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Terrié E, Déliot N, Benzidane Y, Harnois T, Cousin L, Bois P, Oliver L, Arnault P, Vallette F, Constantin B, Coronas V. Store-Operated Calcium Channels Control Proliferation and Self-Renewal of Cancer Stem Cells from Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13143428. [PMID: 34298643 PMCID: PMC8307764 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Glioblastoma is a high-grade primary brain tumor that contains a subpopulation of cells called glioblastoma stem cells, which are responsible for tumor initiation, growth and recurrence after treatment. Recent transcriptomic studies have highlighted that calcium pathways predominate in glioblastoma stem cells. Calcium channels have the ability to transduce signals from the microenvironment and are therefore ideally placed to control cellular behavior. Using multiple approaches, we demonstrate in five different primary cultures, previously derived from surgical specimens, that glioblastoma stem cells express store-operated channels (SOC) that support calcium entry into these cells. Pharmacological inhibition of SOC dramatically reduces cell proliferation and stem cell self-renewal in these cultures. By identifying SOC as a critical mechanism involved in the maintenance of the stem cell population in glioblastoma, our study will contribute to the framework for the identification of new therapies against this deadly tumor. Abstract Glioblastoma is the most frequent and deadly form of primary brain tumors. Despite multimodal treatment, more than 90% of patients experience tumor recurrence. Glioblastoma contains a small population of cells, called glioblastoma stem cells (GSC) that are highly resistant to treatment and endowed with the ability to regenerate the tumor, which accounts for tumor recurrence. Transcriptomic studies disclosed an enrichment of calcium (Ca2+) signaling transcripts in GSC. In non-excitable cells, store-operated channels (SOC) represent a major route of Ca2+ influx. As SOC regulate the self-renewal of adult neural stem cells that are possible cells of origin of GSC, we analyzed the roles of SOC in cultures of GSC previously derived from five different glioblastoma surgical specimens. Immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry experiments showed that GSC express Orai1 and TRPC1, two core SOC proteins, along with their activator STIM1. Ca2+ imaging demonstrated that SOC support Ca2+ entries in GSC. Pharmacological inhibition of SOC-dependent Ca2+ entries decreased proliferation, impaired self-renewal, and reduced expression of the stem cell marker SOX2 in GSC. Our data showing the ability of SOC inhibitors to impede GSC self-renewal paves the way for a strategy to target the cells considered responsible for conveying resistance to treatment and tumor relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Terrié
- CNRS ERL 7003, Signalisation et Transports Ioniques Membranaires, University of Poitiers, CEDEX 09, 86073 Poitiers, France; (E.T.); (N.D.); (Y.B.); (T.H.); (L.C.); (P.A.); (B.C.)
| | - Nadine Déliot
- CNRS ERL 7003, Signalisation et Transports Ioniques Membranaires, University of Poitiers, CEDEX 09, 86073 Poitiers, France; (E.T.); (N.D.); (Y.B.); (T.H.); (L.C.); (P.A.); (B.C.)
| | - Yassine Benzidane
- CNRS ERL 7003, Signalisation et Transports Ioniques Membranaires, University of Poitiers, CEDEX 09, 86073 Poitiers, France; (E.T.); (N.D.); (Y.B.); (T.H.); (L.C.); (P.A.); (B.C.)
| | - Thomas Harnois
- CNRS ERL 7003, Signalisation et Transports Ioniques Membranaires, University of Poitiers, CEDEX 09, 86073 Poitiers, France; (E.T.); (N.D.); (Y.B.); (T.H.); (L.C.); (P.A.); (B.C.)
| | - Laëtitia Cousin
- CNRS ERL 7003, Signalisation et Transports Ioniques Membranaires, University of Poitiers, CEDEX 09, 86073 Poitiers, France; (E.T.); (N.D.); (Y.B.); (T.H.); (L.C.); (P.A.); (B.C.)
| | - Patrick Bois
- EA 4379, Signalisation et Transports Ioniques Membranaires, University of Poitiers, CEDEX 09, 86073 Poitiers, France;
| | - Lisa Oliver
- CRCINA-UMR 1232 INSERM, Université de Nantes, CEDEX 01, 44007 Nantes, France; (L.O.); (F.V.)
| | - Patricia Arnault
- CNRS ERL 7003, Signalisation et Transports Ioniques Membranaires, University of Poitiers, CEDEX 09, 86073 Poitiers, France; (E.T.); (N.D.); (Y.B.); (T.H.); (L.C.); (P.A.); (B.C.)
| | - François Vallette
- CRCINA-UMR 1232 INSERM, Université de Nantes, CEDEX 01, 44007 Nantes, France; (L.O.); (F.V.)
