Current parathyroid hormone immunoassays do not adequately meet the needs of patients with chronic kidney disease

Using Bland-Altman plot-based harmonization algorithm to optimize the harmonization for immunoassays

OBJECTIVES

Harmonization has been recommended by the International Organization for Standard (ISO) to achieve equivalent results across in vitro diagnostic measurement devices (IVD-MDs). We aim to evaluate the effectiveness of Bland-Altman plot-based harmonization algorithm (BA-BHA) created in this study and compare it with weighted Deming regression-based harmonization algorithm (WD-BHA) proposed in ISO 21151:2020.

METHODS

Eighty patient sera were used as the harmonization reference material (HRM) to develop IVD-MD-specific harmonization algorithms. Another panel of 40 patient sera was used to validate the effectiveness of harmonization algorithms. We compared regression slopes, intercepts, Bland-Altman plot layouts, percent differences, limits of agreement (LoAs), between-method coefficients of variation (CV) before and after harmonization.

RESULTS

After harmonization by WD-BHA, acceptable slopes and intercepts between measured values and HRM targets were observed in weighted Deming regression, but not in Passing-Bablok analysis. Mean differences were -5.5 to 5.0 % and differences at specific levels were -33.9 to 23.9 %. LoAs were -64.6 to 74.6 %. Between-method CV was 22.9 % (±12.9 %). However, after harmonization by BA-BHA, both weighted Deming and Passing-Bablok regressions equations presented harmonized results. Mean differences were -0.3 to 0.2 % and differences at specific levels were -1.1 to 1.6 %. LoAs were -23.3 to 23.2 %. Between-method CV was 8.4 % (±4.0 %). The data points were evenly distributed at both sides of the mean in Bland-Altman plots.

CONCLUSIONS

The inequivalence of test results between different methods can be improved but unacceptable analytical differences at specific levels may be hidden in terms of an acceptable slope and intercept on WD-BHA. The new protocol BA-BHA may be a viable alternative to optimize the harmonization for immunoassays.

An improved implementation of metrological traceability concepts is needed to benefit from standardization of laboratory results

Non-harmonization of laboratory results represents a concrete risk for patient safety. To avoid harms, it is agreed that measurements by in vitro diagnostic medical devices (IVD-MD) on clinical samples should be traceable to higher-order references and adjusted to give the same result. However, metrological traceability is not a formal claim and has to be correctly implemented, which in practice does not happen for a non-negligible number of measurands. Stakeholders, such as higher-order reference providers, IVD manufacturers, and External Quality Assessment organizers, have major responsibilities and should improve their contribution by unambiguously and rigorously applying what is described in the International Organization for Standardization 17511:2020 standard and other documents provided by the international scientific bodies, such as Joint Committee on Traceability in Laboratory Medicine and IFCC. For their part, laboratory professionals should take responsibility to abandon non-selective methods and move to IVD-MDs displaying proper selectivity, which is one of the indispensable prerequisites for the correct implementation of metrological traceability. The practicality of metrological traceability concepts is not impossible but relevant education and appropriate training of all involved stakeholders are essential to obtain the expected benefits in terms of standardization.

Bone Turnover Markers: Basic Biology to Clinical Applications

Bone turnover markers (BTMs) are used widely, in both research and clinical practice. In the last 20 years, much experience has been gained in measurement and interpretation of these markers, which include commonly used bone formation markers bone alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and procollagen I N-propeptide; and commonly used resorption markers serum C-telopeptides of type I collagen, urinary N-telopeptides of type I collagen and tartrate resistant acid phosphatase type 5b. BTMs are usually measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or automated immunoassay. Sources contributing to BTM variability include uncontrollable components (e.g., age, gender, ethnicity) and controllable components, particularly relating to collection conditions (e.g., fasting/feeding state, and timing relative to circadian rhythms, menstrual cycling, and exercise). Pregnancy, season, drugs, and recent fracture(s) can also affect BTMs. BTMs correlate with other methods of assessing bone turnover, such as bone biopsies and radiotracer kinetics; and can usefully contribute to diagnosis and management of several diseases such as osteoporosis, osteomalacia, Paget's disease, fibrous dysplasia, hypophosphatasia, primary hyperparathyroidism, and chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorder.

