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WWOX-Mediated Degradation of AMOTp130 Negatively Affects Egress of Filovirus VP40 VLPs. J Virol 2022; 96:e0202621. [PMID: 35107375 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02026-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola (EBOV) and Marburg (MARV) viruses continue to emerge and cause severe hemorrhagic disease in humans. A comprehensive understanding of the filovirus-host interplay will be crucial for identifying and developing antiviral strategies. The filoviral VP40 matrix protein drives virion assembly and egress, in part by recruiting specific WW-domain-containing host interactors via its conserved PPxY Late (L) domain motif to positively regulate virus egress and spread. In contrast to these positive regulators of virus budding, a growing list of WW-domain-containing interactors that negatively regulate virus egress and spread have been identified, including BAG3, YAP/TAZ and WWOX. In addition to host WW-domain regulators of virus budding, host PPxY-containing proteins also contribute to regulating this late stage of filovirus replication. For example, angiomotin (AMOT) is a multi-PPxY-containing host protein that functionally interacts with many of the same WW-domain-containing proteins that regulate virus egress and spread. In this report, we demonstrate that host WWOX, which negatively regulates egress of VP40 VLPs and recombinant VSV-M40 virus, interacts with and suppresses the expression of AMOT. We found that WWOX disrupts AMOT's scaffold-like tubular distribution and reduces AMOT localization at the plasma membrane via lysosomal degradation. In sum, our findings reveal an indirect and novel mechanism by which modular PPxY/WW-domain interactions between AMOT and WWOX regulate PPxY-mediated egress of filovirus VP40 VLPs. A better understanding of this modular network and competitive nature of protein-protein interactions will help to identify new antiviral targets and therapeutic strategies. IMPORTANCE Filoviruses (Ebola [EBOV] and Marburg [MARV]) are zoonotic, emerging pathogens that cause outbreaks of severe hemorrhagic fever in humans. A fundamental understanding of the virus-host interface is critical for understanding the biology of these viruses and for developing future strategies for therapeutic intervention. Here, we reveal a novel mechanism by which host proteins WWOX and AMOTp130 interact with each other and with the EBOV matrix protein VP40 to regulate VP40-mediated egress of virus like particles (VLPs). Our results highlight the biological impact of competitive interplay of modular virus-host interactions on both the virus lifecycle and the host cell.
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WWOX and Its Binding Proteins in Neurodegeneration. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071781. [PMID: 34359949 PMCID: PMC8304785 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
WW domain-containing oxidoreductase (WWOX) is known as one of the risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disease. WWOX binds Tau via its C-terminal SDR domain and interacts with Tau phosphorylating enzymes ERK, JNK, and GSK-3β, and thereby limits AD progression. Loss of WWOX in newborns leads to severe neural diseases and early death. Gradual loss of WWOX protein in the hippocampus and cortex starting from middle age may slowly induce aggregation of a protein cascade that ultimately causes accumulation of extracellular amyloid beta plaques and intracellular tau tangles, along with reduction in inhibitory GABAergic interneurons, in AD patients over 70 years old. Age-related increases in pS14-WWOX accumulation in the brain promotes neuronal degeneration. Suppression of Ser14 phosphorylation by a small peptide Zfra leads to enhanced protein degradation, reduction in NF-κB-mediated inflammation, and restoration of memory loss in triple transgenic mice for AD. Intriguingly, tumor suppressors p53 and WWOX may counteract each other in vivo, which leads to upregulation of AD-related protein aggregation in the brain and lung. WWOX has numerous binding proteins. We reported that the stronger the binding between WWOX and its partners, the better the suppression of cancer growth and reduction in inflammation. In this regard, the stronger complex formation between WWOX and partners may provide a better blockade of AD progression. In this review, we describe whether and how WWOX and partner proteins control inflammatory response and protein aggregation and thereby limit AD progression.
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Normal cells repel WWOX-negative or -dysfunctional cancer cells via WWOX cell surface epitope 286-299. Commun Biol 2021; 4:753. [PMID: 34140629 PMCID: PMC8211909 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02271-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic cancer cells are frequently deficient in WWOX protein or express dysfunctional WWOX (designated WWOXd). Here, we determined that functional WWOX-expressing (WWOXf) cells migrate collectively and expel the individually migrating WWOXd cells. For return, WWOXd cells induces apoptosis of WWOXf cells from a remote distance. Survival of WWOXd from the cell-to-cell encounter is due to activation of the survival IκBα/ERK/WWOX signaling. Mechanistically, cell surface epitope WWOX286-299 (repl) in WWOXf repels the invading WWOXd to undergo retrograde migration. However, when epitope WWOX7-21 (gre) is exposed, WWOXf greets WWOXd to migrate forward for merge. WWOX binds membrane type II TGFβ receptor (TβRII), and TβRII IgG-pretreated WWOXf greet WWOXd to migrate forward and merge with each other. In contrast, TβRII IgG-pretreated WWOXd loses recognition by WWOXf, and WWOXf mediates apoptosis of WWOXd. The observatons suggest that normal cells can be activated to attack metastatic cancer cells. WWOXd cells are less efficient in generating Ca2+ influx and undergo non-apoptotic explosion in response to UV irradiation in room temperature. WWOXf cells exhibit bubbling cell death and Ca2+ influx effectively caused by UV or apoptotic stress. Together, membrane WWOX/TβRII complex is needed for cell-to-cell recognition, maintaining the efficacy of Ca2+ influx, and control of cell invasiveness.
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Zhu ZJ, Teng M, Li HZ, Zheng LP, Liu JL, Yao Y, Nair V, Zhang GP, Luo J. Virus-encoded miR-155 ortholog in Marek's disease virus promotes cell proliferation via suppressing apoptosis by targeting tumor suppressor WWOX. Vet Microbiol 2020; 252:108919. [PMID: 33191002 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Marek's disease virus serotype 1 (MDV-1) is an important oncogenic α-herpesvirus that induces immunosuppressive and rapid-onset T-cell lymphomatous disease in poultry commonly referred to as Marek's disease (MD). As an excellent biomodel for the study of virally-induced cancers in natural hosts, MDV-1 encoded microRNAs (miRNAs) have been previously demonstrated with the potential roles to act as critical regulators in virus replication, latency, pathogenesis and especially in oncogenesis. Similar to the oncogenic γ-herpesvirus Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), miR-M4-5p, the cellular microRNA-155 (miR-155) ortholog encoded by MDV-1, is also involved in MD oncogenesis. In lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from MDV-induced T-cell lymphomas, miR-M4-5p has been shown to be highly expressed and participate in inducing MD lymphomagenesis by regulating multiple signal pathways. Herein we report the new identification of the host WW domain-containing oxidoreductase (WWOX) as a biological target for miR-M4-5p. Further experiments revealed that as a critical oncomiRNA, miR-M4-5p promotes the proliferations of both chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) and MSB-1 cells via suppressing cell apoptosis by targeting WWOX, a well-known tumor suppressor. Our data presents a novel insight in elucidating the regulatory mechanisms mediated by the viral analog of miR-155 that potentially contribute to MD tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jian Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China; UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China; Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Man Teng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China; UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Zhen Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China; UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu-Ping Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China; UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Ling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China; UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongxiu Yao
- The Pirbright Institute & UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Pirbright, Ash Road, Guildford, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Venugopal Nair
- The Pirbright Institute & UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Pirbright, Ash Road, Guildford, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Gai-Ping Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jun Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China; UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Public Safety, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, People's Republic of China.