- CNRS GDR3697, Micronit “Microenvironment of Tumor Niches”, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Bruno Constantin
- CNRS ERL 7003, Signalisation et Transports Ioniques Membranaires, University of Poitiers, CEDEX 09, 86073 Poitiers, France; (E.T.); (N.D.); (Y.B.); (T.H.); (L.C.); (P.A.); (B.C.)
- CNRS GDR3697, Micronit “Microenvironment of Tumor Niches”, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Valérie Coronas
- CNRS ERL 7003, Signalisation et Transports Ioniques Membranaires, University of Poitiers, CEDEX 09, 86073 Poitiers, France; (E.T.); (N.D.); (Y.B.); (T.H.); (L.C.); (P.A.); (B.C.)
- CNRS GDR3697, Micronit “Microenvironment of Tumor Niches”, 37000 Tours, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)5-49-45-36-55
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2
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Liu X, Pan Z. Store-Operated Calcium Entry in the Cardiovascular System. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1349:303-333. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-4254-8_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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3
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Komici K, Faris P, Negri S, Rosti V, García-Carrasco M, Mendoza-Pinto C, Berra-Romani R, Cervera R, Guerra G, Moccia F. Systemic lupus erythematosus, endothelial progenitor cells and intracellular Ca2+ signaling: A novel approach for an old disease. J Autoimmun 2020; 112:102486. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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4
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Endothelial Ca 2+ Signaling, Angiogenesis and Vasculogenesis: just What It Takes to Make a Blood Vessel. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20163962. [PMID: 31416282 PMCID: PMC6721072 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20163962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It has long been known that endothelial Ca2+ signals drive angiogenesis by recruiting multiple Ca2+-sensitive decoders in response to pro-angiogenic cues, such as vascular endothelial growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, stromal derived factor-1α and angiopoietins. Recently, it was shown that intracellular Ca2+ signaling also drives vasculogenesis by stimulation proliferation, tube formation and neovessel formation in endothelial progenitor cells. Herein, we survey how growth factors, chemokines and angiogenic modulators use endothelial Ca2+ signaling to regulate angiogenesis and vasculogenesis. The endothelial Ca2+ response to pro-angiogenic cues may adopt different waveforms, ranging from Ca2+ transients or biphasic Ca2+ signals to repetitive Ca2+ oscillations, and is mainly driven by endogenous Ca2+ release through inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors and by store-operated Ca2+ entry through Orai1 channels. Lysosomal Ca2+ release through nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate-gated two-pore channels is, however, emerging as a crucial pro-angiogenic pathway, which sustains intracellular Ca2+ mobilization. Understanding how endothelial Ca2+ signaling regulates angiogenesis and vasculogenesis could shed light on alternative strategies to induce therapeutic angiogenesis or interfere with the aberrant vascularization featuring cancer and intraocular disorders.