Overcoming challenges regarding reference materials and regulations that influence global standardization of medical laboratory testing results

BACKGROUND

Standardized results for laboratory tests are particularly important when their interpretation depends on fixed medical practice guidelines or common reference intervals. The medical laboratory community has developed a roadmap for an infrastructure to achieve standardized test results described in the International Organization for Standardization standard 17511:2020 In vitro diagnostic medical devices - Requirements for establishing metrological traceability of values assigned to calibrators, trueness control materials and human samples. Among the challenges to implementing metrological traceability are the availability of fit-for-purpose matrix-based certified reference materials (CRMs) and requirements for regulatory review that differ among countries. A workshop in December 2021 focused on these two challenges and developed recommendations for improved practices.

DISCUSSION

The participants agreed that prioritization of measurands for standardization should be based on their impact on medical decisions in a clinical pathway. Ensuring that matrix-based CRMs are globally available for more measurands will enable fit-for-purpose calibration hierarchies for more laboratory tests. Regulation of laboratory tests is important to ensure safety and effectiveness for the populations served. Because regulations are country or region specific, manufacturers must submit recalibration changes intended to standardize results for regulatory review to all areas in which a measuring system is marketed.

RECOMMENDATIONS

A standardization initiative requires collaboration and planning among all interested stakeholders. Global collaboration should be further developed for prioritization of measurands for standardization, and for coordinating the production and supply of CRMs worldwide. More uniform regulatory submission requirements are desirable when recalibration is implemented to achieve internationally standardized results.

The American Association of Endocrine Surgeons Guidelines for the Definitive Surgical Management of Secondary and Tertiary Renal Hyperparathyroidism

OBJECTIVE

To develop evidence-based recommendations for safe, effective, and appropriate treatment of secondary (SHPT) and tertiary (THPT) renal hyperparathyroidism.

BACKGROUND

Hyperparathyroidism is common among patients with chronic kidney disease, end-stage kidney disease, and kidney transplant. The surgical management of SHPT and THPT is nuanced and requires a multidisciplinary approach. There are currently no clinical practice guidelines that address the surgical treatment of SHPT and THPT.

METHODS

Medical literature was reviewed from January 1, 1985 to present January 1, 2021 by a panel of 10 experts in SHPT and THPT. Recommendations using the best available evidence was constructed. The American College of Physicians grading system was used to determine levels of evidence. Recommendations were discussed to consensus. The American Association of Endocrine Surgeons membership reviewed and commented on preliminary drafts of the content.

RESULTS

These clinical guidelines present the epidemiology and pathophysiology of SHPT and THPT and provide recommendations for work-up and management of SHPT and THPT for all involved clinicians. It outlines the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative management of SHPT and THPT, as well as related definitions, operative techniques, morbidity, and outcomes. Specific topics include Pathogenesis and Epidemiology, Initial Evaluation, Imaging, Preoperative and Perioperative Care, Surgical Planning and Parathyroidectomy, Adjuncts and Approaches, Outcomes, and Reoperation.

CONCLUSIONS

Evidence-based guidelines were created to assist clinicians in the optimal management of secondary and tertiary renal hyperparathyroidism.

Parathyroid hormone measurement in chronic kidney disease: Impact of inter-method variability on mineral bone disease assessment

BACKGROUND

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is measured routinely as part of Chronic Kidney Disease Bone and Mineral Disorders (CKD-MBD) assessment. Multiple PTH assays exist with known differences resulting in CKD-MBD guidelines recommending treatment based on assay-specific thresholds. The study objectives are to assess between manufacturer and within manufacturer variability of PTH assays and the impact of assay variability on the assessment of CKD-BMD using both vendor defined and empirically derived thresholds.

METHODS

Data were collected from Ontario, Canada's Proficiency Testing Program (24 challenge vials, 115-133 laboratories all using secondary generation PTH assays. Mean PTH and precision by the coefficient of analytical variation (CV_a) were calculated. For each vial, whether the manufacturer's mean value exceeded the vendor-defined and empirically-derived upper limit of normal (ULN) was recorded and the concordance between assays was determined.

