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Amini N, Badavi M, Goudarzi M. A new combination of naringin and trimetazidine protect kidney Mitochondria dysfunction induced by renal Ischemia / Reperfusion injury in rat. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902022e19870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Negin Amini
- Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Mohammad Badavi
- Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Iran
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Amorim MA, Jentsch Matias de Oliveira JR, Souza Oliveira VH, Cabrini DA, Otuki MF, André E. Role of nitric oxide, bradykinin B 2 receptor, and TRPV1 in the airway alterations caused by simvastatin in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 912:174591. [PMID: 34710369 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Dry cough has been reported in patients receiving statin therapy. However, the underlying mechanism or other possible alterations in the airways induced by statins remain unknown. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate whether simvastatin promotes alterations in airways, such as bronchoconstriction and plasma extravasation, as well as the mechanism involved in these events. Using methods to detect alterations in airway resistance and plasma extravasation, we demonstrated that simvastatin [20 mg/kg, intravenous (i.v.)] caused plasma extravasation in the trachea (79.8 + 14.8 μg/g/tissue) and bronchi (73.3 + 8.8 μg/g/tissue) of rats, compared to the vehicle (34.2 + 3.6 μg/g/tissue and 29.3 + 5.3 μg/g/tissue, respectively). NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 30 mg/kg, intraperitoneal), a nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor, Icatibant [HOE 140, 10 nmol/50 μl, intratracheal (i.t.)], a bradykinin B2 antagonist, and capsazepine (100 nmol/50 μl, i.t.), a TRPV1 antagonist, attenuated simvastatin-induced plasma extravasation. Simvastatin (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg) did not cause bronchoconstriction per se, but exacerbated the bronchoconstrictive response to bradykinin (30 nmol/kg, i.v.), a B2 agonist (0.7 + 0.1 ml/H2O), or capsaicin (30 nmol/kg, i.v.), a TRPV1 agonist (0.8 + 0.1 ml/H2O), compared to the vehicle (0.1 + 0.04 ml/H2O and 0.04 + 0.01 ml/H2O, respectively). The bronchoconstriction elicited by bradykinin (100 nmol/kg, i.v.) in simvastatin non-treated rats was inhibited by L-NAME. The exacerbation of bronchoconstriction induced by bradykinin or capsaicin in simvastatin-treated rats was inhibited by L-NAME, HOE 140 or capsazepine. These results suggest that treatment with simvastatin promotes the release of bradykinin, which, via B2 receptors, releases NO that can then activate the TRPV1 to promote plasma extravasation and bronchoconstriction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Eunice André
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Brazil.
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Amini N, Sarkaki A, Dianat M, Mard SA, Ahangarpour A, Badavi M. Naringin and Trimetazidine Improve Baroreflex Sensitivity and Nucleus Tractus Solitarius Electrical Activity in Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Arq Bras Cardiol 2021; 117:290-297. [PMID: 34495221 PMCID: PMC8395798 DOI: 10.36660/abc.20200121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) is a brain area that plays a key role in kidney and cardiovascular regulation via baroreceptors impulses. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of naringin (NAR) and trimetazidine (TMZ) alone and their combination on NTS electrical activity and baroreceptor sensitivity (BRS) in renal ischemia- reperfusion (I/R) injury. METHODS Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats (200- 250 g) were allocated into 5 groups with 8 in each. 1) Sham; 2) I/R; 3) TMZ 5 mg/kg; 4) NAR 100 mg/kg; and 5) TMZ5+ NAR100. The left femoral vein was cannulated to infuse saline solution or drug and the BRS was evaluated. I/R was induced by occlusion of renal pedicles for 45 min, followed by 4 hours of reperfusion. The NTS local electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded before, during ischemia and throughout the reperfusion. Phenylephrine was injected intravenously to evaluate BRS at the end of reperfusion time. The data were analyzed by two-way repeated measurement ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test. A p-value <0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS NTS electrical waves did not change during ischemia time, while they significantly decreased during the entire reperfusion time. NTS electrical activity and BRS dramatically reduced in rats with I/R injury; however, administration of NAR, TMZ alone or their combination significantly improved these changes in rats with I/R injury. CONCLUSIONS The results showed that I/R injury leads to reduced BRS and NTS electrical activity and there may be an association between I/R and decreased BRS. In addition, NAR and TMZ are promising agents to treat I/R complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negin Amini
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz - Irã.,The Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz - Irã
| | - Alireza Sarkaki
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz - Irã.,The Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz - Irã
| | - Mahin Dianat
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz - Irã.,The Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz - Irã
| | - Seyyed Ali Mard
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz - Irã.,The Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz - Irã
| | - Akram Ahangarpour
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz - Irã.,The Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz - Irã
| | - Mohammad Badavi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz - Irã.,The Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz - Irã
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Todorović Z, Đurašević S, Stojković M, Grigorov I, Pavlović S, Jasnić N, Tosti T, Macut JB, Thiemermann C, Đorđević J. Lipidomics Provides New Insight into Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Targets of the Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2798. [PMID: 33801983 PMCID: PMC7999969 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids play an essential role in both tissue protection and damage. Tissue ischemia creates anaerobic conditions in which enzyme inactivation occurs, and reperfusion can initiate oxidative stress that leads to harmful changes in membrane lipids, the formation of aldehydes, and chain damage until cell death. The critical event in such a series of harmful events in the cell is the unwanted accumulation of fatty acids that leads to lipotoxicity. Lipid analysis provides additional insight into the pathogenesis of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) disorders and reveals new targets for drug action. The profile of changes in the composition of fatty acids in the cell, as well as the time course of these changes, indicate both the mechanism of damage and new therapeutic possibilities. A therapeutic approach to reperfusion lipotoxicity involves attenuation of fatty acids overload, i.e., their transport to adipose tissue and/or inhibition of the adverse effects of fatty acids on cell damage and death. The latter option involves using PPAR agonists and drugs that modulate the transport of fatty acids via carnitine into the interior of the mitochondria or the redirection of long-chain fatty acids to peroxisomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Todorović
- School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.S.); (J.B.M.)