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5
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Yan J, Zhao W, Gao C, Liu X, Zhao X, Wei T, Gao Z. Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 regulates mouse dendritic cell migration by ORAI2. FASEB J 2019; 33:9775-9784. [PMID: 31166814 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802550r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is expressed in various immune cells and involved in regulating inflammatory processes. LRRK2 facilitates calcium extrusion exchanger and sodium-calcium exchanger activity and hence influences intracellular Ca2+ concentration in dendritic cells (DCs). DC maturation and migration are governed by the intracellular Ca2+ concentration, but the related mechanisms whereby LRRK2 regulates DC function and involved Ca2+ channels are still under investigation. In the previous study, we found that LRRK2-/- DCs exhibited higher store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) activity than LRRK2+/+ DCs. Herein, we ascertained the exact SOCE components by using genetic, pharmacological, and fluorescent approaches. Ca2+ imaging showed that LRRK2 kinase activity negatively modulated SOCE activity. Moreover, LRRK2 deficiency resulted in an enhanced migration capacity of DCs but had little effect on the maturation process. SOCE is widely known to regulate DC functions; we wanted to dissect the reason why LRRK2 specifically influenced DC migration and therefore silenced ORAI1, ORAI2, and ORAI3, respectively. Transwell assays showed that both ORAI1 and ORAI2 silencing markedly decreased the migration of DCs, but only ORAI1 deficiency influenced the expression of maturation markers CD11c, CD86, and major histocompatibility complex class II. Of note, LRRK2 deficiency increased ORAI2 expression but not that of ORAI1 and ORAI3. Thus, we suggest that LRRK2 modulates DC migration by interfering with ORAI2.-Yan, J., Zhao, W., Gao, C., Liu, X., Zhao, X., Wei, T., Gao, Z. Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 regulates mouse dendritic cell migration by ORAI2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yan
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.,Department of Physiology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Wenhui Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Huaian Nursing College, Huaian, China
| | - Chao Gao
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.,Department of Physiology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.,Department of Physiology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiuliang Zhao
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.,Department of Physiology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Ting Wei
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.,Department of Physiology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Zhaodi Gao
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.,Department of Physiology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
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6
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Ashraf S, Bell S, O'Leary C, Canning P, Micu I, Fernandez JA, O'Hare M, Barabas P, McCauley H, Brazil DP, Stitt AW, McGeown JG, Curtis TM. CAMKII as a therapeutic target for growth factor-induced retinal and choroidal neovascularization. JCI Insight 2019; 4:122442. [PMID: 30721154 PMCID: PMC6482993 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.122442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
While anti-VEGF drugs are commonly used to inhibit pathological retinal and choroidal neovascularization, not all patients respond in an optimal manner. Mechanisms underpinning resistance to anti‑VEGF therapy include the upregulation of other proangiogenic factors. Therefore, therapeutic strategies that simultaneously target multiple growth factor signaling pathways would have significant value. Here, we show that Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CAMKII) mediates the angiogenic actions of a range of growth factors in human retinal endothelial cells and that this kinase acts as a key nodal point for the activation of several signal transduction cascades that are known to play a critical role in growth factor-induced angiogenesis. We also demonstrate that endothelial CAMKIIγ and -δ isoforms differentially regulate the angiogenic effects of different growth factors and that genetic deletion of these isoforms suppresses pathological retinal and choroidal neovascularization in vivo. Our studies suggest that CAMKII could provide a novel and efficacious target to inhibit multiple angiogenic signaling pathways for the treatment of vasoproliferative diseases of the eye. CAMKIIγ represents a particularly promising target, as deletion of this isoform inhibited pathological neovascularization, while enhancing reparative angiogenesis in the ischemic retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Ashraf
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine and
| | - Samuel Bell
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine and
| | | | - Paul Canning
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine and
| | - Ileana Micu
- Advanced Imaging Core Technology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | | | - Michael O'Hare
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine and
| | - Peter Barabas
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine and
| | | | - Derek P Brazil
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine and
| | - Alan W Stitt
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine and
| | | | - Tim M Curtis
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine and
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7
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Liotti A, Cosimato V, Mirra P, Calì G, Conza D, Secondo A, Luongo G, Terracciano D, Formisano P, Beguinot F, Insabato L, Ulianich L. Oleic acid promotes prostate cancer malignant phenotype via the G protein-coupled receptor FFA1/GPR40. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:7367-7378. [PMID: 29663374 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy in men and the second leading cause of cancer-related death in industrialized countries. Epidemiologic evidence suggests that obesity promotes aggressive PCa. Recently, a family of Free Fatty Acid (FFA) receptors (FFARs) has been identified and reported to affect several crucial biological functions of tumor cells such as proliferation, invasiveness, and apoptosis. Here we report that oleic acid (OA), one of the most prevalent FFA in human plasma, increases proliferation of highly malignant PC3 and DU-145 PCa cells. Furthermore, docetaxel cytotoxic action, the first-line chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of androgen-independent PCa, was significantly reduced in the presence of OA, when measured by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay, suggesting that this FFA plays also a role in chemoresistance. OA induced intracellular calcium increase, in part due to the store operated calcium entry (SOCE), measured by a calcium imaging technique. Moreover, PI3K/Akt signaling pathway was enhanced, as revealed by increased Akt phosphorylation levels. Intriguingly, attenuating the expression of FFA1/GPR40, a receptor for long chain FFA including OA, prevented the OA-induced effects. Of relevance, we found that FFA1/GPR40 is significantly overexpressed in tissue specimens of PCa, compared to benign prostatic hyperplasia tissues, at both mRNA and protein expression level, analyzed by Real Time RT-PCR and immunofluorescence experiments, respectively. Our data suggest that OA promotes an aggressive phenotype in PCa cells via FFA1/GPR40, calcium and PI3K/Akt signaling. Thus, FFA1/GPR40, might represent a potential useful prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for the treatment of advanced PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Liotti