RESULTS

Across all laboratories, the mean PTH range was 12.0 ± 3.9 pmol/L and the mean CV_a was 30%. The percent of vials with a mean PTH exceeding manufacturer's specific ULN varied substantially between manufacturers. Only 58% of vials had complete concordance as to whether mean PTH was above assay-specific ULNs. This increased to 83% using the empirically derived ULN.

CONCLUSIONS

CKD-BMD assessment and management will depend on the PTH assay. The between-assay variability is reduced but not eliminated when empirically derived reference intervals are used. Improvements in PTH measurement are required in order to ensure consistent patient care.

The path to the standardization of PTH: Is this a realistic possibility? a position paper of the IFCC C-BM

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) determination is of greatest importance for patients suffering from parathyroid gland disorders and for the follow-up of bone turnover in patients suffering from chronic kidney disease (CKD). Two generations of PTH assays are simultaneously present on the market for PTH quantification. As these assays are not yet standardized, this results in a significant level of confusion in the care of CKD patients. One key objective of the IFCC Committee for Bone Metabolism is to improve this situation. In this position paper, we will highlight the current state of PTH testing and propose a pathway to ultimately overcome issues resulting from PTH assay variability.

IFCC Working Group Recommendations for Correction of Bias Caused by Noncommutability of a Certified Reference Material Used in the Calibration Hierarchy of an End-User Measurement Procedure

Establishing metrological traceability to an assigned value of a matrix-based certified reference material (CRM) that has been validated to be commutable among available end-user measurement procedures (MPs) is central to producing equivalent results for the measurand in clinical samples (CSs) irrespective of the clinical laboratory MPs used. When a CRM is not commutable with CSs, the bias due to noncommutability will be propagated to the CS results causing incorrect metrological traceability to the CRM and nonequivalent CS results among different MPs. In a commutability assessment, a conclusion that a CRM is commutable or noncommutable for use with a specific MP is made when the difference in bias between the CRM and CSs meets or does not meet a criterion for that specific MP when compared to other MPs. A conclusion regarding commutability or noncommutability requires that the magnitude of the difference in bias observed in the commutability assessment remains unchanged over time. This conclusion requires the CRM to be stable and no substantive changes in the MPs. These conditions should be periodically reverified. If an available CRM is determined to be noncommutable for a specific MP, that CRM can be used in the calibration hierarchy for that MP when an appropriately validated MP-specific correction for the noncommutability bias is included. We describe with examples how a MP-specific correction and its uncertainty can be developed and applied in a calibration hierarchy to achieve metrological traceability of results for CSs to the CRM's assigned value.

Harmonization and Standardization: Where Are We Now?

BACKGROUND

The purpose of a medical laboratory test is to provide information on the pathophysiologic condition of an individual patient as an aid in diagnosis, therapy, or assessment of risk for a disease. For optimal laboratory service, results from different measurement procedures (MPs) for the same measurand should be equivalent (harmonized) within stated specifications, enabling the results to be used reliably for medical decisions. The term "harmonization" refers to any process that enables establishing equivalence of reported values among different end-user MPs. The term "standardization" refers to achieving harmonization by metrological traceability of patients' results to higher order reference materials and/or reference measurement procedures.

CONTENT

New procedures for harmonization and standardization were published in 2020 by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and by the IFCC. ISO 17511:2020 provides revised requirements for establishing metrologically traceable calibration hierarchies for end-user MPs used in clinical laboratories. ISO 21151:2020 provides new requirements to implement a harmonization protocol to address the situation when there are no fit-for-purpose certified reference materials or reference MPs available for a measurand. The IFCC Working Group on Commutability published recommendations for applying a correction for noncommutability of a certified reference material to enable using that material in a metrologically traceable calibration hierarchy for an end-user MP.

SUMMARY

We review metrological traceability and how these new approaches will improve the capability to achieve harmonized results for clinical samples.