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Therapeutic Zfra4-10 or WWOX7-21 Peptide Induces Complex Formation of WWOX with Selective Protein Targets in Organs that Leads to Cancer Suppression and Spleen Cytotoxic Memory Z Cell Activation In Vivo. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082189. [PMID: 32764489 PMCID: PMC7464583 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic Zfra4-10 and WWOX7-21 peptides strongly suppress cancer growth in vivo. Hypothetically, Zfra4-10 binds to the membrane Hyal-2 of spleen Z cells and activates the Hyal-2/WWOX/SMAD4 signaling for cytotoxic Z cell activation to kill cancer cells. Stimulation of membrane WWOX in the signaling complex by a WWOX epitope peptide, WWOX7-21, is likely to activate the signaling. Here, mice receiving Zfra4-10 or WWOX7-21 peptide alone exhibited an increased binding of endogenous tumor suppressor WWOX with ERK, C1qBP, NF-κB, Iba1, p21, CD133, JNK1, COX2, Oct4, and GFAP in the spleen, brain, and/or lung which led to cancer suppression. However, when in combination, Zfra4-10 and WWOX7-21 reduced the binding of WWOX with target proteins and allowed tumor growth in vivo. In addition to Zfra4-10 and WWOX7-21 peptides, stimulating the membrane Hyal-2/WWOX complex with Hyal-2 antibody and sonicated hyaluronan (HAson) induced Z cell activation for killing cancer cells in vivo and in vitro. Mechanistically, Zfra4-10 binds to membrane Hyal-2, induces dephosphorylation of WWOX at pY33 and pY61, and drives Z cell activation for the anticancer response. Thus, Zfra4-10 and WWOX7-21 peptides, HAson, and the Hyal-2 antibody are of therapeutic potential for cancer suppression.
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Khawaled S, Nigita G, Distefano R, Oster S, Suh SS, Smith Y, Khalaileh A, Peng Y, Croce CM, Geiger T, Seewaldt VL, Aqeilan RI. Pleiotropic tumor suppressor functions of WWOX antagonize metastasis. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:43. [PMID: 32300104 PMCID: PMC7162874 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0136-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor progression and metastasis are the major causes of death among cancer associated mortality. Metastatic cells acquire features of migration and invasion and usually undergo epithelia-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Acquirement of these various hallmarks rely on different cellular pathways, including TGF-β and Wnt signaling. Recently, we reported that WW domain-containing oxidoreductase (WWOX) acts as a tumor suppressor and has anti-metastatic activities involving regulation of several key microRNAs (miRNAs) in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Here, we report that WWOX restoration in highly metastatic MDA-MB435S cancer cells alters mRNA expression profiles; further, WWOX interacts with various proteins to exert its tumor suppressor function. Careful alignment and analysis of gene and miRNA expression in these cells revealed profound changes in cellular pathways mediating adhesion, invasion and motility. We further demonstrate that WWOX, through regulation of miR-146a levels, regulates SMAD3, which is a member of the TGF-β signaling pathway. Moreover, proteomic analysis of WWOX partners revealed regulation of the Wnt-signaling activation through physical interaction with Disheveled. Altogether, these findings underscore a significant role for WWOX in antagonizing metastasis, further highlighting its role and therapeutic potential in suppressing tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh Khawaled
- Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, IMRIC, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Giovanni Nigita
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Rosario Distefano
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sara Oster
- Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, IMRIC, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sung-Suk Suh
- Department of Bioscience, Mokpo National University, Muan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoav Smith
- Genomic Data Analysis Unit, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Abed Khalaileh
- Department of Surgery, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yong Peng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Carlo M Croce
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Tamar Geiger
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Victoria L Seewaldt
- Department of Population Sciences, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Rami I Aqeilan
- Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, IMRIC, Jerusalem, Israel. .,Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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7
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Novel compound heterozygous mutations in the WWOX gene cause early infantile epileptic encephalopathy. Int J Dev Neurosci 2019; 79:45-48. [PMID: 31669195 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Defects of WW domain-containing oxidoreductase (WWOX) has been associated with autosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxia type 12 (SCAR12) and severe early-onset epileptic encephalopathy. The mutations in this gene can lead to global developmental delay, acquired microcephaly, and epilepsy. We report an infant with an autosomal recessive severe early-onset epileptic encephalopathy. Whole exome sequencing analysis was applied to the patient. Novel compound heterozygous mutations in the WWOX gene, c.173-2A > G and c.775 T > C (p.Ser259Pro), were identified. The present study expands our knowledge of WWOX mutations and related phenotypes, and provides new information on the genetic defects associated with this disease for clinical diagnosis.
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8
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Li J, Feng X, Li C, Liu J, Li P, Wang R, Chen H, Liu P. Downregulation of WW domain-containing oxidoreductase leads to tamoxifen-resistance by the inactivation of Hippo signaling. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2019; 244:972-982. [PMID: 31155927 DOI: 10.1177/1535370219854678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquired tamoxifen-resistance is an important cause of death in patients with hormone-dependent breast tumors. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of tamoxifen-resistance is critical for successful endocrine therapy. This study aimed to define the role of WW domain-containing oxidoreductase (WWOX) in acquired tamoxifen-resistance. Our results show that low WWOX expression was significantly related to tamoxifen-resistance. Moreover, WWOX-knockdown increased resistance to tamoxifen, while WWOX overexpression decreased the resistance. Furthermore, WWOX silencing decreased Yes-associated protein (YAP) phosphorylation and increased YAP nuclear translocation. Finally, YAP silencing decreased tamoxifen-resistance in WWOX-knockdown cells. Our findings demonstrate that WWOX downregulation can lead to the development of tamoxifen-resistance by inactivating Hippo signaling. Thus, WWOX might be a valuable target and prognostic marker for tamoxifen-resistance. Impact statement Understanding the molecular pathways leading to the development of tamoxifen-resistance is an important research focus as acquired tamoxifen-resistance is the main cause of death in patients with benign primary prognosis. Although WW domain-containing oxidoreductase (WWOX) has been related to breast tumorigenesis, its role in acquired tamoxifen-resistance has not yet been demonstrated. Our findings show that WWOX might be a valuable therapeutic target and prognostic marker for tamoxifen-resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- 1 Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China.,2 Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China.,1 *Co-first authors
| | - Xuefei Feng
- 1 Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China.,2 Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China.,1 *Co-first authors
| | - Canyu Li
- 3 Health science center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China
| | - Jie Liu
- 1 Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China.,2 Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China
| | - Pingping Li
- 1 Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China.,2 Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China
| | - Ruiqi Wang
- 1 Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China.,2 Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China
| | - He Chen
- 1 Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China.,2 Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China
| | - Peijun Liu
- 1 Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China.,2 Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China
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Abdeen SK, Aqeilan RI. Decoding the link between WWOX and p53 in aggressive breast cancer. Cell Cycle 2019; 18:1177-1186. [PMID: 31075076 PMCID: PMC6592247 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2019.1616998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Basal-like breast cancer (BLBC) and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) are aggressive forms of human breast cancer with poor prognosis and limited treatment response. Molecular understanding of BLBC and TNBC biology is instrumental to improve detection and management of these deadly diseases. Tumor suppressors WW domain-containing oxidoreductase (WWOX) and TP53 are altered in BLBC and in TNBC. Nevertheless, the functional interplay between WWOX and p53 is poorly understood. In a recent study by Abdeen and colleagues, it has been demonstrated that WWOX loss drives BLBC formation via deregulating p53 functions. In this review, we highlight important signaling pathways regulated by WWOX and p53 that are related to estrogen receptor signaling, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and genomic instability and how they impact BLBC and TNBC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhaib K. Abdeen
- Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, IMRIC, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rami I. Aqeilan
- Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, IMRIC, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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10
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Biswal AK, McConnell EW, Werth EG, Lo SF, Yu SM, Hicks LM, Jones AM. The Nucleotide-Dependent Interactome of Rice Heterotrimeric G-Protein α -Subunit. Proteomics 2019; 19:e1800385. [PMID: 30866160 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201800385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The rice heterotrimeric G-protein complex, a guanine-nucleotide-dependent on-off switch, mediates vital cellular processes and responses to biotic and abiotic stress. Exchange of bound GDP (resting state) for GTP (active state) is spontaneous in plants including rice and thus there is no need for promoting guanine nucleotide exchange in vivo as a mechanism for regulating the active state of signaling as it is well known for animal G signaling. As such, a master regulator controlling the G-protein activation state is unknown in plants. Therefore, an ab initio approach is taken to discover candidate regulators. The rice Gα subunit (RGA1) is used as bait to screen for nucleotide-dependent protein partners. A total of 264 proteins are identified by tandem mass spectrometry of which 32 were specific to the GDP-bound inactive state and 22 specific to the transition state. Approximately, 10% are validated as previously identified G-protein interactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshaya Kumar Biswal
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Evan Wesley McConnell
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Emily Grace Werth
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Shuen-Fang Lo
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan, China
| | - Su-May Yu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan, China
| | - Leslie M Hicks
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Alan M Jones