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cosimato
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Mirra
- Department of Medical and Translational Sciences of the University of Naples "Federico II" & URT dell'Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale "Gaetano Salvatore", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy
| | - Gaetano Calì
- Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale "Gaetano Salvatore", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy
| | - Domenico Conza
- Department of Medical and Translational Sciences of the University of Naples "Federico II" & URT dell'Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale "Gaetano Salvatore", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy
| | - Agnese Secondo
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Gelsomina Luongo
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Terracciano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Pietro Formisano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Beguinot
- Department of Medical and Translational Sciences of the University of Naples "Federico II" & URT dell'Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale "Gaetano Salvatore", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Insabato
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Luca Ulianich
- Department of Medical and Translational Sciences of the University of Naples "Federico II" & URT dell'Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale "Gaetano Salvatore", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy
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8
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Zuccolo E, Di Buduo C, Lodola F, Orecchioni S, Scarpellino G, Kheder DA, Poletto V, Guerra G, Bertolini F, Balduini A, Rosti V, Moccia F. Stromal Cell-Derived Factor-1α Promotes Endothelial Colony-Forming Cell Migration Through the Ca2+-Dependent Activation of the Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase 1/2 and Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase/AKT Pathways. Stem Cells Dev 2018; 27:23-34. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2017.0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Estella Zuccolo
- Laboratory of General Physiology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Lazzaro Spallanzani,” University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Christian Di Buduo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Biotechnology, and Advanced Diagnosis, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesco Lodola
- Laboratory of General Physiology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Lazzaro Spallanzani,” University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefania Orecchioni
- Laboratory of Hematology–Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgia Scarpellino
- Laboratory of General Physiology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Lazzaro Spallanzani,” University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Dlzar Ali Kheder
- Laboratory of General Physiology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Lazzaro Spallanzani,” University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zakho, Zakho, Kurdistan-Region of Iraq
| | - Valentina Poletto
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Biotechnology, and Advanced Diagnosis, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Germano Guerra
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences “Vincenzo Tiberio,” University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Francesco Bertolini
- Laboratory of Hematology–Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Balduini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Biotechnology, and Advanced Diagnosis, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
| | - Vittorio Rosti
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Biotechnology, and Advanced Diagnosis, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesco Moccia
- Laboratory of General Physiology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Lazzaro Spallanzani,” University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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9
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Groschner K, Shrestha N, Fameli N. Cardiovascular and Hemostatic Disorders: SOCE in Cardiovascular Cells: Emerging Targets for Therapeutic Intervention. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 993:473-503. [PMID: 28900929 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-57732-6_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of the store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) phenomenon is tightly associated with its recognition as a pathway of high (patho)physiological significance in the cardiovascular system. Early on, SOCE has been investigated primarily in non-excitable cell types, and the vascular endothelium received particular attention, while a role of SOCE in excitable cells, specifically cardiac myocytes and pacemakers, was initially ignored and remains largely enigmatic even to date. With the recent gain in knowledge on the molecular components of SOCE as well as their cellular organization within nanodomains, potential tissue/cell type-dependent heterogeneity of the SOCE machinery along with high specificity of linkage to downstream signaling pathways emerged for cardiovascular cells. The basis of precise decoding of cellular Ca2+ signals was recently uncovered to involve correct spatiotemporal organization of signaling components, and even minor disturbances in these assemblies trigger cardiovascular pathologies. With this chapter, we wish to provide an overview on current concepts of cellular organization of SOCE signaling complexes in cardiovascular cells with particular focus on the spatiotemporal aspects of coupling to downstream signaling and the potential disturbance of these mechanisms by pathogenic factors. The significance of these mechanistic concepts for the development of novel therapeutic strategies will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Groschner
- Institute of Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6/4, 8010, Graz, Austria.