- University Medical Centre “Bežanijska kosa”, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Siniša Đurašević
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (S.Đ.); (N.J.); (J.Đ.)
| | - Maja Stojković
- School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.S.); (J.B.M.)
| | - Ilijana Grigorov
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”—National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (I.G.); (S.P.)
| | - Slađan Pavlović
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”—National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (I.G.); (S.P.)
| | - Nebojša Jasnić
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (S.Đ.); (N.J.); (J.Đ.)
| | - Tomislav Tosti
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Jelica Bjekić Macut
- School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.S.); (J.B.M.)
- University Medical Centre “Bežanijska kosa”, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Christoph Thiemermann
- Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK;
| | - Jelena Đorđević
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (S.Đ.); (N.J.); (J.Đ.)
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Vaidya A, Jain S, Jain A, Jain A. Simvastatin-Loaded PEGylated Solid Lipid Nanoparticles: Lipid Functionalization to Improve Blood Circulation. BIONANOSCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12668-020-00770-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Amini N, Sarkaki A, Dianat M, Mard SA, Ahangarpour A, Badavi M. Protective effects of naringin and trimetazidine on remote effect of acute renal injury on oxidative stress and myocardial injury through Nrf-2 regulation. Pharmacol Rep 2019; 71:1059-1066. [PMID: 31604166 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) is the predominant cause of acute renal failure (ARF), which damages the remote organs, especially the heart, and subsequently leads to death. The aim of the current study was to examine the effects of naringin (NAR), trimetazidine (TMZ), or their combination on the Nrf-2 expression in the kidney tissue, and myocardial injury in the renal IR injury in rats. METHODS Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly separated into five groups as follows: sham, IR injury, TMZ (5 mg/kg, intravenously), NAR (100 mg/kg), and their combination. Renal I/R injury and ischemia were induced by using clamps for 45 min, and after 4 h reperfusion, respectively. Then, the Nrf-2 expression in the kidney, antioxidant activity (CAT, SOD, and GPx), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), oxidative stress, electrocardiogram (ECG) parameters, and biochemical markers were examined. RESULTS Renal IR injury significantly reduced the Nrf-2 expression, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT) enzymes' activities and TAC. Moreover, Malondialdehyde (MDA) level in kidney and heart tissues, plasma creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity were increased, and ECG parameters were significantly distributed; however, NAR, TMZ, or their combination improved these changes, in comparison with the renal IR injury in rats. CONCLUSION NAR, TMZ, or their combination could attenuate the Nrf-2 expression in the kidney tissue, following the renal IR injury through inhibition of lipid peroxidase, and enhancement of antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negin Amini
- The Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Alireza Sarkaki
- The Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mahin Dianat
- The Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Seyyed Ali Mard
- The Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Akram Ahangarpour
- The Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Diabetes Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Badavi
- The Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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Amini N, Sarkaki A, Dianat M, Mard SA, Ahangarpour A, Badavi M. The renoprotective effects of naringin and trimetazidine on renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats through inhibition of apoptosis and downregulation of micoRNA-10a. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 112:108568. [PMID: 30780111 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion (IR) injury occurs due to circulatory shock and renal transplantation, leading to mortality and morbidity worldwide. The primary purpose of the current study was to evaluate the renoprotective effects of the naringin (NAR) and trimetazidine (TMZ) on IR injury, renal hemodynamics, antioxidant capacity, microRNA-10a, and expression of apoptosis factors. Forty rats were divided into five groups randomly: Sham, IR injury, (TMZ, 5 mg/kg), (NAR pretreatment, 100 mg/kg), and TMZ plus NAR. The sham group underwent the identical surgical procedure as the other groups, except for the application of clamps. After anesthesia, IR injury was induced by 45 min of ischemia, followed by reperfusion for 4 h. Tissue and blood samples were collected for evaluation of renal function, antioxidant activity and, biochemical and molecular parameters. Administration of the NAR, TMZ, and their combination decreased the plasma level of microRNA-10a, caspase-3, and Bcl-2 associated x protein (Bax) mRNA expression, but increased the B- cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) mRNA expression in the kidney tissue. In addition, antioxidant activity, renal blood flow, creatinine clearance (CCr), and fractional excretion of sodium (FENa) were improved. The NAR, TMZ, and their combination can prevent renal I/R injury through promotion of the level of antioxidant enzymes, as well as decrease of microRNA-10a and anti-apoptosis properties. Our data also suggest that NAR, TMZ, or their combination might be beneficial as potent therapeutic factors against renal IR injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negin Amini
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Alireza Sarkaki
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; The Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mahin Dianat
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; The Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Seyyed Ali Mard
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Akram Ahangarpour
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Badavi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; The Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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Pleiotropic effects of statins on acute kidney injury: involvement of Krüppel-like factor 4. Clin Exp Nephrol 2016; 21:175-181. [PMID: 27294581 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-016-1286-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Statins, the inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, are potent cholesterol-lowering drugs used for primary and secondary prevention of coronary artery disease. They also possess multiple beneficial effects independent of their cholesterol-lowering properties, which are called as their "pleiotropic" effects. The results of recent studies have revealed that statins exert their pleiotropic effects in the kidneys, in that they are protective against acute kidney injury (AKI). Moreover, Krüppel-like factor 4, a zinc-finger transcription factor, in endothelial cells has been identified as a novel mediator of statins. This article summarizes the pleiotropic effects of statins on AKI, and reviews the recent progress in our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms involved in statin-mediated protection against AKI.
