therapeutically reduce myocardial injury, no in vivo technique exists to monitor intracellular Ca(2+) fluctuations produced by this drug. Cardiac manganese-enhanced MRI (MEMRI) may indirectly assess Ca(2+) efflux by estimating changes in manganese (Mn(2+)) content in vivo, since Mn(2+) has been suggested as a surrogate marker for Ca(2+). This study used the MEMRI technique to examine the temporal features of cardiac Mn(2+) efflux by implementing a T(1)-mapping method and inhibiting the NCX with SEA0400. The change in (1)H(2)O longitudinal relaxation rate, Delta R(1), in the left ventricular free wall, was calculated at different time points following infusion of 190 nmol/g manganese chloride (MnCl(2)) in healthy adult male mice. The results showed 50% MEMRI signal attenuation at 3.4 +/- 0.6 h post-MnCl(2) infusion without drug intervention. Furthermore, treatment with 50 +/- 0.2 mg/kg of SEA0400 significantly reduced the rate of decrease in Delta R(1). At 4.9-5.9 h post-MnCl(2) infusion, the average Delta R(1) values for the two groups treated with SEA0400 were 2.46 +/- 0.29 and 1.72 +/- 0.24 s(-1) for 50 and 20 mg/kg doses, respectively, as compared to the value of 1.27 +/- 0.28 s(-1) for the control group. When this in vivo data were compared to ex vivo absolute manganese content data, the MEMRI T(1)-mapping technique was shown to effectively quantify Mn(2+) efflux rates in the myocardium. Therefore, combining an NCX inhibitor with MEMRI may be a useful technique for assessing Mn(2+) transport mechanisms and rates in vivo, which may reflect changes in Ca(2+) transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Waghorn
- Small Animal Imaging, Department of Radiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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6
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Motegi K, Tanonaka K, Takenaga Y, Takagi N, Takeo S. Preservation of mitochondrial function may contribute to cardioprotective effects of Na+/Ca2+ exchanger inhibitors in ischaemic/reperfused rat hearts. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 151:963-78. [PMID: 17549042 PMCID: PMC2042925 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2007] [Revised: 04/03/2007] [Accepted: 04/18/2007] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) inhibitors are known to attenuate myocardial reperfusion injury. However, the exact mechanisms for the cardioprotection remain unclear. The present study was undertaken to examine the mechanism underlying the cardioprotection by NCX inhibitors against ischaemia/reperfusion injury. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Isolated rat hearts were subjected to 35-min ischaemia/60-min reperfusion or 20-min ischaemia/60-min reperfusion. NCX inhibitors (3-30 microM KB-R7943 (KBR) or 0.3-1 microM SEA0400 (SEA)) were given for 5 min prior to ischaemia (pre-ischaemic treatment) or for 10 min after the onset of reperfusion (post-ischaemic treatment). KEY RESULTS With 35-min ischaemia/60-min reperfusion, pre- or post-ischaemic treatment with KBR or SEA neither enhanced post-ischaemic contractile recovery nor attenuated ischaemia- or reperfusion-induced Na+ accumulation and damage to mitochondrial respiratory function. With the milder model (20-min ischaemia/reperfusion), pre- or post-ischaemic treatment with 10 microM KBR or 1 microM SEA significantly enhanced the post-ischaemic contractile recovery, associated with reductions in reperfusion-induced Ca2+ accumulation, damage to mitochondrial function, and decrease in myocardial high-energy phosphates. Furthermore, Na+ influx to mitochondria in vitro was enhanced by increased concentrations of NaCl. KBR (10 microM) and 1 microM SEA partially decreased the Na+ influx. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The NCX inhibitors exerted cardioprotective effects during relatively mild ischaemia. The mechanism may be attributable to prevention of mitochondrial damage, possibly mediated by attenuation of Na+ overload in cardiac mitochondria during ischaemia and/or Ca2+ overload via the reverse mode of NCX during reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Motegi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences Hachioji, Japan
| | - K Tanonaka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences Hachioji, Japan
| | - Y Takenaga
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences Hachioji, Japan
| | - N Takagi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences Hachioji, Japan
| | - S Takeo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences Hachioji, Japan
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7
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Tanaka H, Shimada H, Namekata I, Kawanishi T, Iida-Tanaka N, Shigenobu K. Involvement of the Na+/Ca2+ Exchanger in Ouabain-Induced Inotropy and Arrhythmogenesis in Guinea-Pig Myocardium as Revealed by SEA0400. J Pharmacol Sci 2007; 103:241-6. [PMID: 17310075 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.fp0060911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Involvement of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger in ouabain-induced inotropy and arrhythmogenesis was examined with a specific inhibitor, SEA0400. In right ventricular papillary muscle isolated from guinea-pig ventricle, 1 microM SEA0400, which specifically inhibits the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger by 80%, reduced the ouabain (1 microM)-induced positive inotropy by 40%, but had no effect on the inotropy induced by 100 microM isobutyl methylxantine. SEA0400 significantly inhibited the contracture induced by low Na+ solution. In HEK293 cells expressing the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, 1 microM ouabain induced an increase in intracellular Ca2+, which was inhibited by SEA0400. The arrhythmic contractions induced by 3 microM ouabain were significantly reduced by SEA0400. These results provide pharmacological evidence that the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger is involved in ouabain-induced inotropy and arrhythmogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Tanaka
- Department of Pharmacology, Toho University Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan.