| | - Niroj Shrestha
- Institute of Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6/4, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Nicola Fameli
- Institute of Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6/4, 8010, Graz, Austria
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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10
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Hou J, Liu L, Zhu Q, Wu Y, Tian B, Cui L, Liu Y, Li X. MicroRNA-185 inhibits angiogenesis in human microvascular endothelial cells through targeting stromal interaction molecule 1. Cell Biol Int 2016; 40:318-28. [PMID: 26694763 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a vital biological mechanism representing the adaptive response to a variety of pathological stimuli such as hypoxia. It is regulated by several pro-angiogenic and anti-angiogenic microRNAs. Studies have demonstrated an altered microRNA-185 (miR-185) expression in endothelial cells under hypoxic conditions; however, its role in angiogenesis has not been elucidated. We investigated the role of miR-185 in angiogenesis and found that miR-185 had an inhibitory effect on cell proliferation, migration, and tube formation. Stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) appeared to be a direct target of miR-185 by computational prediction; this was confirmed by luciferase reporter assay. Silencing of the STIM1 gene was found to mimic miR-185-mediated inhibition of angiogenesis. STIM1 overexpression eliminated the anti-angiogenic effect of miR-185. Our study results suggest a direct interaction between miR-185 and STIM1 mRNA in microvascular endothelial cells. MicroRNA-185 acted as a negative regulator of angiogenesis in microvascular endothelial cells through downregulation of the STIM1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayin Hou
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Pudong New Area Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Qian Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Pudong New Area Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Yingbiao Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Pudong New Area Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Bei Tian
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Pudong New Area Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Li Cui
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Pudong New Area Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Pudong New Area Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Xinming Li
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Pudong New Area Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, 201318, China
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11
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Moccia F, Guerra G. Ca2+Signalling in Endothelial Progenitor Cells: Friend or Foe? J Cell Physiol 2015; 231:314-27. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Moccia
- Laboratory of General Physiology; Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Lazzaro Spallanzani”; University of Pavia; Pavia Italy
| | - Germano Guerra
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences “Vincenzo Tiberio”; University of Molise; Campobasso Italy
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12
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Xu Y, Zhang S, Niu H, Ye Y, Hu F, Chen S, Li X, Luo X, Jiang S, Liu Y, Chen Y, Li J, Xiang R, Li N. STIM1 accelerates cell senescence in a remodeled microenvironment but enhances the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in prostate cancer. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11754. [PMID: 26257076 PMCID: PMC4530453 DOI: 10.1038/srep11754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) and the role of its key molecular regulators, STIM1 and ORAI1, in the development of cancer are emerging. Here, we report an unexpected dual function of SOCE in prostate cancer progression by revealing a decrease in the expression of STIM1 in human hyperplasia and tumor tissues of high histological grade and by demonstrating that STIM1 and ORAI1 inhibit cell growth by arresting the G0/G1 phase and enhancing cell senescence in human prostate cancer cells. In addition, STIM1 and ORAI1 inhibited NF-κB signaling and remodeled the tumor microenvironment by reducing the formation of M2 phenotype macrophages, possibly creating an unfavorable tumor microenvironment and inhibiting cancer development. However, STIM1 also promoted cell migration and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition by activating TGF-β, Snail and Wnt/β-Catenin pathways. Thus, our study revealed novel regulatory effects and the mechanisms by which STIM1 affects cell senescence, tumor migration and the tumor microenvironment, revealing that STIM1 has multiple functions in prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxi Xu
- 1] School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China [2] State Key Lab of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Haiying Niu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Central Hospital Clinic Institute, Tianjin Medical University, 24 Fukang Road, Tianjin 300192 China
| | - Yujie Ye
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Fen Hu
- School of Physics, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Si Chen
