1
|
Liu N, Fan M. Protective functions of salvianolic acid B in PC-12 cells against hydrogen peroxide-triggered damage by mediation of microRNA-26a. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 47:4030-4037. [PMID: 31603005 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2019.1673766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niansheng Liu
- Department of Traumatology, North Medical District of Linyi People’s Hospital, Linyi, PR China
| | - Mingfu Fan
- Department of Spinal Surgery, North Medical District of Linyi People’s Hospital, Linyi, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
A C-terminal cysteine residue is required for peptide-based inhibition of the NGF/TrkA interaction at nM concentrations: implications for peptide-based analgesics. Sci Rep 2019; 9:930. [PMID: 30700786 PMCID: PMC6353895 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37585-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of the NGF/TrkA interaction presents an interesting alternative to the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatories and/or opioids for the control of inflammatory, chronic and neuropathic pain. Most prominent of the current approaches to this therapy is the antibody Tanezumab, which is a late-stage development humanized monoclonal antibody that targets NGF. We sought to determine whether peptides might similarly inhibit the NGF/TrkA interaction and so serve as future therapeutic leads. Starting from two peptides that inhibit the NGF/TrkA interaction, we sought to eliminate a cysteine residue close to the C-terminal of both sequences, by an approach of mutagenic analysis and saturation mutagenesis of mutable residues. Elimination of cysteine from a therapeutic lead is desirable to circumvent manufacturing difficulties resulting from oxidation. Our analyses determined that the cysteine residue is not required for NGF binding, but is essential for inhibition of the NGF/TrkA interaction at pharmacologically relevant peptide concentrations. We conclude that a cysteine residue is required within potential peptide-based therapeutic leads and hypothesise that these peptides likely act as dimers, mirroring the dimeric structure of the TrkA receptor.
Collapse
|
3
|
MacDougall G, Anderton RS, Mastaglia FL, Knuckey NW, Meloni BP. Mitochondria and neuroprotection in stroke: Cationic arginine-rich peptides (CARPs) as a novel class of mitochondria-targeted neuroprotective therapeutics. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 121:17-33. [PMID: 30218759 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the second leading cause of death globally and represents a major cause of devastating long-term disability. Despite sustained efforts to develop clinically effective neuroprotective therapies, presently there is no clinically available neuroprotective agent for stroke. As a central mediator of neurodamaging events in stroke, mitochondria are recognised as a critical neuroprotective target, and as such, provide a focus for developing mitochondrial-targeted therapeutics. In recent years, cationic arginine-rich peptides (CARPs) have been identified as a novel class of neuroprotective agent with several demonstrated mechanisms of action, including their ability to target mitochondria and exert positive effects on the organelle. This review provides an overview on neuronal mitochondrial dysfunction in ischaemic stroke pathophysiology and highlights the potential beneficial effects of CARPs on mitochondria in the ischaemic brain following stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella MacDougall
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia; Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, Australia; School of Heath Sciences, and Institute for Health Research, The University Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Australia.