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8
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Feng NC, Satoh H, Urushida T, Katoh H, Terada H, Watanabe Y, Hayashi H. A selective inhibitor of Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, SEA0400, preserves cardiac function and high-energy phosphates against ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2006; 47:263-70. [PMID: 16495765 DOI: 10.1097/01.fjc.0000202561.69291.ac] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The Ca2+ overload by Ca2+ influx via Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) is a critical mechanism in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. We investigated protective effects of a novel selective inhibitor of NCX, SEA0400, on cardiac function and energy metabolism during ischemia and reperfusion. Langendorff-perfused rat hearts were exposed to 35 minutes global ischemia and 40 minutes reperfusion. Using 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, cardiac phosphocreatine (PCr), ATP, and pHi were monitored. SEA0400 did not change the basic cardiac function, but improved the recovery of left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) after reperfusion (27.6 +/- 4.9 mm Hg in control, 101.2 +/- 19.3 mm Hg in 0.1 microM, and 115.5 +/- 13.3 mm Hg in 1 microM SEA0400, means +/- SE, n = 6, P < 0.05). SEA0400 reduced left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and increased coronary flow after reperfusion. SEA0400 improved the recoveries of cardiac phosphocreatine and ATP after reperfusion, but did not affect pHi. There were significant linear correlations between left ventricular developed pressure and cardiac phosphocreatine (r = 0.79, P < 0.05), and left ventricular developed pressure and ATP (r = 0.80, P < 0.05). However, SEA0400 increased the incidence and duration of reperfusion ventricular arrhythmias. SEA0400 added only after reperfusion also improved both the contractile function and energy metabolism. It is concluded that the selective inhibition of NCX may be effective to preserve high-energy phosphates and to improve cardiac function after reperfusion, but may not be able to prevent fatal arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niu Chun Feng
- Division of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Hamamatsu, Japan
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9
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Lee C, Hryshko LV. SEA0400: A Novel Sodium-Calcium Exchange Inhibitor with Cardioprotective Properties1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 22:334-47. [PMID: 15592578 DOI: 10.1111/j.1527-3466.2004.tb00150.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The cardiac sodium-calcium exchanger (NCX) plays an important role in calcium homeostasis. It is the primary mechanism for removing calcium ions that enter myocytes through L-type calcium channels on a beat-to-beat basis. Its direction of transport is determined by the membrane potential and the ionic concentrations of Na+ and Ca2+, with the forward (or Ca2+-efflux) mode of transport being the dominant mode under physiological conditions. In contrast, the Ca2+-influx mode (or reverse mode) of NCX becomes important in certain pathophysiological conditions, such as myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. Recent discovery of compounds that inhibit the Ca2+-influx mode (or reverse mode) of NCX has generated intense research interest in the pharmacology of NCX. Among the newer NCX inhibitors described to date, 2-[4-[(2,5-difluorophenyl)methoxy]-phenoxy]-5-ethoxyaniline (SEA0400) appears particularly promising in attenuating cardiac, renal, and cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injuries in various experimental models. Moreover, the mixed results that have emerged from clinical trials evaluating the efficacy and safety of inhibitors of the sodium-hydrogen exchanger (an upstream target in relation to the sodium-calcium exchanger) in myocardial protection stimulated interest in evaluating NCX as an alternative therapeutic target. This article reviews the pharmacological profile of SEA0400, as presented in the published literature, and discusses the therapeutic potential of this compound in attenuating myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candace Lee
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface General Hospital Research Centre, Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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10