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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11
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Yang CX, Sedhom W, Song J, Lu SL. The Role of MicroRNAs in Recurrence and Metastasis of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E395. [PMID: 30901831 PMCID: PMC6468798 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11030395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) affects 650,000 people worldwide and has a dismal 50% 5-year survival rate. Recurrence and metastasis are believed the two most important factors causing this high mortality. Understanding the biological process and the underlying mechanisms of recurrence and metastasis is critical to develop novel and effective treatment, which is expected to improve patients' survival of HNSCC. MicroRNAs are small, non-coding nucleotides that regulate gene expression at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional level. Oncogenic and tumor-suppressive microRNAs have shown to regulate nearly every step of recurrence and metastasis, ranging from migration and invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), anoikis, to gain of cancer stem cell property. This review encompasses an overview of microRNAs involved in these processes. The recent advances of utilizing microRNA as biomarkers and targets for treatment, particularly on controlling recurrence and metastasis are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris X Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Wafik Sedhom
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - John Song
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Shi-Long Lu
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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12
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Liu CC, Ho PC, Lee IT, Chen YA, Chu CH, Teng CC, Wu SN, Sze CI, Chiang MF, Chang NS. WWOX Phosphorylation, Signaling, and Role in Neurodegeneration. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:563. [PMID: 30158849 PMCID: PMC6104168 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Homozygous null mutation of tumor suppressor WWOX/Wwox gene leads to severe neural diseases, metabolic disorders and early death in the newborns of humans, mice and rats. WWOX is frequently downregulated in the hippocampi of patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In vitro analysis revealed that knockdown of WWOX protein in neuroblastoma cells results in aggregation of TRAPPC6AΔ, TIAF1, amyloid β, and Tau in a sequential manner. Indeed, TRAPPC6AΔ and TIAF1, but not tau and amyloid β, aggregates are present in the brains of healthy mid-aged individuals. It is reasonable to assume that very slow activation of a protein aggregation cascade starts sequentially with TRAPPC6AΔ and TIAF1 aggregation at mid-ages, then caspase activation and APP de-phosphorylation and degradation, and final accumulation of amyloid β and Tau aggregates in the brains at greater than 70 years old. WWOX binds Tau-hyperphosphorylating enzymes (e.g., GSK-3β) and blocks their functions, thereby supporting neuronal survival and differentiation. As a neuronal protective hormone, 17β-estradiol (E2) binds WWOX at an NSYK motif in the C-terminal SDR (short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase/reductase) domain. In this review, we discuss how WWOX and E2 block protein aggregation during neurodegeneration, and how a 31-amino-acid zinc finger-like Zfra peptide restores memory loss in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Chuan Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chuan Ho
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - I-Ting Lee
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-An Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsien Chu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chuan Teng
- Department of Nursing, Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion Research Center, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Nan Wu
- Department of Physiology, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-I Sze
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Fu Chiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Mackay Medicine, Nursing and Management College, Graduate Institute of Injury Prevention and Control, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nan-Shan Chang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, New York, NY, United States.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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13
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Abu-Remaileh M, Khalaileh A, Pikarsky E, Aqeilan RI. WWOX controls hepatic HIF1α to suppress hepatocyte proliferation and neoplasia. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:511. [PMID: 29724996 PMCID: PMC5938702 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0510-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Liver cancer is one of the most lethal malignancies with very poor prognosis once diagnosed. The most common form of liver cancer is hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The WW domain-containing oxidoreductase (WWOX) is a large gene that is often perturbed in a wide variety of tumors, including HCC. WWOX has been shown to act as a tumor suppressor modulating cellular metabolism via regulating hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) levels and function. Given that WWOX is commonly inactivated in HCC, we set to determine whether specific targeted deletion of murine Wwox affects liver biology and HCC development. WWOX liver-specific knockout mice (Wwox ΔHep ) showed more potent liver regeneration potential and enhanced proliferation as compared with their control littermates. Moreover, WWOX deficiency in hepatocytes combined with diethylnitrosamine treatment increased the tumor burden, which was associated with increased HIF1α levels and target gene transactivation. Inhibition of HIF1α by systemic treatment with digoxin significantly delayed HCC formation. Our work suggests that WWOX inactivation has a central role in promoting HCC through rewiring of cellular metabolism and modulating proliferation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/etiology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects
- Diethylnitrosamine/pharmacology
- Digoxin/pharmacology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Hepatocytes/drug effects
- Hepatocytes/metabolism
- Hepatocytes/pathology
- Humans
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/genetics
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/metabolism
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms/etiology
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Lymphatic Metastasis
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Prognosis
- Signal Transduction
- Tumor Burden/drug effects
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/deficiency
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/genetics
- WW Domain-Containing Oxidoreductase/deficiency
- WW Domain-Containing Oxidoreductase/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhannad Abu-Remaileh
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, Department of Immunology and Cancer Research-IMRIC, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Abed Khalaileh
- Department of Surgery, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eli Pikarsky
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, Department of Immunology and Cancer Research-IMRIC, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rami I Aqeilan
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, Department of Immunology and Cancer Research-IMRIC, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel.
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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14
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Huang SS, Chang NS. Phosphorylation/de-phosphorylation in specific sites of tumor suppressor WWOX and control of distinct biological events. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2018; 243:137-147. [PMID: 29310447 DOI: 10.1177/1535370217752350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal differentiation and growth of hematopoietic stem cells cause the development of hematopoietic diseases and hematopoietic malignancies. However, the molecular events underlying leukemia development are not well understood. In our recent study, we have demonstrated that calcium ionophore and phorbol ester force the differentiation of T lymphoblastic leukemia. The event involves a newly identified IκBα/WWOX/ERK signaling, in which WWOX is Ser14 phosphorylated. Additional evidence also reveals that pS14-WWOX is involved in enhancing cancer progression and metastasis and facilitating neurodegeneration. In this mini-review, we update the current knowledge for the functional roles of WWOX under physiological and pathological settings, and provide new insights regarding pS14-WWOX in T leukemia cell maturation, and switching the anticancer pY33-WWOX to pS14-WWOX for cancer promotion and disease progression. Impact statement WWOX was originally designated as a tumor suppressor. However, human newborns deficient in WWOX do not spontaneously develop tumors. Activated WWOX with Tyr33 phosphorylation is present in normal tissues and organs. However, when pY33-WWOX is overly induced under stress conditions, it becomes apoptotic to eliminate damaged cells. Notably, WWOX with Ser14 phosphorylation is upregulated in the lesions of cancer, as well as in the brain hippocampus and cortex with Alzheimer's disease. Suppression of pS14-WWOX by Zfra reduces cancer growth and mitigates Alzheimer's disease progression, suggesting that pS14-WWOX facilitates disease progression. pS14-WWOX can be regarded as a marker of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenq-Shyang Huang
- 1 Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan, ROC.,2 Graduate Program of Biotechnology in Medicine, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Nan-Shan Chang
- 1 Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan, ROC.,3 Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA.,4 Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, ROC
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15
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Hyaluronan activates Hyal-2/WWOX/Smad4 signaling and causes bubbling cell death when the signaling complex is overexpressed. Oncotarget 2017; 8:19137-19155. [PMID: 27845895 PMCID: PMC5386674 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant cancer cells frequently secrete significant amounts of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), hyaluronan (HA) and hyaluronidases to facilitate metastasizing to target organs. In a non-canonical signaling, TGF-β binds membrane hyaluronidase Hyal-2 for recruiting tumor suppressors WWOX and Smad4, and the resulting Hyal-2/WWOX/Smad4 complex is accumulated in the nucleus to enhance SMAD-promoter dependent transcriptional activity. Yeast two-hybrid analysis showed that WWOX acts as a bridge to bind both Hyal-2 and Smad4. When WWOX-expressing cells were stimulated with high molecular weight HA, an increased formation of endogenous Hyal-2/WWOX/Smad4 complex occurred rapidly, followed by relocating to the nuclei in 20-40 min. In WWOX-deficient cells, HA failed to induce Smad2/3/4 relocation to the nucleus. To prove the signaling event, we designed a real time tri-molecular FRET analysis and revealed that HA induces the signaling pathway from ectopic Smad4 to WWOX and finally to p53, as well as from Smad4 to Hyal-2 and then to WWOX. An increased binding of the Smad4/Hyal-2/WWOX complex occurs with time in the nucleus that leads to bubbling cell death. In contrast, HA increases the binding of Smad4/WWOX/p53, which causes membrane blebbing but without cell death. In traumatic brain injury-induced neuronal death, the Hyal-2/WWOX complex was accumulated in the apoptotic nuclei of neurons in the rat brains in 24 hr post injury, as determined by immunoelectron microscopy. Together, HA activates the Hyal-2/WWOX/Smad4 signaling and causes bubbling cell death when the signaling complex is overexpressed.