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Fractal analysis and Gray level co-occurrence matrix method for evaluation of reperfusion injury in kidney medulla. J Theor Biol 2016; 397:61-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2016.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Yoshida T, Yamashita M, Iwai M, Hayashi M. Endothelial Krüppel-Like Factor 4 Mediates the Protective Effect of Statins against Ischemic AKI. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 27:1379-88. [PMID: 26471129 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015040460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells participate in the pathophysiology of ischemic AKI by increasing the expression of cell adhesion molecules and by recruiting inflammatory cells. We previously showed that endothelial Krüppel-like factor 4 (Klf4) regulates vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (Vcam1) expression and neointimal formation after carotid injury. In this study, we determined whether endothelial Klf4 is involved in ischemic AKI using endothelial Klf4 conditional knockout (Klf4 cKO) mice generated by breeding Tek-Cre mice and Klf4 floxed mice. Klf4 cKO mice were phenotypically normal before surgery. However, after renal ischemia-reperfusion injury, Klf4 cKO mice exhibited elevated serum levels of urea nitrogen and creatinine and aggravated renal histology compared with those of Klf4 floxed controls. Moreover, Klf4 cKO mice exhibited enhanced accumulation of neutrophils and lymphocytes and elevated expression of cell adhesion molecules, including Vcam1 and Icam1, in injured kidneys. Notably, statins ameliorated renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in control mice but not in Klf4 cKO mice. Mechanistic analyses in cultured endothelial cells revealed that statins increased KLF4 expression and that KLF4 mediated the suppressive effect of statins on TNF-α-induced VCAM1 expression by reducing NF-κB binding to the VCAM1 promoter. These results provide evidence that endothelial Klf4 is renoprotective and mediates statin-induced protection against ischemic AKI by regulating the expression of cell adhesion molecules and concomitant recruitment of inflammatory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Yoshida
- Apheresis and Dialysis Center, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan; and Department of General Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maho Yamashita
- Apheresis and Dialysis Center, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Mieko Iwai
- Apheresis and Dialysis Center, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Matsuhiko Hayashi
- Apheresis and Dialysis Center, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan; and Department of General Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
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Cai J, Yu X, Zhang B, Zhang H, Fang Y, Liu S, Liu T, Ding X. Atorvastatin improves survival of implanted stem cells in a rat model of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Am J Nephrol 2014; 39:466-75. [PMID: 24854145 DOI: 10.1159/000362623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the impacts of combinatorial atorvastatin (Ator) perioperative administration and mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) implantation on therapeutic effects in the rat experimental acute kidney injury. METHODS The model of renal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury was induced by the release of bilateral renal pedicle clamps following 45 min of occlusion. Immediately after reperfusion, CM-Dil-labeled MSCs (1 × 10(6) cells) or vehicles only were administered through the carotid artery of the animals pretreated with or without Ator. RESULTS The combined treatment with Ator and MSCs (Ator+MSCs) markedly reduced the elevated levels of serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen, as well as the severity of renal damage 24 h after I/R injury. In addition, we also observed inhibition of renal tubular cell apoptosis and promotion of proliferation in the Ator+MSCs group compared with the other groups. Consistent with the improvement in renal function and morphology, Ator pretreatment significantly ameliorated oxidative stress, inhibited inflammation response, and increased the viability of implanted MSCs. With regard to the further mechanism, we found that the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and high-mobility group box 1, potential mediators of innate immunity, was significantly decreased in the Ator-treated groups. CONCLUSION Ator treatment may protect the kidney undergoing I/R injury through suppression of TLR4 signaling, creating a better environment for the survival of grafted MSCs. The extra benefit of the Ator+MSCs combined therapy may result from the Ator-mediated inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammation in the ischemic kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieru Cai