Use of data mining in the establishment of age-adjusted reference intervals for parathyroid hormone

BACKGROUND-AIM

Appropriately defined reference values are of vital importance for the correct interpretation of laboratory results. However, the implementation of in-house reference intervals by traditional methods is rare due to difficulties in the selection of reference individuals, so indirect methods are often alternatively used. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is a crucial hormone for the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus whose result can lead to erroneous diagnoses and medical actions if adequate reference intervals are not readily available. Our goal was to obtain reference values ​​for adult population for PTH by using data mining. Based on possible new reference intervals, we also aimed to perform a retrospective evaluation of the individuals mistakenly classified.

METHODS

Retrospective observational study between 2014 and 2019. All requests from individuals aged ≥ 18 years were considered if PTH was requested together with serum creatinine, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, calcium, albumin and phosphate (within their respective reference intervals). PTH was measured on the Cobas e411 platform (Roche). Requests were grouped by age and sex. Differences among partitions were assessed by the Harris-Boyd's test and reference intervals were determined by the non-parametrical calculation of percentiles 2.5 and 97.5.

RESULTS

A total of 2279 laboratory requests were included. Reference intervals for PTH were seen to be sex-independent, but age-dependent reference intervals were needed: 18-39, 40-59 and >60 years. Based on the reference intervals obtained, up to 20.1% of individuals were misclassified.

CONCLUSIONS

Appropriateness of PTH reference intervals would lead to a reduction in the number of additional tests and avoid wrong medical actions, thus improving not only patient safety, but also the healthcare system as a whole.

Clinical Guidelines and PTH Measurement: Does Assay Generation Matter?

PTH is an important regulator of calcium and phosphate homeostasis and bone remodeling. It is metabolized into PTH fragments, which are measured to a different extent by PTH assays of different generations because of differences in fragments recognized and lack of assay standardization. PTH is measured in the workup of several conditions, and clinical guidelines provide recommendations concerning these measurements. This review provides an overview of the impact of differences between PTH assays, applying distinct clinical guidelines for primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism and perioperative use of PTH measurements. Guidelines deal with PTH measurement in different ways, recommending either trend monitoring, the use of a fold increase of the upper reference limit, or an absolute PTH cutoff value. For classic primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), the type of PTH assay used will not affect diagnosis or management because the precise concentration of PTH is less relevant. In chronic kidney disease, the guideline recommends treating secondary hyperparathyroidism above a twofold to ninefold PTH increase, which will result in different clinical decisions depending on the assay used. For patients after bariatric surgery, guidelines state absolute cutoff values for PTH, but the impact of different generation assays is unknown because direct comparison of PTH assays has never been performed. During parathyroid surgery, PTH measurements with a third-generation assay reflect treatment success more rapidly than second-generation assays. Increased awareness among clinicians regarding the complexity of PTH measurements is warranted because it can affect clinical decisions.

Traceability in laboratory medicine: a global driver for accurate results for patient care

Laboratory medicine results influence a high percentage of all clinical decisions. Globalization requires that laboratory medicine results should be transferable between methods in the interests of patient safety. International collaboration is necessary to deliver this requirement. That collaboration should be based on traceability in laboratory medicine and the adoption of higher order international commutable reference materials and measurement procedures. Application of the metrological traceability chain facilitates a universal approach. The measurement of serum cholesterol and blood HbA1cserve as examples of the process of method standardization where an impact on clinical outcomes is demonstrable. The measurement of plasma parathyroid hormone and blood HbA2 serve as examples where the current between-method variability is compromising patient management and method standardization and/or harmonization is required. Challenges to the widespread adoption of traceability in laboratory medicine include the availability of reference materials and methods, geographical differences, the use of variable units, complex analytes and limited global coordination. The global collaboration requires the involvement of several different stakeholder groups ranging from international experts to laboratory medicine specialists in routine clinical laboratories. A coordinated action plan is presented with actions attributable to each of these stakeholder groups.