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Lee MH, Shih YH, Lin SR, Chang JY, Lin YH, Sze CI, Kuo YM, Chang NS. Zfra restores memory deficits in Alzheimer's disease triple-transgenic mice by blocking aggregation of TRAPPC6AΔ, SH3GLB2, tau, and amyloid β, and inflammatory NF-κB activation. ALZHEIMERS & DEMENTIA-TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH & CLINICAL INTERVENTIONS 2017; 3:189-204. [PMID: 29067327 PMCID: PMC5651433 DOI: 10.1016/j.trci.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Zinc finger-like protein that regulates apoptosis (Zfra) is a naturally occurring 31-amino-acid protein. Synthetic peptides Zfra1–31 and Zfra4–10 are known to effectively block the growth of many types of cancer cells. Methods Ten-month-old triple-transgenic (3×Tg) mice for Alzheimer's disease (AD) received synthetic Zfra peptides via tail vein injections, followed by examining restoration of memory deficits. Results Zfra significantly downregulated TRAPPC6AΔ, SH3GLB2, tau, and amyloid β (Αβ) aggregates in the brains of 3×Tg mice and effectively restored their memory capabilities. Zfra inhibited melanoma-induced neuronal death in the hippocampus and plaque formation in the cortex. Mechanistically, Zfra blocked the aggregation of amyloid β 42 and many serine-containing peptides in vitro, suppressed tumor necrosis factor–mediated NF-κB activation, and bound cytosolic proteins for accelerating their degradation in ubiquitin/proteasome-independent manner. Discussion Zfra peptides exhibit a strong efficacy in blocking tau aggregation and amyloid Αβ formation and restore memory deficits in 3×Tg mice, suggesting its potential for treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hui Lee
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yao-Hsiang Shih
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Sing-Ru Lin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jean-Yun Chang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Hao Lin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chun-I Sze
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Min Kuo
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Nan-Shan Chang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC.,Advanced Optoelectronic Technology Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC.,Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, New York, NY, USA
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17
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Functions and Epigenetic Regulation of Wwox in Bone Metastasis from Breast Carcinoma: Comparison with Primary Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18010075. [PMID: 28045433 PMCID: PMC5297710 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms influence molecular patterns important for the bone-metastatic process, and here we highlight the role of WW-domain containing oxidoreductase (Wwox). The tumor-suppressor Wwox lacks in almost all cancer types; the variable expression in osteosarcomas is related to lung-metastasis formation, and exogenous Wwox destabilizes HIF-1α (subunit of Hypoxia inducible Factor-1, HIF-1) affecting aerobic glycolysis. Our recent studies show critical functions of Wwox present in 1833-osteotropic clone, in the corresponding xenograft model, and in human bone metastasis from breast carcinoma. In hypoxic-bone metastatic cells, Wwox enhances HIF-1α stabilization, phosphorylation, and nuclear translocation. Consistently, in bone-metastasis specimens Wwox localizes in cytosolic/perinuclear area, while TAZ (transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif) and HIF-1α co-localize in nuclei, playing specific regulatory mechanisms: TAZ is a co-factor of HIF-1, and Wwox regulates HIF-1 activity by controlling HIF-1α. In vitro, DNA methylation affects Wwox-protein synthesis; hypoxia decreases Wwox-protein level; hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) phosphorylates Wwox driving its nuclear shuttle, and counteracting a Twist program important for the epithelial phenotype and metastasis colonization. In agreement, in 1833-xenograft mice under DNA-methyltransferase blockade with decitabine, Wwox increases in nuclei/cytosol counteracting bone metastasis with prolongation of the survival. However, Wwox seems relevant for the autophagic process which sustains metastasis, enhancing more Beclin-1 than p62 protein levels, and p62 accumulates under decitabine consistent with adaptability of metastasis to therapy. In conclusion, Wwox methylation as a bone-metastasis therapeutic target would depend on autophagy conditions, and epigenetic mechanisms regulating Wwox may influence the phenotype of bone metastasis.
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18
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Hsu LJ, Chiang MF, Sze CI, Su WP, Yap YV, Lee IT, Kuo HL, Chang NS. HYAL-2-WWOX-SMAD4 Signaling in Cell Death and Anticancer Response. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:141. [PMID: 27999774 PMCID: PMC5138198 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronidase HYAL-2 is a membrane-anchored protein and also localizes, in part, in the lysosome. Recent study from animal models revealed that both HYAL-1 and HYAL-2 are essential for the metabolism of hyaluronan (HA). Hyal-2 deficiency is associated with chronic thrombotic microangiopathy with hemolytic anemia in mice due to over accumulation of high molecular size HA. HYAL-2 is essential for platelet generation. Membrane HYAL-2 degrades HA bound by co-receptor CD44. Also, in a non-canonical signal pathway, HYAL-2 serves as a receptor for transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) to signal with downstream tumor suppressors WWOX and SMAD4 to control gene transcription. When SMAD4 responsive element is overly driven by the HYAL-2–WWOX–SMAD4 signaling complex, cell death occurs. When rats are subjected to traumatic brain injury, over accumulation of a HYAL-2–WWOX complex occurs in the nucleus to cause neuronal death. HA induces the signaling of HYAL-2–WWOX–SMAD4 and relocation of the signaling complex to the nucleus. If the signaling complex is overexpressed, bubbling cell death occurs in WWOX-expressing cells. In addition, a small synthetic peptide Zfra (zinc finger-like protein that regulates apoptosis) binds membrane HYAL-2 of non-T/non-B spleen HYAL-2+ CD3− CD19− Z lymphocytes and activates the cells to generate memory anticancer response against many types of cancer cells in vivo. Whether the HYAL-2–WWOX–SMAD4 signaling complex is involved is discussed. In this review and opinion article, we have updated the current knowledge of HA, HYAL-2 and WWOX, HYAL-2–WWOX–SMAD4 signaling, bubbling cell death, and Z cell activation for memory anticancer response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jin Hsu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Fu Chiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Mackay Medicine, Nursing and Management College, and Graduate Institute of Injury Prevention and Control, Taipei Medical University Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-I Sze
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Pei Su
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ye Vone Yap
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Tainan, Taiwan
| | - I-Ting Lee
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Ling Kuo
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Nan-Shan Chang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan, Taiwan; Advanced Optoelectronic Technology Center, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan, Taiwan; Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan, Taiwan; Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental DisabilitiesStaten Island, NY, USA; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical UniversityTaichung, Taiwan
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19
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Su WP, Wang WJ, Sze CI, Chang NS. Zfra induction of memory anticancer response via a novel immune cell. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1213935. [PMID: 27757310 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1213935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
When naive mice receive short Zfra peptides via tail vein injections, they develop lifetime resistance to growth of many cancer xenografts, due to activation of a novel spleen memory Hyal-2+ CD3- CD19- Z lymphocyte. In vitro education of spleen cells with Zfra activates Z cell for conferring memory anticancer response in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Pei Su
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wan-Jan Wang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chun-I Sze
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Nan-Shan Chang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC; Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC; Advanced Optoelectronic Technology Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
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20