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Bobulescu IA, Di Sole F, Moe OW. Na+/H+ exchangers: physiology and link to hypertension and organ ischemia. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2005; 14:485-94. [PMID: 16046909 PMCID: PMC2861558 DOI: 10.1097/01.mnh.0000174146.52915.5d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Na/H exchangers (NHEs) are ubiquitous proteins with a very wide array of physiological functions, and they are summarized in this paper in view of the most recent advances. Hypertension and organ ischemia are two disease states of paramount importance in which NHEs have been implicated. The involvement of NHEs in the pathophysiology of these disorders is incompletely understood. This paper reviews the principal findings and current hypotheses linking NHE dysfunction to hypertension and ischemia. RECENT FINDINGS With the advent of large-scale sequencing projects and powerful in-silico analyses, we have come to know what is most likely the entire mammalian NHE gene family. Recent advances have detailed the roles of NHE proteins, exploring new functions such as anchoring, scaffolding and pH regulation of intracellular compartments. Studies of NHEs in disease models, even though not conclusive to date, have contributed new evidence on the interplay of ion transporters and the delicate ion balances that may become disrupted. SUMMARY This paper provides the interested reader with a concise overview of NHE physiology, and aims to address the implication of NHEs in the pathophysiology of hypertension and organ ischemia in light of the most recent literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Alexandru Bobulescu
- Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Francesca Di Sole
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Orson W. Moe
- Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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Kuramochi T, Kakefuda A, Yamada H, Ogiyama T, Taguchi T, Sakamoto S. Discovery of N-(3-{4-[(3-fluorobenzyl)oxy]phenoxy}propyl)-2-pyridin-4-ylacetamide as a potent and selective reverse NCX inhibitor. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2005; 53:1043-7. [PMID: 16079546 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.53.1043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the setting of heart failure and myocardial ischemia-reperfusion, the sodium-calcium exchanger (NCX) can lead to calcium overload, which is responsible for contractile dysfunction and arrhythmia. NCX is an attractive target for treatment in heart failure and myocardial ischemia-reperfusion. We have designed and synthesized a series of benzyloxyphenyl derivatives based on compound 3. These derivatives have been evaluated for their inhibitory activity against both the reverse and forward modes of NCX. We have discovered a novel potent and selective reverse NCX inhibitor (12) with an IC50 value of 0.085 microM against reverse NCX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Kuramochi
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan.
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12
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Iwamoto T. Sodium–calcium exchange inhibitors: therapeutic potential in cardiovascular diseases. Future Cardiol 2005; 1:519-29. [DOI: 10.2217/14796678.1.4.519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular calcium ions (Ca2+) are the key regulators in cardiac and arterial functions during the contraction–relaxation cycle. Myocyte Ca2+ imbalance thus produces mechanical dysfunction, electrical instability (arrhythmia) and muscle remodeling. The sodium–calcium exchanger (NCX) is one of the major Ca2+-handling proteins in myocytes. Evidence is currently accumulating to suggest that NCX1 is upregulated in various cardiovascular diseases. Recently developed benzyloxyphenyl NCX inhibitors effectively prevent myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury and salt-sensitive hypertension in animal models. Furthermore, several experiments with genetically engineered mice provide compelling evidence that these diseases are triggered by pathologic Ca2+ entry through NCX1 in cardiac and arterial myocytes, respectively. Thus, NCX inhibitors may have therapeutic potential as novel cardiovascular drugs for myocardial reperfusion injury and salt-sensitive hypertension. However, the efficacy of NCX inhibitors, as well as the role of NCX1, in heart failure or arrhythmias requires more detailed study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Iwamoto
- Fukuoka University, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
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13
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Kuramochi T, Kakefuda A, Yamada H, Tsukamoto I, Taguchi T, Sakamoto S. Discovery of an N-(2-aminopyridin-4-ylmethyl)nicotinamide derivative: a potent and orally bioavailable NCX inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:4022-36. [PMID: 15911315 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2005] [Revised: 03/30/2005] [Accepted: 03/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ca(2+) overload in myocardial cells is responsible for arrhythmia. Sodium-calcium exchanger (NCX) inhibitors are more effective than sodium-hydrogen exchanger (NHE) inhibitors with regard to modulation of Ca(2+) overload, because NCX inhibitors can directly inhibit the influx of Ca(2+) into cells. NCX is an attractive target for the treatment of heart failure and ischemia-reperfusion. We have designed and synthesized a series of N-(2-aminopyridin-4-ylmethyl)nicotinamide derivatives, based on compound 5. We have discovered a novel NCX inhibitor (23 h) with an IC(50) value of 0.12 microM against reverse NCX. The inhibitory activities of our NCX inhibitors against cytochrome P450 were also evaluated. The effects on heart failure and the pharmacokinetic profile of compound 23 h are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Kuramochi
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan.