Secondary Hyperparthyroidism: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Preventive and Therapeutic Strategies

Uremic secondary hyperparathyroidism is a multifactorial and complex disease often present in advanced stages of chronic kidney disease. The accumulation of phosphate, the increased FGF23 levels, the reduction in active vitamin D production, and the tendency to hypocalcemia are persistent stimuli for the development and progression of parathyroid hyperplasia with increased secretion of PTH. Parathyroid proliferation may become nodular mainly in cases of advanced hyperparathyroidism. The alterations in the regulation of mineral metabolism, the development of bone disease and extraosseous calcifications are essential components of chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder and have been associated with negative outcomes. The management of hyperparathyroidism includes the correction of vitamin D deficiency and control of serum phosphorus and PTH without inducing hypercalcemia. An update of the leading therapeutic tools available for the prevention and clinical management of secondary hyperparathyroidism, its diagnosis, and the main mechanisms and factors involved in the pathogenesis of the disease will be described in this review.

Perspective and priorities for improvement of parathyroid hormone (PTH) measurement - A view from the IFCC Working Group for PTH

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) measurement in serum or plasma is a necessary tool for the exploration of calcium/phosphate disorders, and is widely used as a surrogate marker to assess skeletal and mineral disorders associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD), referred to as CKD-bone mineral disorders (CKD-MBD). CKD currently affects >10% of the adult population in the United States and represents a major health issue worldwide. Disturbances in mineral metabolism and fractures in CKD patients are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Appropriate identification and management of CKD-MBD is therefore critical to improving clinical outcome. Recent increases in understanding of the complex pathophysiology of CKD, which involves calcium, phosphate and magnesium balance, and is also influenced by vitamin D status and fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-23 production, should facilitate such improvement. Development of evidence-based recommendations about how best to use PTH is limited by considerable method-related variation in results, of up to 5-fold, as well as by lack of clarity about which PTH metabolites these methods recognise. This makes it difficult to compare PTH results from different studies and to develop common reference intervals and/or decision levels for treatment. The implications of these method-related differences for current clinical practice are reviewed here. Work being undertaken by the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC) to improve the comparability of PTH measurements worldwide is also described.

Serum Parathyroid Hormone Concentrations and Clinical Outcomes in ESRD: A Call for Targeted Clinical Trials

Secondary hyperparathyroidism almost universally accompanies end-stage renal disease (ESRD). In some, but not all studies, elevated serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations are associated with increased fracture rates, cardiovascular disease, and mortality in ESRD. The serum concentration of PTH required for optimal bone health and reduced cardiovascular risk in such patients remains elusive. Recent clinical trials have failed to show substantial changes in morbidity and mortality following reductions of elevated serum PTH concentrations. In this review, we will assess some of the difficulties in evaluating elevated serum PTH concentrations, and their association with skeletal fractures and mortality in ESRD patients. We are of the opinion that in the context of ESRD, elevated PTH concentrations occur in conjunction with other comorbid conditions such as diabetes mellitus, malnutrition, hypertension, volume excess, preexisting heart disease, all of which have prevented establishing a precise association between elevated serum PTH concentrations and global or skeletal outcomes. Age, gender, and racial variability among groups make interpretation exceptionally difficult. Analysis of prevalent ESRD populations with secondary hyperparathyroidism should take all these factors into account. We suggest that future clinical trials which examine the usefulness of reductions in serum PTH concentrations be conducted in age, sex, and racially balanced groups, without or with minimal coexisting confounding disease. Furthermore, trials in such populations should have as their primary outcome a reduction in fractures rather than an alteration in mortality.