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Huang SS, Su WP, Lin HP, Kuo HL, Wei HL, Chang NS. Role of WW Domain-containing Oxidoreductase WWOX in Driving T Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Maturation. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:17319-31. [PMID: 27339895 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.716167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Whether tumor suppressor WWOX (WW domain-containing oxidoreductase) stimulates immune cell maturation is largely unknown. Here, we determined that Tyr-33-phosphorylated WWOX physically binds non-phosphorylated ERK and IκBα in immature acute lymphoblastic leukemia MOLT-4 T cells and in the naïve mouse spleen. The IκBα·ERK·WWOX complex was shown to localize, in part, in the mitochondria. WWOX prevents IκBα from proteasomal degradation. Upon stimulating MOLT-4 with ionophore A23187/phorbol myristate acetate, endogenous IκBα and ERK undergo rapid phosphorylation in <5 min, and subsequently WWOX is Tyr-33 and Tyr-287 de-phosphorylated and Ser-14 phosphorylated. Three hours later, IκBα starts to degrade, and ERK returns to basal or non-phosphorylation, and this lasts for the next 12 h. Finally, expression of CD3 and CD8 occurs in MOLT-4 along with reappearance of the IκBα·ERK·WWOX complex near 24 h. Inhibition of ERK phosphorylation by U0126 or IκBα degradation by MG132 prevents MOLT-4 maturation. By time-lapse FRET microscopy, IκBα·ERK·WWOX complex exhibits an increased binding strength by 1-2-fold after exposure to ionophore A23187/phorbol myristate acetate for 15-24 h. Meanwhile, a portion of ERK and WWOX relocates to the nucleus, suggesting their role in the induction of CD3 and CD8 expression in MOLT-4.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wan-Pei Su
- From the Institute of Molecular Medicine
| | | | | | | | - Nan-Shan Chang
- From the Institute of Molecular Medicine, Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, and Advanced Optoelectronic Technology Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan, Republic of China, Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, New York 10314, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, Republic of China
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21
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Zfra activates memory Hyal-2+ CD3- CD19- spleen cells to block cancer growth, stemness, and metastasis in vivo. Oncotarget 2016; 6:3737-51. [PMID: 25686832 PMCID: PMC4414150 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Zfra is a 31-amino-acid zinc finger-like protein, which participates in the tumor necrosis factor signaling. Here, we determined that when nude mice and BALB/c mice were pre-injected with nanogram levels of a synthetic Zfra1–31 or truncated Zfra4–10 peptide via tail veins, these mice became resistant to the growth, metastasis and stemness of melanoma cells, and many malignant cancer cells. The synthetic peptides underwent self-polymerization in phosphate-buffered saline. Alteration of the Ser8 phosphorylation site to Gly8 abolished Zfra aggregation and its-mediated cancer suppression in vivo. Injected Zfra peptide autofluoresced due to polymerization and was trapped mainly in the spleen. Transfer of Zfra-stimulated spleen cells to naïve mice conferred resistance to cancer growth. Zfra-binding cells, designated Hyal-2+ CD3− CD19− Z cells, are approximately 25–30% in the normal spleen, but are significantly downregulated (near 0–3%) in tumor-growing mice. Zfra prevented the loss of Z cells caused by tumors. In vitro stimulation or education of naïve spleen cells with Zfra allowed generation of activated Z cells to confer a memory anticancer response in naïve or cancer-growing mice. In particular, Z cells are abundant in nude and NOD-SCID mice, and can be readily activated by Zfra to mount against cancer growth.
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22
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Chang JY, Lee MH, Lin SR, Yang LY, Sun HS, Sze CI, Hong Q, Lin YS, Chou YT, Hsu LJ, Jan MS, Gong CX, Chang NS. Trafficking protein particle complex 6A delta (TRAPPC6AΔ) is an extracellular plaque-forming protein in the brain. Oncotarget 2016; 6:3578-89. [PMID: 25650666 PMCID: PMC4414138 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor suppressor WWOX is involved in the progression of cancer and neurodegeneration. Here, we examined whether protein aggregation occurs in the brain of nondemented, middle-aged humans and whether this is associated with WWOX downregulation. We isolated an N-terminal internal deletion isoform, TPC6AΔ, derived from alternative splicing of the TRAPPC6A (TPC6A) gene transcript. TPC6AΔ proteins are present as aggregates or plaques in the extracellular matrix of the brain such as in the cortex. Filter retardation assays revealed that aggregate formation of TPC6AΔ occurs preceding Aβ generation in the hippocampi of middle-aged postmortem normal humans. In a Wwox gene knockout mouse model, we showed the plaques of pT181-Tau and TPC6AΔ in the cortex and hippocampus in 3-week-old mice, suggesting a role of WWOX in limiting TPC6AΔ aggregation. To support this hypothesis, in vitro analysis revealed that TGF-β1 induces dissociation of the ectopic complex of TPC6AΔ and WWOX in cells, and then TPC6AΔ undergoes Ser35 phosphorylation-dependent polymerization and induces caspase 3 activation and Aβ production. Similarly, knockdown of WWOX by siRNA resulted in dramatic aggregation of TPC6AΔ. Together, when WWOX is downregulated, TPC6AΔ is phosphorylated at Ser35 and becomes aggregated for causing caspase activation that leads to Tau aggregation and Aβ formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Yun Chang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ming-Hui Lee
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Sing-Ru Lin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Li-Yi Yang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - H Sunny Sun
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chun-I Sze
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Qunying Hong
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, ROC
| | - Yee-Shin Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC.,Center for Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ying-Tsen Chou
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Li-Jin Hsu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC.,Center for Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ming-Shiou Jan
- Advanced Optoelectronic Technology Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Cheng-Xin Gong
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Nan-Shan Chang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC.,Center for Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC.,Advanced Optoelectronic Technology Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, USA
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Chang HT, Liu CC, Chen ST, Yap YV, Chang NS, Sze CI. WW domain-containing oxidoreductase in neuronal injury and neurological diseases. Oncotarget 2015; 5:11792-9. [PMID: 25537520 PMCID: PMC4322972 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The human and mouse WWOX/Wwox gene encodes a candidate tumor suppressor WW domain-containing oxidoreductase protein. This gene is located on a common fragile site FRA16D. WWOX participates in a variety of cellular events and acts as a transducer in the many signal pathways, including TNF, chemotherapeutic drugs, UV irradiation, Wnt, TGF-β, C1q, Hyal-2, sex steroid hormones, and others. While transiently overexpressed WWOX restricts relocation of transcription factors to the nucleus for suppressing cancer survival, physiological relevance of this regard in vivo has not been confirmed. Unlike many tumor suppressor genes, mutation of WWOX is rare, raising a question whether WWOX is a driver for cancer initiation. WWOX/Wwox was initially shown to play a crucial role in neural development and in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and neuronal injury. Later on, WWOX/Wwox was shown to participate in the development of epilepsy, mental retardation, and brain developmental defects in mice, rats and humans. Up to date, most of the research and review articles have focused on the involvement of WWOX in cancer. Here, we review the role of WWOX in neural injury and neurological diseases, and provide perspectives for the WWOX-regulated neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Tzu Chang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chan-Chuan Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shur-Tzu Chen
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ye Vone Yap
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Nan-Shang Chang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. Advanced Optoelectronic Technology Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-I Sze
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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O’Keefe LV, Lee CS, Choo A, Richards RI. Tumor Suppressor WWOX Contributes to the Elimination of Tumorigenic Cells in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136356. [PMID: 26302329 PMCID: PMC4547717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