- Division of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Sarma A, Cannon CP, de Lemos J, Rouleau JL, Lewis EF, Guo J, Mega JL, Sabatine MS, O'Donoghue ML. The incidence of kidney injury for patients treated with a high-potency versus moderate-potency statin regimen after an acute coronary syndrome. J Am Heart Assoc 2014; 3:e000784. [PMID: 24786143 PMCID: PMC4309063 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.114.000784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Observational studies have raised concerns that high-potency statins increase the risk of acute kidney injury. We therefore examined the incidence of kidney injury across 2 randomized trials of statin therapy. METHODS AND RESULTS PROVE IT-TIMI 22 enrolled 4162 subjects after an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and randomized them to atorvastatin 80 mg/day versus pravastatin 40 mg/day. A-to-Z enrolled 4497 subjects after ACS and randomized them to a high-potency (simvastatin 40 mg/day × 1 months, then simvastatin 80 mg/day) versus a delayed moderate-potency statin strategy (placebo × 4 months, then simvastatin 20 mg/day). Serum creatinine was assessed centrally at serial time points. Adverse events (AEs) relating to kidney injury were identified through database review. Across both trials, mean serum creatinine was similar between treatment arms at baseline and throughout follow-up. In A-to-Z, the incidence of a 1.5-fold or ≥ 0.3 mg/dL rise in serum creatinine was 11.4% for subjects randomized to a high-potency statin regimen versus 12.4% for those on a delayed moderate-potency regimen (odds ratio [OR], 0.91; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.76 to 1.10; P=0.33). In PROVE IT-TIMI 22, the incidence was 9.4% for subjects randomized to atorvastatin 80 mg/day and 10.6% for subjects randomized to pravastatin 40 mg/day (OR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.71 to 1.09; P=0.25). Consistent results were observed for different kidney injury thresholds and in individuals with diabetes mellitus or with moderate renal dysfunction. The incidence of kidney injury-related adverse events (AEs) was not statistically different for patients on a high-potency versus moderate-potency statin regimen (OR, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.68 to 1.67; P=0.78). CONCLUSIONS For patients enrolled in 2 large randomized trials of statin therapy after ACS, the use of a high-potency statin regimen did not increase the risk of kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Sarma
- Department of Medicine, Brigham Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (A.S.)
| | - Christopher P. Cannon
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (C.P.C., E.F.L., J.G., J.L.M., M.S.S., M.L.D.)
| | - James de Lemos
- Cardiovascular Division, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (J.L.)
| | - Jean L. Rouleau
- Cardiovascular Division, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (J.L.R.)
| | - Eldrin F. Lewis
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (C.P.C., E.F.L., J.G., J.L.M., M.S.S., M.L.D.)
| | - Jianping Guo
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (C.P.C., E.F.L., J.G., J.L.M., M.S.S., M.L.D.)
| | - Jessica L. Mega
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (C.P.C., E.F.L., J.G., J.L.M., M.S.S., M.L.D.)
| | - Marc S. Sabatine
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (C.P.C., E.F.L., J.G., J.L.M., M.S.S., M.L.D.)
| | - Michelle L. O'Donoghue
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (C.P.C., E.F.L., J.G., J.L.M., M.S.S., M.L.D.)
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Morrison JJ, Ross JD, Markov NP, Scott DJ, Spencer JR, Rasmussen TE. The inflammatory sequelae of aortic balloon occlusion in hemorrhagic shock. J Surg Res 2014; 191:423-31. [PMID: 24836421 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2014.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) is a hemorrhage control and resuscitative adjunct that has been demonstrated to improve central perfusion during hemorrhagic shock. The aim of this study was to characterize the systemic inflammatory response associated and cardiopulmonary sequelae with 30, 60, and 90 min of balloon occlusion and shock on the release of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha. MATERIALS AND METHODS Anesthetized female Yorkshire swine (Sus scrofa, weight 70-90 kg) underwent a 35% blood volume-controlled hemorrhage followed by thoracic aortic balloon occlusion of 30 (30-REBOA, n = 6), 60 (60-REBOA, n = 8), and 90 min (90-REBOA, n = 6). This was followed by resuscitation with whole blood and crystalloid over 6 h. Animals then underwent 48 h of critical care with sedation, fluid, and vasopressor support. RESULTS All animals were successfully induced into hemorrhagic shock without mortality. All groups responded to aortic occlusion with a rise in blood pressure above baseline values. IL-6, as measured (picogram per milliliter) at 8 h, was significantly elevated from baseline values in the 60-REBOA and 90-REBOA groups: 289 ± 258 versus 10 ± 5; P = 0.018 and 630 ± 348; P = 0.007, respectively. There was a trend toward greater vasopressor use (P = 0.183) and increased incidence of acute respiratory distress syndrome (P = 0.052) across the groups. CONCLUSIONS REBOA is a useful adjunct in supporting central perfusion during hemorrhagic shock; however, increasing occlusion time and shock results in a greater IL-6 release. Clinicians must anticipate inflammation-mediated organ failure in post-REBOA use patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Morrison
- The Academic Department of Military Surgery & Trauma, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, United Kingdom; The United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, Texas; Academic Unit of Surgery, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - James D Ross
- 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio, Lackland, Texas
| | - Nickolay P Markov
- The United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, Texas
| | - Daniel J Scott
- The United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, Texas; 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio, Lackland, Texas
| | | | - Todd E Rasmussen
- The United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, Texas; 59th Medical Wing, Joint Base San Antonio, Lackland, Texas; The Norman M. Rich Department of Surgery, the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland.