The use of fibroblast growth factor 23 testing in patients with kidney disease

The emergence of fibroblast growth factor 23 as a potentially modifiable risk factor in CKD has led to growing interest in its measurement as a tool to assess patient risk and target therapy. This review discusses the analytical and clinical challenges faced in translating fibroblast growth factor 23 testing into routine practice. As for other bone mineral markers, agreement between commercial fibroblast growth factor 23 assays is poor, mainly because of differences in calibration, but also, these differences reflect the variable detection of hormone fragments. Direct comparison of readout from different assays is consequently limited and likely hampers setting uniform fibroblast growth factor 23-directed targets. Efforts are needed to standardize assay output to enhance clinical use. Fibroblast growth factor 23 is robustly associated with cardiovascular and renal outcomes in patients with CKD and adds value to risk assessments based on conventional risk factors. Compared with most other mineral markers, fibroblast growth factor 23 shows better intraindividual temporal stability, with minimal diurnal and week-to-week variability, but substantial interindividual variation, maximizing discriminative power for risk stratification. Conventional therapeutic interventions for the CKD-mineral bone disorder, such as dietary phosphate restriction and use of oral phosphate binders or calcimimetics, are associated with variable efficacy at modulating circulating fibroblast growth factor 23 concentrations, like they are for other mineral metabolites. Dual therapy with dietary phosphate restriction and noncalcium-based binder use achieves the most consistent fibroblast growth factor 23-lowering effect and seems best monitored using an intact assay. Additional studies are needed to evaluate whether strategies aimed at reducing levels or antagonizing its action have beneficial effects on clinical outcomes in CKD patients. Moreover, a better understanding of the mechanisms driving fibroblast growth factor 23 elevations in CKD is needed to inform the use of therapeutic interventions targeting fibroblast growth factor 23 excess. This evidence must be forthcoming to support the use of fibroblast growth factor 23 measurement and fibroblast growth factor 23-directed therapy in the clinic.

Variability in parathyroid hormone assays confounds clinical practice in chronic kidney disease patients

BACKGROUND

Intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) measurements are used to guide therapy in renal patients, but variability in results can occur depending on the assay used. This study has investigated iPTH assay variation in North West England and paired data with regional audit data to determine clinical relevance of assay variability.

METHODS

Thirty-seven haemodialysis patients had blood taken (EDTA plasma, and serum), and samples were processed at 17 laboratories that analyse iPTH for North West dialysis patients. Correction factors were calculated and applied to the iPTH assay results to enable direct comparisons. These correction factors were also applied to Regional Audit data to determine if iPTH assay variability explains the variation in unit performance in achieving PTH targets.

RESULTS

The iPTH results from the 37 patients were significantly different when either analysed by different assays and/or different laboratories (P < 0.001). The Abbott Architect method consistently produced the highest iPTH results. Of the 37 patients, between 49% and 65% would achieve the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) iPTH target depending on the assay used. When results were adjusted using correction factors, 21% of the patients would require a change of management according to guidelines. Data from all haemodialysis units submitted for the regional audit were adjusted to the Roche assay and this led to a small change in achievement of KDIGO iPTH targets in individual units when compared to each other.

CONCLUSIONS

A combination of iPTH assay variability and diversity in clinical management leads to variation in achieving iPTH targets. Both need to be improved and/or standardized to improve patient care.

Bone alkaline phosphatase in CKD-mineral bone disorder

Overall and cardiovascular mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is greatly increased, without obvious current effective treatments. Mineral and bone disorder (MBD) is a common manifestation of CKD and contributes to the high risk of fracture and cardiovascular mortality in these patients. Traditionally, clinical management of CKD-MBD focused on attenuation of secondary hyperparathyroidism due to impaired renal activation of vitamin D and phosphate retention, although recently, adynamic forms of renal bone disease have become more prevalent. Definitive diagnosis was based on histologic (histomorphometric) analysis of bone biopsy material supported by radiologic changes and changes in levels of surrogate laboratory markers. Of these various markers, parathyroid hormone (PTH) has been considered to be the most sensitive and currently is the most frequently used; however, the many pitfalls of measuring PTH in patients with CKD increasingly are appreciated. We propose an alternative or complementary approach using bone alkaline phosphatase (ALP), which is directly related to bone turnover, reflects bone histomorphometry, and predicts outcomes in hemodialysis patients. Here, we consider the overall merits of bone ALP as a marker of bone turnover in adults with CKD-MBD, examine published bone histomorphometric data comparing bone ALP to PTH, and discuss possible pathogenic mechanisms by which bone ALP may be linked to outcomes in patients with CKD.