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xuefei Li
- Beijing Health Vocational College, 94 Nanhengxijie Street, Beijing, 100053 China
| | - Xiaohe Luo
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yanhua Liu
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yanan Chen
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Junying Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Central Hospital Clinic Institute, Tianjin Medical University, 24 Fukang Road, Tianjin 300192 China
| | - Rong Xiang
- 1] School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China [2] Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Tianjin 300071, China [3] Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Na Li
- 1] School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China [2] Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Tianjin 300071, China [3] Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
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Ruhle B, Trebak M. Emerging roles for native Orai Ca2+ channels in cardiovascular disease. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2013; 71:209-35. [PMID: 23890117 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407870-3.00009-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Orai proteins form highly calcium (Ca(2+))-selective channels located in the plasma membrane of both nonexcitable and excitable cells, where they make important contributions to many cellular processes. The well-characterized Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+) current is mediated by Orai1 multimers and is activated, upon depletion of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-sensitive stores, by direct interaction of Orai1 with the endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) sensor, stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1). This pathway is known as capacitative Ca(2+) entry or store-operated Ca(2+) entry. While most investigations have focused on STIM1 and Orai1 in their store-dependent mode, emerging evidence suggests that Orai1 and Orai3 heteromultimeric channels can form store-independent Ca(2+)-selective channels. The role of store-dependent and store-independent channels in excitation-transcription coupling and the pathological remodeling of the cardiovascular system are beginning to come forth. Recent evidence suggests that STIM/Orai-generated Ca(2+) signaling couples to gene transcription and subsequent phenotypic changes associated with the processes of cardiac and vascular remodeling. This short review will explore the contributions of native Orai channels to heart and vessel physiology and their role in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Ruhle
- Nanobioscience Constellation, The College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University at Albany-State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA
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14
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Yoshida J, Iwabuchi K, Matsui T, Ishibashi T, Masuoka T, Nishio M. Knockdown of stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) suppresses store-operated calcium entry, cell proliferation and tumorigenicity in human epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 84:1592-603. [PMID: 23022228 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Store-operated calcium (Ca(2+)) entry (SOCE) is important for cellular activities such as gene transcription, cell cycle progression and proliferation in most non-excitable cells. Stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1), a newly identified Ca(2+)-sensing protein, monitors the depletion of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca(2+) stores and activates store-operated Ca(2+) channels at the plasma membrane to induce SOCE. To investigate the possible roles of STIM1 in tumor growth in relation to SOCE, we established STIM1 knockdown (KD) clones of human epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells by RNA interference. Thapsigargin, an inhibitor of ER Ca(2+)-ATPase, -induced and phospholipase C-coupled receptor agonist-induced SOCEs were reduced in two STIM1 KD clones compared to a negative control clone. Re-expression of a KD-resistant full-length STIM1, but not a Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+) channel activation domain (CAD)-deleted STIM1 mutant, in the KD clone restored the amplitude of SOCE, suggesting the specificity of the STIM1 knockdown. The cell growth of the STIM1 KD clones was slower than that of the negative control clone. DNA synthesis assessed by BrdU incorporation, as well as EGF-stimulated EGF receptor activation, decreased in the STIM1 KD clones. Xenograft growth of the STIM1 KD clones was significantly retarded compared with that of the negative control. Cell migration was attenuated in the STIM1 KD clone and the STIM1 silencing effect was reversed by transient re-expression of the full-length STIM1 but not CAD-deletion mutant. These results indicate that STIM1 plays an important role in SOCE, cell-growth and tumorigenicity in human epidermoid carcinoma A431cells, suggesting the potential use of STIM1-targeting agents for treating epidermoid carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Yoshida
- Departments of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan.