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Todorovic Z, Medic B, Basta-Jovanovic G, Radojevic Skodric S, Stojanovic R, Rovcanin B, Prostran M. Acute pretreatment with chloroquine attenuates renal I/R injury in rats. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92673. [PMID: 24681567 PMCID: PMC3969327 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute kidney injury (AKI) still remains an unresolved problem in pharmacotherapy and renal inflammation is a major factor in its development. Chloroquine, a well-known antimalarial drug, posses pleitropic effects as well: antiinflammatory, anticoagulant and vascular actions. The effects of chloroquine on renal function may involve significant increase in urine flow rate, glomerular filtration rate and sodium excretion, as well as stimulation of nitric oxide synthase. However, its role in experimental models of renal I/R injury is unknown. We aimed to analyze the acute effects of a single-dose intravenous chloroquine administered at three different times in the experimental model of I/R injury in rat. METHODS Rats were subjected to bilateral renal ischemia (45 min) followed by reperfusion with saline lasting 4 hours. Chloroquine was administered in doses of 0.3 mg/kg i.v. and 3 mg/kg i.v. 30 min before ischemia, 30 min before reperfusion and 5 min before reperfusion. Selected a hemodynamic, biochemical and morphological parameters were followed in the Sham-operated animals and rats subjected to I/R injury and pretreated with saline or chloroquine. RESULTS Chloroquine (0.3 and 3 mg/kg, i.v.) protected the I/R injured kidney in an U-shaped manner. Both doses were protective regarding biochemical and histological markers of the I/R injury (serum urea, creatinine and fractional excretion of sodium, as well as total histological score, tubular necrosis score and KIM-1 staining score) (P<0.05 vs. corresponding controls, i.e. rats subjected to I/R injury and treated with saline only). The protective effects of the lower dose of chloroquine were more profound. Time-related differences between pretreatments were not observed (P>0.05, all). CONCLUSION Our study shows for the first time that a single dose of chloroquine (0.3 mg/kg i.v.) could afford significant protection of the injured rat kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Todorovic
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Branislava Medic
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | | | - Radan Stojanovic
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Branislav Rovcanin
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Prostran
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Study of the influence of anti-inflammatory and antioxidative substances on rat kidneys in ischaemia-reperfusion of the superior mesenteric artery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13126-013-0050-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Tucci Junior S, Molina CAF, Cassini MF, Leal DM, Schineider CAB, Martins ACP. Lovastatin protects mithochondrial and renal function in kidney ischemia-reperfusion in rats. Acta Cir Bras 2013; 27:477-81. [PMID: 22760833 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-86502012000700008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of lovastatin on renal ischemia followed by reperfusion. METHODS Thirty one Wistar rats submitted to left renal ischemia for 60 minutes followed by contralateral nephrectomy were divided into two groups: A (n =17, control, no treatment), and B (n=14, lovastatin 15 mg/kg/day p.o. ten days before ischemia). The animals were sacrificed at the end of ischemia, after 24 hours and at seven days after reperfusion. Survival, serum urea and creatinine levels and renal mitochondrial function were evaluated. RESULTS Mortality was 29.4% in group A and 0.7% in group B. Urea and creatinine levels were increased in both groups, but the values were significantly lower in group B. Mitochondrial function showed decoupling in 83.4% of group A, as opposed to 38.4/% of group B. CONCLUSIONS The result shows a protective action of renal function by lovastatin administered before ischemia/reperfusion. Since most of the mitochondrial fraction presented membranes with the ability to maintain ATP production in group B, stabilization of the mitochondrial membrane should be considered as part of the protective action of lovastatin on renal function in ischemia/reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Tucci Junior
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery and Anatomy, FMRP-USP, Ribeirao Preto-SP, Brazil.
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Paulsen L, Matthesen SK, Bech JN, Starklint J, Pedersen EB. Acute Effects of Atorvastatin on Glomerular Filtration Rate, Tubular Function, Blood Pressure, and Vasoactive Hormones in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 50:816-22. [DOI: 10.1177/0091270009350627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Association of pre-transplant statin use with delayed graft function in kidney transplant recipients. BMC Nephrol 2012; 13:111. [PMID: 22985048 PMCID: PMC3507677 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2369-13-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Administration of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins), prior to ischemia or prior to reperfusion has been shown to decrease ischemia-reperfusion renal injury in animal studies. It is unknown whether this protective effect is applicable to renal transplantation in humans. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between prior statin use in renal transplant recipients and the subsequent risk of delayed graft function. Methods All patients who underwent deceased or living donor renal transplantation at the Princess Alexandra Hospital between 1 July 2008 and 1 August 2010 were included in this retrospective, observational cohort study. Graft function was classified as immediate graft function (IGF), dialysis-requiring (D-DGF) and non-dialysis-requiring (ND-DGF) delayed graft function. The independent predictors of graft function were evaluated by multivariable logistic regression, adjusting for donor characteristics, recipient characteristics, HLA mismatch and ischaemic times. Results Overall, of the 266 renal transplant recipients, 21% exhibited D-DGF, 39% had ND-DGF and 40% had IGF. Statin use prior to renal transplantation was not significantly associated with the risk of D-DGF (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.05, 95% CI 0.96 – 1.15, P = 0.28). This finding was not altered when D-DGF and ND-DGF were pooled together (OR 0.98; 95% CI 0.89-1.06, p = 0.56). Conclusions The present study did not show a significant, independent association between prior statin use in kidney transplant recipients and the occurrence of delayed graft function.