Comparison of the Elecsys PTH(1-84) assay with four contemporary second generation intact PTH assays and association with other biomarkers in chronic kidney disease patients

OBJECTIVES

The COBAS Elecsys PTH(1-84) assay is a novel, electro-chemiluminescence immunoassay that exclusively measures full-length parathyroid hormone (PTH). The aim of this study is to compare the automated biointact Elecsys PTH(1-84) assay with four contemporary, iPTH assays in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients.

DESIGN AND METHODS

We compared the Elecsys PTH(1-84) assay with four iPTH assays (Siemens ADVIA Centaur, Ortho Clinical Diagnostics (OCD) VITROS, Beckman Access2, Abbott ARCHITECT) in the measurement of PTH in 83 local CKD patients. Majority of the patients (44) had CKD but were not on dialysis, 15 were on hemodialysis, 15 were on peritoneal dialysis, and 9 were post-renal transplant. The precision performance and correlation of the assays were determined. PTH(1-84) concentrations were correlated with calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, hemoglobin, HbA1c and lipid concentrations.

RESULTS

The Elecsys PTH(1-84) assay showed comparable precision and good correlation with the iPTH assays. Although the four different iPTH assays correlated well with each other, there was significant discrepancy among assays. The discrepancy among assays increased with increasing PTH concentrations. The ADVIA Centaur and ARCHITECT assays measured significantly higher PTH concentrations than the VITROS and Access2 assays. PTH(1-84) showed a positive association with phosphate and alkaline phosphatase and an inverse association with HbA1c. There was no significant association with lipid concentrations.

CONCLUSIONS

The third generation Elecsys PTH(1-84) assay had comparable precision performance and correlated well with second generation iPTH assays. However, significant discrepancy was found among the four iPTH assays in measuring iPTH in CKD patients.

The case for routine parathyroid hormone monitoring

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is a uremic toxin with multiple systemic effects including bone disorders (renal osteodystrophy), myopathy, neurologic abnormalities, anemia, pruritus, and cardiomyopathy. Hyperparathyroidism is common in CKD and results in significant morbidity and mortality if left untreated. Clinical practice guidelines from the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes initiative broadened the optimal PTH range to >2 and <9 times the upper limit of normal for the assay measured. Furthermore, the guidelines recommend following trends in PTH to determine the appropriate therapy. These guidelines overcome issues with the assay variability and help clinicians make judgments when treating individual patients. They also require frequent measurement in order to determine trends and implement appropriate treatments.

Variation in parathyroid hormone immunoassay results--a critical governance issue in the management of chronic kidney disease

Renal physicians strive to maintain parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) within guideline limits, but poor method comparability means there is currently serious risk of clinical misclassification. The potential for under- or over-treatment is significant, representing a major challenge to patient safety. In the short-term, raising awareness of clinical implications of method-related differences in PTH is essential. Agreeing and adopting assay-specific PTH action limits for CKD patients as an interim measure is highly desirable and has been achieved in Scotland. Establishing pre-analytical requirements for PTH is also a priority. In the longer term, re-standardization of PTH methods in terms of an appropriate International Standard is required. Provided commutability can be demonstrated, the recently established IS 95/646 for PTH (1-84) is a suitable candidate. Establishment of a well-characterized panel of samples of defined clinical provenance to enable manufacturers to determine appropriate reference intervals and clinical decision points is also recommended and will provide an invaluable clinical resource. Recent developments in mass spectrometry mean that a candidate reference measurement procedure for PTH is now achievable and will represent major progress. Concurrently, evidence-based recommendations on clinical requirements and performance goals for PTH are required. Improving the comparability of PTH results requires support from many stakeholders but is achievable.

PTH--a particularly tricky hormone: why measure it at all in kidney patients?

Plasma parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations are commonly measured in the context of CKD, as PTH concentration elevation is typical in this clinical context. Much has been inferred from this raised PTH concentration tendency, both about the state of skeletal integrity and health and also about the potential clinical outcomes for patients. However, we feel that reliance on PTH concentrations alone is a dangerous substitute for the search for, and use of, more precise and reliable biomarkers. In this article, we rehearse these arguments, bringing together patient-level and analytical considerations for the first time.