WWOX is a >1Mb gene spanning FRA16D Common Chromosomal Fragile Site, a region of DNA instability in cancer. Consequently, altered WWOX levels have been observed in a wide variety of cancers. In vitro studies have identified a large number and variety of potential roles for WWOX. Although its normal role in vivo and functional contribution to cancer have not been fully defined, WWOX does have an integral role in metabolism and can suppress tumor growth. Using Drosophila melanogaster as an in vivo model system, we find that WWOX is a modulator of TNFα/Egr-mediated cell death. We found that altered levels of WWOX can modify phenotypes generated by low level ectopic expression of TNFα/Egr and this corresponds to altered levels of Caspase 3 activity. These results demonstrate an in vivo role for WWOX in promoting cell death. This form of cell death is accompanied by an increase in levels of reactive oxygen species, the regulation of which we have previously shown can also be modified by altered WWOX activity. We now hypothesise that, through regulation of reactive oxygen species, WWOX constitutes a link between alterations in cellular metabolism observed in cancer cells and their ability to evade normal cell death pathways. We have further shown that WWOX activity is required for the efficient removal of tumorigenic cells from a developing epithelial tissue. Together these results provide a molecular basis for the tumor suppressor functions of WWOX and the better prognosis observed in cancer patients with higher levels of WWOX activity. Understanding the conserved cellular pathways to which WWOX contributes provides novel possibilities for the development of therapeutic approaches to restore WWOX function in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise V. O’Keefe
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Centre for Molecular Pathology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Cheng Shoou Lee
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Centre for Molecular Pathology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Amanda Choo
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Centre for Molecular Pathology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Robert I. Richards
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Centre for Molecular Pathology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- * E-mail:
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25
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Chang JY, Chang NS. WWOX dysfunction induces sequential aggregation of TRAPPC6AΔ, TIAF1, tau and amyloid β, and causes apoptosis. Cell Death Discov 2015; 1:15003. [PMID: 27551439 PMCID: PMC4981022 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2015.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregated vesicle-trafficking protein isoform TRAPPC6AΔ (TPC6AΔ) has a critical role in causing caspase activation, tau aggregation and Aβ generation in the brains of nondemented middle-aged humans, patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and 3-week-old Wwox gene knockout mice. WWOX blocks neurodegeneration via interactions with tau and tau-phosphorylating enzymes. WWOX deficiency leads to epilepsy, mental retardation and early death. Here, we demonstrated that TGF-β1 induces shuttling of endogenous wild-type TPC6A and TPC6AΔ in between nucleoli and mitochondria (~40-60 min per round trip), and WWOX reduces the shuttling time by 50%. TGF-β1 initially maximizes the binding of TPC6AΔ to the C-terminal tail of WWOX, followed by dissociation. TPC6AΔ then undergoes aggregation, together with TIAF1 (TGF-β1-induced antiapoptotic factor), in the mitochondria to induce apoptosis. An additional rescue scenario is that TGF-β1 induces Tyr33 phosphorylation and unfolding of WWOX and its the N-terminal WW domain slowly binds TPC6AΔ to block aggregation and apoptosis. Similarly, loss of WWOX induces TPC6AΔ polymerization first, then aggregation of TIAF1, amyloid β and tau, and subsequent cell death, suggesting that a cascade of protein aggregation leads to neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-Y Chang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - N-S Chang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan
- Center for Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan
- Advanced Optoelectronic Technology Center, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, USA
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26
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Chen T, Gao F, Feng S, Yang T, Chen M. MicroRNA-134 regulates lung cancer cell H69 growth and apoptosis by targeting WWOX gene and suppressing the ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 464:748-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Bendinelli P, Maroni P, Matteucci E, Desiderio MA. HGF and TGFβ1 differently influenced Wwox regulatory function on Twist program for mesenchymal-epithelial transition in bone metastatic versus parental breast carcinoma cells. Mol Cancer 2015; 14:112. [PMID: 26041563 PMCID: PMC4453100 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-015-0389-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Much effort has been devoted to determining how metastatic cells and microenvironment reciprocally interact. However, the role of biological stimuli of microenvironment in controlling molecular events in bone metastasis from breast carcinoma for mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) is largely unknown. The purpose of the present paper was to clarify (1) the influence of hepatocyte-growth factor (HGF) and transforming growth factorβ1 (TGFβ1) on the phenotype of bone-metastatic 1833 and parental MDA-MB231 cells; (2) the hierarchic response of Twist and Snail controlled by Wwox co-factor, that might be critical for the control of 1833-adhesive properties via E-cadherin. Methods We studied under HGF and TGFβ1 the gene profiles—responsible for epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), versus the revertant MET phenotype—making the correspondence with 1833 morphology and the relation to HGF-dependent control of TGFβ1 signalling. In particular, the activation of Twist program and the underlying molecular mechanisms were investigated, considering the role of endogenous and exogenous Wwox with siRNAWWOX and the expression vector transfection, to clarify whether Twist affected E-cadherin transactivation through a network of transcription factors and regulators. Results HGF and TGFβ1 oppositely affected the expression of Wwox in 1833 cells. Under HGF, endogenous Wwox decreased concomitant with Twist access to nuclei and its phosphorylation via PI3K/Akt pathway. Twist activated by HGF did not influence the gene profile through an E-box mechanism, but participated in the interplay of PPARγ/Ets1/NF-kB-transcription factors, triggering E-cadherin transactivation. Altogether, HGF conferred MET phenotype to 1833 cells, even if this was transient since followed by TGFβ1-signalling activation. TGFβ1 induced Snail in both the cell lines, with E-cadherin down-regulation only in 1833 cells because in MDA-MB231 cells E-cadherin was practically absent. Exogenous Wwox activated metastatic HIF-1, with Twist as co-factor. Conclusions HGF and TGFβ1 of bone-metastasis microenvironment acted co-ordinately, influencing non redundant pathways regulated by Twist program or Snail-transcription factor, with reversible MET switch. This process implicated different roles for Wwox in the various steps of the metastatic process including colonization, with microenvironmental/exogenous Wwox that activated HIF-1, important for E-cadherin expression. Interfering with the Twist program by targeting the pre-metastatic niche stimuli could be an effective anti-bone metastasis therapy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12943-015-0389-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Bendinelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
| | - Paola Maroni
- Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, IRCCS, Milano, Italy.
| | - Emanuela Matteucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
| | - Maria Alfonsina Desiderio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
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Abstract
Hyaluronidases are a family of five human enzymes that have been differentially implicated in the progression of many solid tumor types, both clinically and in functional studies. Advances in the past 5 years have clarified many apparent contradictions: (1) by demonstrating that specific hyaluronidases have alternative substrates to hyaluronan (HA) or do not exhibit any enzymatic activity, (2) that high-molecular weight HA polymers elicit signaling effects that are opposite those of the hyaluronidase-digested HA oligomers, and (3) that it is actually the combined overexpression of HA synthesizing enzymes with hyaluronidases that confers tumorigenic potential. This review examines the literature supporting these conclusions and discusses novel mechanisms by which hyaluronidases impact invasive tumor cell processes. In addition, a detailed structural and functional comparison of the hyaluronidases is presented with insights into substrate selectivity and potential for therapeutic targeting. Finally, technological advances in targeting hyaluronidase for tumor imaging and cancer therapy are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin O McAtee
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Joseph J Barycki
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Melanie A Simpson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA.