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Hwang J, Han JI, Han S. Effect of pretreatment with simvastatin on spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2012; 27:79-85. [PMID: 22445180 DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2012.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the pretreatment effect of simvastatin on spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury. DESIGN Prospective, interventional study. SETTING University research laboratory. PARTICIPANTS Forty-five male Sprague-Dawley rats. INTERVENTIONS Rats were treated with oral simvastatin, 10 mg/kg (simvastatin group; n = 15) or saline (control group; n = 15) for 5 days before ischemia. Spinal cord ischemia was induced using a balloon-tipped catheter placed in the proximal descending aorta in the control and simvastatin groups, but not in the sham group (n = 15). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Neurologic function was assessed daily using the motor deficit index until 7 days after reperfusion. After the last neurologic evaluation, a histologic examination of the spinal cord was performed. At day 1 after reperfusion, the simvastatin group showed a significantly lower motor deficit index compared with the control group (2.0, 2.0-2.0, v 4.0, 3.5-5.0; p < 0.001). This trend was sustained at day 7 (2.0, 1.5-2.0, v 4.0, 3.0-4.0; p < 0.001). The simvastatin group displayed a significantly larger number of normal motor neurons compared with the control group (mean ± SD, 31.7 ± 6.1 v 20.4 ± 4.4; p < 0.001). However, compared with the sham group, the simvastatin group displayed fewer intact motor neurons (sham group, 38.5 ± 5.1; p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS Pretreatment with simvastatin, 10 mg/kg, given orally for 5 days before the ischemia-reperfusion insult, improved the neurologic outcome and preserved more normal motor neurons compared with the control group in a rat model of spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyoung Hwang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University, Bundang Hospital, Seongnamsi, Gyeonggido, Korea
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20
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Haylor JL, Harris KPG, Nicholson ML, Waller HL, Huang Q, Yang B. Atorvastatin improving renal ischemia reperfusion injury via direct inhibition of active caspase-3 in rats. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2011; 236:755-63. [DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2011.010350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspase-3 is a key molecule involved in the inflammation and apoptosis of ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury. Statins are known to inhibit IR injury, but the mechanism of action remains uncertain. In the present study, the effect and underlying mechanism of ischemia alone, and reperfusion with or without atorvastatin (AT) as a timed intervention were examined, since clinically the kidney is only exposed to drug delivery during reperfusion. Male Sprague‐Dawley rats were subjected to 45‐min clamping of the left renal hilus followed by four hours reperfusion with a right nephrectomy. AT 10 mg/kg was intravenously administered after clamping the renal hilus, but prior to kidney reperfusion. Ischemia alone did cause tubulointerstitial damage (TID), protein carbonylation and caspase-3 activation with an increase in 12 kDa subunit, while reperfusion further enhanced TID, monocyte (ED-1+ cell) infiltration, apoptosis and necrosis together with caspase-3 activity and 17 kDa subunit, but reversed protein carbonylation. AT significantly reduced TID (26%), ED-1+ cell infiltration (74%), tubular apoptosis (47%) and necrosis (73%), and interstitial apoptosis (64%), as well as caspase-3 activity (26%), but did not change serum creatinine and cholesterol. Importantly, without affecting either caspase-3 active protein cleavage or S-nitrosylation, AT directly inhibited caspase-3 active enzyme in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. In conclusions, IR and AT exerted opposing effects on caspase-3 activity by differing mechanisms, with IR stimulating caspase-3 proteolytic cleavage and AT inhibiting active caspase-3 enzyme. This new inhibitory mechanism of AT may improve reperfusion tolerance in ischemic kidneys and benefit transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Haylor
- Academic Nephrology Unit, University of Sheffield, Sheffield
| | - Kevin P G Harris
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Michael L Nicholson
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Helen L Waller
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Qiang Huang
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Bin Yang
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Department of Nephrology, University of Nantong, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China
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Zhu Q, Xia M, Wang Z, Li PL, Li N. A novel lipid natriuretic factor in the renal medulla: sphingosine-1-phosphate. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2011; 301:F35-41. [PMID: 21478479 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00014.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive sphingolipid metabolite formed by phosphorylation of sphingosine. S1P has been indicated to play a significant role in the cardiovascular system. It has been shown that the enzymes for S1P metabolism are expressed in the kidneys. The present study characterized the expression of S1P receptors in the kidneys and determined the role of S1P in the control of renal hemodynamics and sodium excretion. Real-time RT-PCR analyses showed that S1P receptors S1P1, S1P2, and S1P3 were most abundantly expressed in the renal medulla. Immunohistochemistry revealed that all three types of S1P receptors were mainly located in collecting ducts. Intramedullary infusion of FTY720, an S1P agonist, produced a dramatic increase in sodium excretion by twofold and a small but significant increase in medullary blood flow (16%). Administration of W146, an S1P1 antagonist, into the renal medulla blocked the effect of FTY720 and decreased the sodium excretion by 37% when infused alone. The antagonists of S1P2 and S1P3 had no effect. FTY720 produced additive natriuretic effects in combination with different sodium transporter inhibitors except amiloride, an epithelial sodium channel blocker. In the presence of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor l-NAME, FTY720 still increased sodium excretion. These data suggest that S1P produces natriuretic effects via activation of S1P1 in the renal medulla and this natriuretic effect may be through inhibition of epithelial sodium channel, which is nitric oxide independent. It is concluded that S1P is a novel diuretic factor in the renal medulla and may be an important regulator of sodium homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhu
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, PO Box 980613, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Guluma KZ, Lapchak PA. Comparison of the post-embolization effects of tissue-plasminogen activator and simvastatin on neurological outcome in a clinically relevant rat model of acute ischemic stroke. Brain Res 2010; 1354:206-16. [PMID: 20673757 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2010] [Revised: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Data has emerged, largely from non-thromboembolic animal models of stroke, that suggests that statins, which have efficacy in preventing strokes when given pre-ischemically, may have a positive effect on stroke even when given post-ischemically, possibly through pleitropic cerebrovascular effects. The goal of this study was to characterize the effects of IV tPA in a clinically relevant model of stroke utilizing a vascular occlusion with a freshly formed clot, and evaluate the effects of post-ischemic administration of simvastatin on stroke outcome in this model. Neurological deficit, clot burden, and lesion volume were assessed after treatment with tPA in one experiment, and after treatment with simvastatin in another. In the tPA experiment, treatment with 10mg/kg of tPA IV (with 20% given as an initial bolus, and 80% given as an infusion over the remaining 30 min), starting within an hour after stroke, resulted in significant reductions, compared with control animals, in neurological deficit (mean+/-SD neuroscores of 21.5+/-21.1 and 30+/-29.3, respectively, p=0.005), clot burden (p=0.010) and lesion volume (p=0.049) at 24h. In the simvastatin experiment on the other hand, treatment with a 20mg/kg of simvastatin as a single intraperitoneal dose within an hour after stroke resulted in no salutary effects on neurological deficit, clot burden or lesion volume compared with controls at 24h. These results suggest that more research needs to be done to fully ascertain the therapeutic potential and optimal dosing paradigm of a post-ischemic treatment with a statin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kama Z Guluma
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, CA 92103-8676, USA.
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Hosseini F, Naseri MKG, Badavi M, Ghaffari MA, Shahbazian H, Rashidi I. Effect of beta carotene on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status following renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2010; 70:259-63. [DOI: 10.3109/00365511003777810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Hosseini F, Naseri MKG, Badavi M, Ghaffari MA, Shahbazian H, Rashidi I. Protective effect of beta carotene pretreatment on renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat. Pak J Biol Sci 2010; 12:1140-5. [PMID: 19899325 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2009.1140.1145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Renal ischemia/reperfusion injury is a major cause of acute renal failure. The production of free radicals and reactive oxygen species are important factors contributing to ischemia/reperfusion injury. Thus, scavenging of the excess free radicals can be an important therapeutic approach. The present study examined the protective effect of beta carotene against renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat. Male adult Wistar rats (250-300 g) were exposed to 45 min of renal ischemia followed by 4 h of reperfusion. Beta carotene (10, 30 and 100 mg kg(-1)) or vehicle was administered for 5 days prior to ischemia. Renal function was assessed by plasma and urinary analysis. Present results showed that ischemia/reperfusion injury increased (p < 0.05-p < 0.001) serum urea and creatinine levels, as well as urinary excretion of protein and calcium and fractional excretion of sodium, while decreased glomerular filtration rate and potassium excretion. However, alterations in these biochemical indices due to ischemia/reperfusion injury were attenuated by beta carotene pretreatment (p < 0.05-p < 0.001), although not by all doses. Since, beta carotene administration improved renal function, it seems that beta carotene protects renal tissue against ischemia/reperfusion-induced oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Hosseini
- Physiology Research Center, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ahwaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahwaz, Iran
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Paulsen L, Holst LM, Bech JN, Starklint J, Pedersen EB. Glomerular filtration rate and blood pressure are unchanged by increased sodium intake in atorvastatin-treated healthy men. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2009; 69:323-9. [PMID: 19051099 DOI: 10.1080/00365510802571007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Improved cardiovascular survival during statin treatment might be due to effects in addition to cholesterol lowering. We hypothesize that sodium intake affects renal function and vasoactive hormones in atorvastatin-treated healthy subjects. METHODS In a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover study we measured the effect of a moderate change in sodium intake on glomerular filtration rate (GFR), blood pressure (BP), renal tubular function, plasma concentrations of vasoactive hormones and urinary excretion of aquaporin-2 (u-AQP2) in 22 healthy subjects. The subjects were randomized to standardized fluid intake and diet corresponding to the need for calories in the 4 days before each of the 2 examination days. In one of the periods they were randomized to receive sodium chloride tablets (2 g) thrice daily for 4 days. Two doses of atorvastatin (80 mg) were given; one at 2200 h the evening before the study day, the other at 0830 h in the morning. RESULTS 24-h urinary sodium excretion increased by 23%. GFR and BP were unchanged. Sodium clearance, fractional excretion of sodium and u-AQP2 increased, whereas free water clearance decreased during high sodium intake. PRC and aldosterone were suppressed during the high sodium diet. CONCLUSIONS A change in dietary sodium intake of approximately 100 mmol daily does not change GFR and BP in atorvastatin-treated healthy men. The lack of change in BP might reflect that the subjects studied were not sodium sensitive, or that atorvastatin treatment modified sodium sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Paulsen
- Department of Medical Research and Department of Medicine, Holstebro Hospital and Aarhus University, Holstebro, Denmark.