| | - Ryan S Anderton
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia; Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, Australia; School of Heath Sciences, and Institute for Health Research, The University Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Australia
| | - Frank L Mastaglia
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia; Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Neville W Knuckey
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia; Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, Australia; Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Bruno P Meloni
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia; Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, Australia; Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lin P, Tian XH, Yi YS, Jiang WS, Zhou YJ, Cheng WJ. Luteolin-induced protection of H₂O₂-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells and the associated pathway. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:7699-704. [PMID: 26459830 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence has indicated that the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) contributes to H2O2‑induced nerve injury. This may result in oxidative stress that leads to cell damage or death. Dietary or pharmaceutical augmentation of the endogenous antioxidant defense capacity is a potential means by which to prevent ROS‑induced damage. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of luteolin on H2O2‑induced cell apoptosis in cultured rat pheochromocytoma cells (PC12 cells) and to investigate the role of the phosphatidylinositol‑3‑kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway on H2O2‑induced apoptosis. The results demonstrated that luteolin was able to inhibit the reduction in cell viability induced by H2O2. In addition, luteolin reduced ROS generation and lactate dehydrogenase release in H2O2‑treated PC12 cells. The levels of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activity were increased following treatment with luteolin, however malondialdehyde levels were observed to be reduced. Additionally, luteolin increased the Bcl‑2/Bax ratio and enhanced Akt phosphorylation. However, these alterations were attenuated by pretreatment with an inhibitor of the PI3K/Akt pathway. In conclusion, luteolin inhibited H2O2‑induced apoptosis via reducing ROS levels and activating the PI3K/Akt pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Lin
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Xing-Han Tian
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Shang Yi
- Department of Neurology, Seaport Hospital Shandong, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Shi Jiang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, People's Hospital of Yangshuo County, Yangshuo, Guangxi 541900, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Jie Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Seaport Hospital Shandong, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Jing Cheng
- Department of Neurology, No. 1 People's Hospital of Jining, Jining, Shandong 272000, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hirose M, Kuroda Y, Murata E. NGF/TrkA Signaling as a Therapeutic Target for Pain. Pain Pract 2015; 16:175-82. [PMID: 26452158 DOI: 10.1111/papr.12342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) was first discovered approximately 60 years ago by Rita Levi-Montalcini as a protein that induces the growth of nerves. It is now known that NGF is also associated with Alzheimer's disease and intractable pain, and hence, it, along with its high-affinity receptor, tropomyosin receptor kinase (Trk) A, is considered to be 1 of the new targets for therapies being developed to treat these diseases. Anti-NGF antibody and TrkA inhibitors are known drugs that suppress NGF/TrkA signaling, and many drugs of these classes have been developed thus far. Interestingly, local anesthetics also possess TrkA inhibitory effects. This manuscript describes the development of an analgesic that suppresses NGF/TrkA signaling, which is anticipated to be 1 of the new methods to treat intractable pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Munetaka Hirose
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kuroda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Care, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Himeji Dokkyo University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Eri Murata
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimatology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kuroda Y, Kato-Kogoe N, Tasaki E, Yuasa-Sunagawa M, Yamanegi K, Nakasho K, Nakasyo K, Nakase I, Futaki S, Tohyama Y, Hirose M. Suppressive effect of membrane-permeable peptides derived from autophosphorylation sites of the IGF-1 receptor on breast cancer cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 765:24-33. [PMID: 26276395 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) receptors play a crucial role in the biology of human cancer, making them an attractive target for anti-cancer agents. We previously designed oligopeptides containing the amino-acid sequences surrounding the autophosphorylation sites of the insulin receptor and found that two of them, namely, Ac-DIYET-NH2 and Ac-DYYRK-NH2, suppressed phosphorylation of purified insulin receptors in a non-ATP-competitive manner, whereas Ac-NIYQT-NH2 and Ac-NYYRK-NH2 suppressed in an ATP-competitive manner. Because the IGF-1 receptor is closely related to the insulin receptor, the aim of this study was to observe the effects of these peptides, which correspond to the amino-acid sequences of the autophosphorylation sites of the IGF-1 receptor, on the activity of the human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7, T47D, MDA-MB-231, and MDA-MB-453. To facilitate peptide delivery into breast cancer cells, the cell-penetrating peptide, human immunodeficiency virus type 1-transactivator of transcription (Tat), was linked to these peptides. When breast cancer cells were treated with each of these synthetic Tat-conjugated peptides, the conjugated peptides penetrated into the cells and suppressed cell proliferation. An inhibitory effect of Tat-conjugated peptides against IGF-1-stimulated phosphorylation of IGF-1 receptors was observed. In addition, we found that combinations of these peptides suppressed phosphorylation of IGF-1 receptors to a greater extent than the peptides did individually. In conclusion, IGF-1 receptor autophosphorylation site-derived membrane-permeable peptides have the potential to suppress IGF-1 receptor function in breast cancer cells and to be developed into novel and useful agents for cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Kuroda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Care, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Himeji Dokkyo University, Himeji 670-8524, Japan
| | - Nahoko Kato-Kogoe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Care, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Himeji Dokkyo University, Himeji 670-8524, Japan; Department of Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan.