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Maroni P, Matteucci E, Drago L, Banfi G, Bendinelli P, Desiderio MA. RETRACTED: Hypoxia induced E-cadherin involving regulators of Hippo pathway due to HIF-1α stabilization/nuclear translocation in bone metastasis from breast carcinoma. Exp Cell Res 2015; 330:287-299. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Chang Y, Lan YY, Hsiao JR, Chang NS. Strategies of oncogenic microbes to deal with WW domain-containing oxidoreductase. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 240:329-37. [PMID: 25488911 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214561957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
WW domain-containing oxidoreductase (WWOX) is a well-documented tumor suppressor protein that controls growth, survival, and metastasis of malignant cells. To counteract WWOX's suppressive effects, cancer cells have developed many strategies either to downregulate WWOX expression or to functionally inactivate WWOX. Relatively unknown is, in the context of those cancers associated with certain viruses or bacteria, how the oncogenic pathogens deal with WWOX. Here we review recent studies showing different strategies utilized by three cancer-associated pathogens. Helicobactor pylori reduces WWOX expression through promoter hypermethylation, an epigenetic mechanism also occurring in many other cancer cells. WWOX has a potential to block canonical NF-κB activation and tumorigenesis induced by Tax, an oncoprotein of human T-cell leukemia virus. Tax successfully overcomes the blockage by inhibiting WWOX expression through activation of the non-canonical NF-κB pathway. On the other hand, latent membrane protein 2A of Epstein-Barr virus physically interacts with WWOX and redirects its function to trigger a signaling pathway that upregulates matrix metalloproteinase 9 and cancer cell invasion. These reports may be just "the tip of the iceberg" regarding multiple interactions between WWOX and oncogenic microbes. Further studies in this direction should expand our understanding of infection-driven oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Chang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan 70456, Taiwan Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Yan Lan
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan 70456, Taiwan Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Jenn-Ren Hsiao
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical College and Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Nan-Shan Chang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
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Liu SY, Chiang MF, Chen YJ. Role of WW domain proteins WWOX in development, prognosis, and treatment response of glioma. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 240:315-23. [PMID: 25432984 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214561588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive and malignant brain tumor. Delicate microenvironment and lineage heterogeneity of GBM cells including infiltration, hypoxia, angiogenesis, and stemness make them highly resistant to current conventional therapies, with an average life expectancy for GBM patients of less than 15 months. Poor response to cytotoxic agents of GBM cells remains the major challenge of GBM treatment. Resistance of GBM to clinical treatment is a result of genomic alternation and deregulated signaling pathways, such as p53 mutation and apoptosis signaling blockage, providing cancer cells more opportunities for survival rather than cell death. WW domain-containing oxidoreductase (WWOX) is a tumor suppressor gene, commonly downregulated in various types of tumors, including GBM. It has been found that the reintroduction of WWOX induced p53-mutant GBM cells to undergo apoptosis, but not in p53 wild-type GBM cells, indicating WWOX is likely to reopen apoptosis pathways in a p53-independent manner in GBM. Identifying the crucial target modulated by WWOX deficiency provides a potential therapeutic target for GBM treatment. Here, we have reviewed the literatures about the role of WWOX in development, signaling pathway, prognosis, and treatment response in malignant glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Yi Liu
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Fu Chiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan Graduate Institute of Injury Prevention and Control, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jen Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
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Tabarki B, Al Mutairi F, Al Hashem A. The fragile site WWOX gene and the developing brain. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 240:400-2. [PMID: 25416187 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214561952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
WWOX was cloned as a tumor suppressor gene mapping to chromosomal fragile site FRA16D. Loss of WWOX is closely related to tumorigenesis, cancer progression, and therapy resistance. Recent studies demonstrate the growing role of WWOX gene in other human pathologies such as metabolic and nervous system-related conditions. The neurologic phenotype of WWOX mutation includes seizures, ataxia, developmental delay, and spasticity of variable severity. WWOX is a ubiquitous protein with high expression in many tissues including brain, cerebellum, brain stem, and spinal cord. WWOX is highly expressed in different brain regions during murine fetal development and remained unchanged in the cortex and the corpus callosum in adult mice. The mechanism or the putative role of WWOX in the nervous system is still unclear but may include abnormal signaling protein, disruption of neuronal pathways, neuronal differentiation, mitochondrial dysfunction, or apoptosis. Homozygous mutations affecting WWOX in humans are likely to be more described in the future using exome sequencing. The described findings highlight that WWOX plays a critical role in normal central nervous system development and disease. The aim of this review is to summarize the roles of WWOX in the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brahim Tabarki
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, 11159 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fuad Al Mutairi
- Division of Metabolic and Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, 11159 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal Al Hashem
- Division of Metabolic and Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, 11159 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Zhang H, Tian Y, Shen J, Wang Y, Xu Y, Wang Y, Han Z, Li X. Upregulation of the putative oncogene COTE1 contributes to human hepatocarcinogenesis through modulation of WWOX signaling. Int J Oncol 2014; 45:719-31. [PMID: 24899407 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Family with sequence similarity 189, also known as COTE1, has been found to be significantly upregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) specimens and cell lines and is associated with tumor size and differentiation. Furthermore, COTE1 contributes to hepatocellular carcinogenesis. The overexpression of COTE1 enhanced in vitro cell viability and colony formation in soft agar, and in vivo tumorigenicity of HCC-derived Focus and Huh7 cells. In contrast, COTE1 knockdown via RNAi markedly suppressed these phenotypes in YY-8103 and WRL-68 HCC cell lines. Mechanistic analyses indicated that COTE1 physically associated with WW domain-containing oxidoreductase (WWOX) and modulated WWOX tyrosine phosphorylation. The ectopic overexpression of COTE1 inhibited the WWOX-p53 signaling pathway by reducing the phosphorylation of WWOX at the Tyr33 residue in Focus cells. Conversely, COTE1 silencing activated tyrosine 33 phosphorylation of WWOX and induced WWOX-p53 mediated mitochondrial apoptosis in WRL-68 cells. In addition, COTE1 upregulation in Huh7 cells blocked the WWOX-cyclin D1 pathway via dephosphorylation of WWOX Tyr287, stimulating cell cycle progression whereas phosphorylation of Tyr287 of WWOX induced by COTE1 silencing resulted in activation of WWOX-cyclin D1 signaling, leading to cell cycle arrest in YY-8103 cells. Together, our findings suggest that the cytoplasmic protein COTE1 contributes to HCC tumorigenesis by regulating cell proliferation through the modulation of WWOX signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Liver Transplantation Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Nanjing 210029, P.R. China
| | - Jian Shen
- Liver Transplantation Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Nanjing 210029, P.R. China
| | - Yun Wang
- Liver Transplantation Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Nanjing 210029, P.R. China
| | - Yonghua Xu
- Liver Transplantation Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Nanjing 210029, P.R. China
| | - Yuping Wang
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory for Disease and Health Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Zeguang Han
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory for Disease and Health Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Xiangcheng Li
- Liver Transplantation Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Nanjing 210029, P.R. China
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Abdel-Salam G, Thoenes M, Afifi HH, Körber F, Swan D, Bolz HJ. The supposed tumor suppressor gene WWOX is mutated in an early lethal microcephaly syndrome with epilepsy, growth retardation and retinal degeneration. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2014; 9:12. [PMID: 24456803 PMCID: PMC3918143 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-9-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background WWOX, encoding WW domain-containing oxidoreductase, spans FRA16D, the second most common chromosomal fragile site frequently altered in cancers. It is therefore considered a tumor suppressor gene, but its direct implication in cancerogenesis remains controversial. Methods and results By whole-exome sequencing, we identified a homozygous WWOX nonsense mutation, p.Arg54*, in a girl from a consanguineous family with a severe syndrome of growth retardation, microcephaly, epileptic seizures, retinopathy and early death, a phenotype highly similar to the abormalities reported in lde/lde rats with a spontaneous functional null mutation of Wwox. As in rats, no tumors were observed in the patient or heterozygous mutation carriers. Conclusions Our finding, a homozygous loss-of-function germline mutation in WWOX in a patient with a lethal autosomal recessive syndrome, supports an alternative role of WWOX and indicates its importance for human viability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hanno Jörn Bolz
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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Role of WWOX and NF-κB in lung cancer progression. TRANSLATIONAL RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2013; 1:15. [PMID: 27234396 PMCID: PMC4715152 DOI: 10.1186/2213-0802-1-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
It is generally agreed that the pro-inflammatory, pro-survival transcription factor NF-κB is a tumor promoter. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α or TNF) mediates NF-κB activation. Tumor suppressor WWOX (FOR or WOX1) is a downstream effector of the TNF signaling. Thus, activation of both WWOX (FOR or WOX1) and NF-κB may occur during TNF signaling and/or under stress conditions. Indeed, the first WW domain of WWOX induces the activation of NF-κB-responsive promoter without TNF participation. It appears that WWOX counteracts with NF-κB in regulating cell survival and death. For example, WWOX becomes activated with Tyr33 phosphorylation and relocates together with NF-κB and many transcription factors to the nucleus to cause neuronal death in sciatic nerve-transected rats. While WWOX is frequently lost in lung cancer and many other cancers, NF-κB activation-induced cancer promotion probably requires WWOX-independent signaling networks to induce expression of pro-survival factors. The antagonistic role of WWOX and NF-κB in the regulation of lung cancer progression is discussed.