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15
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Lodola F, Laforenza U, Bonetti E, Lim D, Dragoni S, Bottino C, Ong HL, Guerra G, Ganini C, Massa M, Manzoni M, Ambudkar IS, Genazzani AA, Rosti V, Pedrazzoli P, Tanzi F, Moccia F, Porta C. Store-operated Ca2+ entry is remodelled and controls in vitro angiogenesis in endothelial progenitor cells isolated from tumoral patients. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42541. [PMID: 23049731 PMCID: PMC3458053 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) may be recruited from bone marrow to sustain tumor vascularisation and promote the metastatic switch. Understanding the molecular mechanisms driving EPC proliferation and tubulogenesis could outline novel targets for alternative anti-angiogenic treatments. Store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE), which is activated by a depletion of the intracellular Ca(2+) pool, regulates the growth of human EPCs, where is mediated by the interaction between the endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-sensor, Stim1, and the plasmalemmal Ca(2+) channel, Orai1. As oncogenesis may be associated to the capability of tumor cells to grow independently on Ca(2+) influx, it is important to assess whether SOCE regulates EPC-dependent angiogenesis also in tumor patients. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The present study employed Ca(2+) imaging, recombinant sub-membranal and mitochondrial aequorin, real-time polymerase chain reaction, gene silencing techniques and western blot analysis to investigate the expression and the role of SOCE in EPCs isolated from peripheral blood of patients affected by renal cellular carcinoma (RCC; RCC-EPCs) as compared to control EPCs (N-EPCs). SOCE, activated by either pharmacological (i.e. cyclopiazonic acid) or physiological (i.e. ATP) stimulation, was significantly higher in RCC-EPCs and was selectively sensitive to BTP-2, and to the trivalent cations, La(3+) and Gd(3+). Furthermore, 2-APB enhanced thapsigargin-evoked SOCE at low concentrations, whereas higher doses caused SOCE inhibition. Conversely, the anti-angiogenic drug, carboxyamidotriazole (CAI), blocked both SOCE and the intracellular Ca(2+) release. SOCE was associated to the over-expression of Orai1, Stim1, and transient receptor potential channel 1 (TRPC1) at both mRNA and protein level The intracellular Ca(2+) buffer, BAPTA, BTP-2, and CAI inhibited RCC-EPC proliferation and tubulogenesis. The genetic suppression of Stim1, Orai1, and TRPC1 blocked CPA-evoked SOCE in RCC-EPCs. CONCLUSIONS SOCE is remodelled in EPCs from RCC patients and stands out as a novel molecular target to interfere with RCC vascularisation due to its ability to control proliferation and tubulogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Lodola
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Umberto Laforenza
- Section of Human Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Elisa Bonetti
- Clinical Epidemiology Laboratory Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Dmitry Lim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont “Amedeo Avogadro”, Novara, Italy
| | - Silvia Dragoni
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Cinzia Bottino
- Section of Human Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Hwei Ling Ong
- Secretory Physiology Section, Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Germano Guerra
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Carlo Ganini
- Medical Oncology IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Margherita Massa
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Indu S. Ambudkar
- Secretory Physiology Section, Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Armando A. Genazzani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont “Amedeo Avogadro”, Novara, Italy
| | - Vittorio Rosti
- Clinical Epidemiology Laboratory Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Franco Tanzi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesco Moccia
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Camillo Porta
- Medical Oncology IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
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López E, Salido GM, Rosado JA, Berna-Erro A. Unraveling STIM2 function. J Physiol Biochem 2012; 68:619-33. [PMID: 22477146 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-012-0163-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of molecular players in capacitative calcium (Ca(2+)) entry, also referred to as store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE), supposed a great advance in the knowledge of cellular mechanisms of Ca(2+) entry, which are essential for a broad range of cellular functions. The identification of STIM1 and STIM2 proteins as the sensors of Ca(2+) stored in the endoplasmic reticulum unraveled the mechanism by which depletion of intracellular Ca(2+) stores is communicated to store-operated Ca(2+) channels located in the plasma membrane, triggering the activation of SOCE and intracellular Ca(2+)-dependent signaling cascades. Initial studies suggested a dominant function of STIM1 in SOCE and SOCE-dependent cellular functions compared to STIM2, especially those that participate in immune responses. Consequently, most of the subsequent studies focused on STIM1. However, during the last years, STIM2 has been demonstrated to play a more relevant and complex function than initially reported, being even important to sustain normal life in mice. These studies have led to reconsider the role of STIM2 in SOCE and its relevance in cellular physiology. This review is intended to summarize and provide an overview of the current data available about this exciting isoform, STIM2, and its actual position together with STIM1 in the mechanism of SOCE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther López