| | - Emi Tasaki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Care, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Himeji Dokkyo University, Himeji 670-8524, Japan
| | - Mayumi Yuasa-Sunagawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Care, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Himeji Dokkyo University, Himeji 670-8524, Japan
| | - Koji Yamanegi
- Department of Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan
| | | | - Keiji Nakasyo
- Department of Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan
| | - Ikuhiko Nakase
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Shiroh Futaki
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yumi Tohyama
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Care, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Himeji Dokkyo University, Himeji 670-8524, Japan
| | - Munetaka Hirose
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
|
8
|
Lukanowska M, Howl J, Jones S. Bioportides: Bioactive cell-penetrating peptides that modulate cellular dynamics. Biotechnol J 2013; 8:918-30. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201200335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
9
|
Howl J, Matou-Nasri S, West DC, Farquhar M, Slaninová J, Ostenson CG, Zorko M, Ostlund P, Kumar S, Langel U, McKeating J, Jones S. Bioportide: an emergent concept of bioactive cell-penetrating peptides. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:2951-66. [PMID: 22527714 PMCID: PMC11114504 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-0979-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have proven utility for the highly efficient intracellular delivery of bioactive cargoes that include peptides, proteins, and oligonucleotides. The many strategies developed to utilize CPPs solely as pharmacokinetic modifiers necessarily requires them to be relatively inert. Moreover, it is feasible to combine one or multiple CPPs with bioactive cargoes either by direct chemical conjugation or, more rarely, as non-covalent complexes. In terms of the message-address hypothesis, this combination of cargo (message) linked to a CPP (address) as a tandem construct conforms to the sychnological organization. More recently, we have introduced the term bioportide to describe monomeric CPPs that are intrinsically bioactive. Herein, we describe the design and biochemical properties of two rhegnylogically organized monometic CPPs that collectively modulate a variety of biological and pathophysiological phenomena. Thus, camptide, a cell-penetrant sequence located within the first intracellular loop of a human calcitonin receptor, regulates cAMP-dependent processes to modulate insulin secretion and viral infectivity. Nosangiotide, a bioportide derived from endothelial nitric oxide synthase, potently inhibits many aspects of the endothelial cell morphology and movement and displays potent anti-angiogenic activity in vivo. We conclude that, due to their capacity to translocate and target intracellular signaling events, bioportides represent an innovative generic class of bioactive agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Howl
- Research Institute in Healthcare Science, School of Applied Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, WV1 1LY, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tabata M, Murata E, Ueda K, Kato-Kogoe N, Kuroda Y, Hirose M. Effects of TrkA inhibitory peptide on cancer-induced pain in a mouse melanoma model. J Anesth 2012; 26:545-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s00540-012-1377-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|
11
|
Puerarin protects differentiated PC12 cells from H2O2-induced apoptosis through the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway. Cell Biol Int 2012; 36:419-26. [DOI: 10.1042/cbi20100900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
12
|
Ma WY, Murata E, Ueda K, Kuroda Y, Cao MH, Abe M, Shigemi K, Hirose M. A synthetic cell-penetrating peptide antagonizing TrkA function suppresses neuropathic pain in mice. J Pharmacol Sci 2010; 114:79-84. [PMID: 20710118 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.10119fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) and its high-affinity receptor, TrkA, are one of the targets in the production of new drugs for the treatment of neuropathic pain. NGF contributes to both the initiation and maintenance of sensory abnormalities after peripheral nerve injury. This study examined the effects of IPTRK3, a new synthetic cell-penetrating peptide that antagonizes TrkA function, on neuropathic pain in mice. Partial sciatic nerve ligation (PSNL) was used to generate neuropathic pain, and we injected IPTRK3 (2 or 10 mg/kg) intraperitoneally on day 7 after PSNL. Effects of the peptide on hyperalgesia, allodynia, and expression of Fos in the spinal cord were