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Matsuda T, Koyama Y, Baba A. Functional proteins involved in regulation of intracellular Ca(2+) for drug development: pharmacology of SEA0400, a specific inhibitor of the Na(+)-Ca(2+) exchanger. J Pharmacol Sci 2005; 97:339-43. [PMID: 15764845 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.fmj04007x2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Na(+)-Ca(2+) exchanger (NCX) is involved in regulation of intracellular Ca(2+) concentration. A specific inhibitor of NCX has been required for clarification of the physiological and pathological roles of NCX. We have developed 2-[4-[(2,5-difluorophenyl)methoxy]phenoxy]-5-ethoxyaniline (SEA0400), a highly potent and selective inhibitor of NCX. SEA0400 in the concentration range that inhibits NCX exhibits negligible affinities for the Ca(2+) channels, Na(+) channels, K(+) channels, noradrenaline transporter, and 14 receptors; and it does not affect the activities of the store-operated Ca(2+) channel, Na(+)-H(+) exchanger, and several enzymes including Na(+),K(+)-ATPase and Ca(2+)-ATPase. Furthermore, recent studies show that SEA0400 attenuates ischemia-reperfusion injury in the brain, heart, and kidney and radiofrequency lesion-induced edema in rat brain. These findings suggest that NCX plays a key role in ischemia-reperfusion injury and may be a target molecule for treatment of reperfusion injury-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Matsuda
- Laboratory of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka.
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15
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Kawahara Y, Tanonaka K, Daicho T, Nawa M, Oikawa R, Nasa Y, Takeo S. Preferable Anesthetic Conditions for Echocardiographic Determination of Murine Cardiac Function. J Pharmacol Sci 2005; 99:95-104. [PMID: 16177543 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.fp0050343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketamine and xylazine are routinely used for measurement of hemodynamics of mice and rats by echocardiography. The anesthetic agents produce low heart rate (HR) in the animals, which may result in misleading data in the hemodynamic profiles of the small animals. The purpose of the present study was to select an appropriate anesthetic condition in the evaluation of mouse and rat cardiac function by echocardiography. Echocardiographic measurement was performed in male C57BL6 mice anesthetized with an intraperitoneal injection of 30 or 40 mg/kg pentobarbital (P30 or P40) or a combination of 60 mg/kg ketamine and 6 mg/kg xylazine (KX) and in male Wistar rats with an intraperitoneal injection of 40 or 50 mg/kg pentobarbital (P40 or P50) or a combination of 100 mg/kg ketamine and 10 mg/kg xylazine (KX). Basal HR of P30-anesthetized mice and P40-anesthetized were comparable to those in the conscious state, whereas KX-anesthetized mice and rats were 38% and 74% of those of the conscious animals, respectively. Fractional shortening (FS) and cardiac output index (COI) of the P30-anesthetized mice or the P40-anesthetized rats were greater than those of KX-anesthetized animals. Intraperitoneal injection of dobutamine at 0.3 and 1 mg/kg increased HR, FS, and COI of the P30-anesthetized mice and the P40-anesthetized rats, respectively, whereas the percent responses of these parameters in KX animals were greater than those in pentobarbital-anesthetized ones due to the lower basal values for the cardiac functional parameters. Anesthesia with P30 for the mouse and P40 for the rat rather than ketamine/xylazine may be relevant to the evaluation of cardiac function using echocardiography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Kawahara
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Hachioji, Japan
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