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26
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Todorovic Z, Nesic Z, Stojanović R, Basta-Jovanović G, Radojevic-Skodrić S, Velicković R, Chatterjee PK, Thiemermann C, Prostran M. Acute protective effects of simvastatin in the rat model of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury: it is never too late for the pretreatment. J Pharmacol Sci 2008; 107:465-70. [PMID: 18719319 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.sc0070374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute pretreatment with a single i.v. bolus injection of simvastatin (1 mg/kg) significantly protects rat kidney injured by ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) (45 min + 6 h). We aimed to determine the optimal timing of such a pretreatment. The effects of both injections of simvastatin before ischemia and reperfusion were similar regarding total histological score. However, simvastatin injected 30 min before ischemia was 30% - 75% more effective in reduction of serum creatinine levels and interstitial edema score, while its injections 5 and 30 min before reperfusion were 25% - 60% more effective in reduction of tubular necrosis score and fractional excretion of Na+. However, the observed differences do not seem to offer significant advantage in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Todorovic
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Pharmacological preconditioning with simvastatin protects liver from ischemia-reperfusion injury by heme oxygenase-1 induction. Transplantation 2008; 85:732-8. [PMID: 18337668 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e3181664e70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The protective role of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) against liver ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in models of hypoxic and remote preconditioning has been proved. The feasible candidates who induce HO-1 and thorough which exert the protective effects are under investigation. The aim was to study the role of HO-1 in pharmacological preconditioning by simvastatin in a rat model. METHODS Pharmacological preconditioning by intraperitoneal injection of simvastatin (5 mg/kg) was tested on a partial liver I/R model on rats. The expression of HO-1 protein and enzyme activities in livers, serum alanine transaminase (ALT) levels, and TUNEL staining of liver after I/R injury were measured in rats with and without simvastatin preconditioning. RESULTS HO-1 was induced and persistently overexpressed in the hepatocytes 24 hr after simvastatin treatment. Simvastatin preconditioning diminished the elevation of serum ALT levels 4 hr after I/R injury (69.6+/-26.3 U/L) (P<0.05 vs. other groups) when compared with control (403.8+/-261.9 U/L) and zinc protoporphyrin (ZnPP)-pretreated (717.5+/-205.6 U/L) groups. Simvastatin preconditioning diminished the apoptosis after I/R injury as well (apoptosis index: 26.4+/-8 for Simvastatin, 78+/-7 for control, and 85.3+/-2 for ZnPP group; P<0.05). The addition of ZnPP negated the protective effects of simvastatin as evidenced in the ALT level (406.2+/-243.0 U/L) and apoptosis index (75.6+/-6). The heme oxygenase activity in treated rats correlated with these results. CONCLUSIONS The induction of HO-1 by simvastatin preconditioning played a protective role against hepatic I/R injury.
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Djukanovic N, Todorovic Z, Grdinic A, Vojvodic D, Prostran M, Ostojic M. Thienopyridine Resistance Among Patients Undergoing Intracoronary Stent Implantation and Treated With Dual Antiplatelet Therapy: Assessment of Some Modifying Factors. J Pharmacol Sci 2008; 107:451-5. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.08077sc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Acute protective effects of different doses of simvastatin in the rat model of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2008. [DOI: 10.2298/avb0806413n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Chatterjee PK. Novel pharmacological approaches to the treatment of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury: a comprehensive review. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2007; 376:1-43. [PMID: 18038125 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-007-0183-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2007] [Accepted: 08/01/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Renal ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) contributes to the development of ischemic acute renal failure (ARF). Multi-factorial processes are involved in the development and progression of renal I-R injury with the generation of reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide and peroxynitrite, and the decline of antioxidant protection playing major roles, leading to dysfunction, injury, and death of the cells of the kidney. Renal inflammation, involving cytokine/adhesion molecule cascades with recruitment, activation, and diapedesis of circulating leukocytes is also implicated. Clinically, renal I-R occurs in a variety of medical and surgical settings and is responsible for the development of acute tubular necrosis (a characteristic feature of ischemic ARF), e.g., in renal transplantation where I-R of the kidney directly influences graft and patient survival. The cellular mechanisms involved in the development of renal I-R injury have been targeted by several pharmacological interventions. However, although showing promise in experimental models of renal I-R injury and ischemic ARF, they have not proved successful in the clinical setting (e.g., atrial natriuretic peptide, low-dose dopamine). This review highlights recent pharmacological developments, which have shown particular promise against experimental renal I-R injury and ischemic ARF, including novel antioxidants and antioxidant enzyme mimetics, nitric oxide and nitric oxide synthase inhibitors, erythropoietin, peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor agonists, inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, carbon monoxide-releasing molecules, statins, and adenosine. Novel approaches such as recent research involving combination therapies and the potential of non-pharmacological strategies are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabal K Chatterjee
- Division of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Cockcroft Building, Lewes Road, Moulsecoomb, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK.
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Levin AI, Coetzee AR. Statins and perioperative myocardial infarction. Mechanisms of action. SOUTHERN AFRICAN JOURNAL OF ANAESTHESIA AND ANALGESIA 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/22201173.2007.10872496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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