- Department of Physiology (Cellular Physiology Research Group), University of Extremadura, Av. Universidad s/n, 10003, Cáceres, Spain
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The hepatitis B virus X protein elevates cytosolic calcium signals by modulating mitochondrial calcium uptake. J Virol 2011; 86:313-27. [PMID: 22031934 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.06442-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections are associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The HBV X protein (HBx) is thought to play an important role in the development of HBV-associated HCC. One fundamental HBx function is elevation of cytosolic calcium signals; this HBx activity has been linked to HBx stimulation of cell proliferation and transcription pathways, as well as HBV replication. Exactly how HBx elevates cytosolic calcium signals is not clear. The studies described here show that HBx stimulates calcium entry into cells, resulting in an increased plateau level of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3)-linked calcium signals. This increased calcium plateau can be inhibited by blocking mitochondrial calcium uptake and store-operated calcium entry (SOCE). Blocking SOCE also reduced HBV replication. Finally, these studies also demonstrate that there is increased mitochondrial calcium uptake in HBx-expressing cells. Cumulatively, these studies suggest that HBx can increase mitochondrial calcium uptake and promote increased SOCE to sustain higher cytosolic calcium and stimulate HBV replication.
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Zhang W, Trebak M. STIM1 and Orai1: novel targets for vascular diseases? SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2011; 54:780-5. [PMID: 21786201 PMCID: PMC3164553 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-011-4206-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The past five years have witnessed the discovery of the endoplasmic reticulum calcium (Ca(2+)) sensor STIM1 and the plasma membrane Ca(2+) channel Orai1 as the bona fide molecular components of the store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE) and the Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+) current (I (CRAC)). It has been known for two decades that SOCE and I (CRAC) are required for lymphocyte activation as evidenced by severe immunodeficient phenotypes in patients lacking I (CRAC). In recent years however, studies have uncovered expression of STIM1 and Orai1 proteins in various tissues and described additional roles for these proteins in physiological functions and pathophysiological conditions. Here, we will summarize novel findings pertaining to the role of STIM1 and Orai1 in the vascular system and discuss their potential use as targets in the therapy of vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- The Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Albany Medical College, Albany NY 12208
| | - Mohamed Trebak
- The Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Albany Medical College, Albany NY 12208
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19
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Kuang CY, Yu Y, Guo RW, Qian DH, Wang K, Den MY, Shi YK, Huang L. Silencing stromal interaction molecule 1 by RNA interference inhibits the proliferation and migration of endothelial progenitor cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 398:315-20. [PMID: 20599714 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.06.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Knockdown of stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) significantly suppresses neointima hyperplasia after vascular injury. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are the major source of cells that respond to endothelium repair and contribute to re-endothelialization by reducing neointima formation after vascular injury. We hypothesized that the effect of STIM1 on neointima hyperplasia inhibition is mediated through its effect on the biological properties of EPCs. In this study, we investigated the effects of STIM1 on the proliferation and migration of EPCs and examined the effect of STIM1 knockdown using cultured rat bone marrow-derived EPCs. STIM1 was expressed in EPCs, and knockdown of STIM1 by adenoviral delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) significantly suppressed the proliferation and migration of EPCs. Furthermore, STIM1 knockdown decreased store-operated channel entry 48h after transfection. Replenishment with recombinant human STIM1 reversed the effects of STIM1 knockdown. Our data suggest that the store-operated transient receptor potential canonical 1 channel is involved in regulating the biological properties of EPCs through STIM1. STIM1 is a potent regulator of cell proliferation and migration in rat EPCs and may play an important role in the biological properties of EPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-yan Kuang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, People's Republic of China
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