examined. Single administration of the peptide on day 7 significantly suppressed both thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia. Gentle touch stimuli-evoked Fos expression in the lumbar spinal cord was also significantly reduced. Intraperitoneal injection of a cell-penetrating peptide antagonizing TrkA function appears effective for treatment of neuropathic pain in a mouse pain model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ying Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimatology, University of Fukui, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ueda K, Hirose M, Murata E, Takatori M, Ueda M, Ikeda H, Shigemi K. Local Administration of a Synthetic Cell-Penetrating Peptide Antagonizing TrkA Function Suppresses Inflammatory Pain in Rats. J Pharmacol Sci 2010; 112:438-43. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.09307fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
|
14
|
Aroui S, Brahim S, Waard MD, Kenani A. Cytotoxicity, intracellular distribution and uptake of doxorubicin and doxorubicin coupled to cell-penetrating peptides in different cell lines: a comparative study. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 391:419-25. [PMID: 19914216 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.11.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
One of the major obstacles which are opposed to the success of anticancer treatment is the cell resistance that generally develops after administration of commonly used drugs. In this study, we try to overcome the tumour cell resistance of doxorubicin (Dox) by developing a cell-penetrating peptide (CPP)-anticancer drug conjugate in aim to enhance its intracellular delivery and that its therapeutic effects. For this purpose, two cell-penetrating peptides, penetratin (pene) and tat, derived from the HIV-1 TAT protein, were chemically conjugated to Dox. The cytotoxicity, intracellular distribution and uptake were accessed in CHO cells (Chinese Hamster Ovarian carcinoma cells), HUVEC (Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells), differentiated NG108.15 neuronal cell and breast cancer cells MCF7drug-sensitive or MDA-MB 231 drug-resistant cell lines. The conjugates showed different cell killing activity and intracellular distribution pattern by comparison to Dox as assessed respectively by MTT-based colorimetric cellular cytotoxicity assay, confocal fluorescence microscopy and FACS analysis. After treatment with 3 microM with Dox-CPPs for 2h, pene increase the Dox cytotoxicity by 7.19-fold in CHO cells, by 11.53-fold in HUVEC cells and by 4.87-fold in MDA-MB 231 cells. However, cytotoxicity was decreased in NG108.15 cells and MCF7. Our CPPs-Dox conjugate proves the validity of CPPs for the cytoplasmic delivery of therapeutically useful molecules and also a valuable strategy to overcome drug resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Aroui
- Unité 05/UR/09-09, Mécanismes Moléculaires et Pathologies, Faculté de Médecine de Monastir, 5019 Monastir, Tunisie, Tunisia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Aroui S, Ram N, Appaix F, Ronjat M, Kenani A, Pirollet F, De Waard M. Maurocalcine as a non toxic drug carrier overcomes doxorubicin resistance in the cancer cell line MDA-MB 231. Pharm Res 2008; 26:836-45. [PMID: 19083085 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-008-9782-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2008] [Accepted: 11/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study is to overcome tumour cell resistance that generally develops after administration of commonly used anti-cancer drugs, such as doxorubicin. METHODS Recently, cell penetrating peptides have been used for their ability to deliver non-permeant compounds into cells. One such cell penetrating peptide, maurocalcine, has been isolated from the venom of a Tunisian scorpion. Herein, we report the effects of doxorubicin covalently coupled to an analogue of maurocalcine on drug-sensitive or drug-resistant cell lines MCF7 and MDA-MB 231. RESULTS We demonstrated the in vitro anti-tumoral efficacy of the doxorubicin maurocalcine conjugate. On a doxorubicin-sensitive cancer cell line, the maurocalcine-conjugated form appears slightly less efficient than doxorubicin itself. On the contrary, on a doxorubicin-resistant cancer cell line, doxorubicin coupling allows to overcome the drug resistance. This strategy can be generalized to other cell penetrating peptides since Tat and penetratin show similar effects. CONCLUSION We conclude that coupling anti-tumoral drugs to cell penetrating peptides represent a valuable strategy to overcome drug resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Aroui
- INSERM, U836, Calcium Channels, Functions and Pathologies, BP 170, Grenoble Cedex 9, 38042, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|