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Liu CJ, Shen WG, Peng SY, Cheng HW, Kao SY, Lin SC, Chang KW. miR-134induces oncogenicity and metastasis in head and neck carcinoma through targetingWWOXgene. Int J Cancer 2013; 134:811-21. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Ji Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Mackay Memorial Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences; Mackay Medical College; Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research; Mackay Memorial Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
- Institute of Oral Biology and Department of Dentistry; School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Wilma Grace Shen
- Institute of Oral Biology and Department of Dentistry; School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yuan Peng
- Institute of Oral Biology and Department of Dentistry; School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Hui-Wen Cheng
- Department of Medical Research; Mackay Memorial Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Shou-Yen Kao
- Institute of Oral Biology and Department of Dentistry; School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University; Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Stomatology; Taipei Veterans General Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chun Lin
- Institute of Oral Biology and Department of Dentistry; School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University; Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Stomatology; Taipei Veterans General Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Wei Chang
- Institute of Oral Biology and Department of Dentistry; School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University; Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Stomatology; Taipei Veterans General Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
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Zhang H, Huang CJ, Tian Y, Wang YP, Han ZG, Li XC. Ectopic overexpression of COTE1 promotes cellular invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 13:5799-804. [PMID: 23317259 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.11.5799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Family with sequence similarity 189, member B (FAM189B), alias COTE1, a putative oncogene selected by microarray, for the first time was here found to be significantly up-regulated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) specimens and HCC cell lines. mRNA expression of COTE1 in HCC samples and cell lines was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and real-time PCR, while protein expression of COTE1 in HCC tissues was assessed by immunohistochemistry. In addition, invasion of HCC cells was observed after overexpressing or silencing COTE1. In the total of 48 paired HCC specimens, compared with the adjacent non-cancer tissues, the expression of COTE1 was up-regulated in 31 (p<0.01). In HCC cell lines, COTE1 expression was significantly higher than in normal human adult liver (p<0.01). Overexpression of COTE1 enhanced HCC-derived LM6 and MHCC-L cellular invasion in vitro. In contrast, COTE1 knockdown via RNAi markedly suppressed these phenotypes, as documented in LM3 and MHCC-H HCC cells. Mechanistic analyses indicated that COTE1 could physically associate with WW domain oxidoreductase (WWOX), a tumor suppressor. COTE1 may be closely correlated with invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells and thus may serve as an effective target for gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Zhang
- Liver Transplantation Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Shanghai, China
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Lan YY, Wu SY, Lai HC, Chang NS, Chang FH, Tsai MH, Su IJ, Chang Y. WW domain-containing oxidoreductase is involved in upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase 9 by Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 2A. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 436:672-6. [PMID: 23770367 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
WW domain-containing oxidoreductase (WOX1) participates in tumor suppression and many other biologic functions, but its molecular and functional interactions with viral proteins remain largely unknown. This study reveals that WOX1 is physically associated with latent membrane protein 2A (LMP2A), an oncoprotein of Epstein-Barr virus. The molecular interaction involves the tyrosine residue 33 of WOX1 and the proline-rich motifs of LMP2A. Interestingly, endogenous WOX1 is required for some LMP2A-triggered, cancer-promoting effects, including activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2, upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) and promotion of cell invasion. Upon knockdown of endogenous WOX1, LMP2A-triggered MMP9 induction is restored by exogenous wild-type WOX1, but not by a WOX1 mutant defective in LMP2A binding. These results indicate that, through interaction with LMP2A, WOX1 is involved in MMP9 induction, suggesting a novel role of WOX1 in Epstein-Barr virus-associated cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Yan Lan
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan 704, Taiwan
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Winardi W, Tsai CY, Chen WT, Tsai HP, Chung CL, Loh JK, Chai CY, Kwan AL. Reduced WWOX protein expression in human astrocytoma. Neuropathology 2013; 33:621-7. [PMID: 23675860 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The WW domain-containing oxidoreductase (WWOX) functions as a tumor suppressor by interacting with various proteins in numerous important signaling pathways. WWOX silencing via homozygous deletion of its locus and/or promoter hypermethylation has been observed in various human cancers. However, the relationship between WWOX and tumors in the central nervous system has not been fully explored. In this study, the expression levels of WWOX protein in astrocytomas from 38 patients with different tumor grades were retrospectively analyzed by immunohistochemical staining. The results showed that 19 (50.0%) samples had highly reduced WWOX protein expression when compared with normal controls, while 14 (36.8%) and five (13.2%) cases exhibited moderate and mild decreases in WWOX expression, respectively. Reduction of the expression of WWOX protein correlated with patient age, supra-tentorial localization of the tumor and severity of the symptoms. Furthermore, loss of WWOX expression inversely correlated with survival time. No significant correlation was observed between the loss of WWOX expression and the gender of patients or the difference in pre-operative and post-operative karnofsky performance status scores. Surprisingly, there was no significant correlation between the loss of WWOX protein expression and overall tumor grades. Nevertheless, it was found that 63.6% (7/11) of the grade II astrocytomas had highly reduced WWOX expression and 36.4% (4/11) showed moderately reduced WWOX expression, while none of the samples exhibited mild reductions. Similar results were also found in grade III astrocytomas. The results from this small-size sample pilot study suggest that the loss of WWOX expression may be an early event in the pathogenesis of human astrocytoma.
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Chiang MF, Chou PY, Wang WJ, Sze CI, Chang NS. Tumor Suppressor WWOX and p53 Alterations and Drug Resistance in Glioblastomas. Front Oncol 2013; 3:43. [PMID: 23459853 PMCID: PMC3586680 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor suppressor p53 are frequently mutated in glioblastomas (GBMs) and appears to contribute, in part, to resistance to temozolomide (TMZ) and therapeutic drugs. WW domain-containing oxidoreductase WWOX (FOR or WOX1) is a proapoptotic protein and is considered as a tumor suppressor. Loss of WWOX gene expression is frequently seen in malignant cancer cells due to promoter hypermethylation, genetic alterations, and translational blockade. Intriguingly, ectopic expression of wild type WWOX preferentially induces apoptosis in human glioblastoma cells harboring mutant p53. WWOX is known to physically bind and stabilize wild type p53. Here, we provide an overview for the updated knowledge in p53 and WWOX, and postulate potential scenarios that wild type and mutant p53, or isoforms, modulate the apoptotic function of WWOX. We propose that triggering WWOX activation by therapeutic drugs under p53 functional deficiency is needed to overcome TMZ resistance and induce GBM cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Fu Chiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital Taipei, Taiwan ; Graduate Institute of Injury Prevention and Control, Taipei Medical University Taipei, Taiwan
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Chang JY, Chiang MF, Lin SR, Lee MH, He H, Chou PY, Chen SJ, Chen YA, Yang LY, Lai FJ, Hsieh CC, Hsieh TH, Sheu HM, Sze CI, Chang NS. TIAF1 self-aggregation in peritumor capsule formation, spontaneous activation of SMAD-responsive promoter in p53-deficient environment, and cell death. Cell Death Dis 2012; 3:e302. [PMID: 22534828 PMCID: PMC3358014 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2012.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Self-aggregation of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)1-induced antiapoptotic factor (TIAF1) is known in the nondemented human hippocampus, and the aggregating process may lead to generation of amyloid β (Aβ) for causing neurodegeneration. Here, we determined that overexpressed TIAF1 exhibits as aggregates together with Smad4 and Aβ in the cancer stroma and peritumor capsules of solid tumors. Also, TIAF1/Aβ aggregates are shown on the interface between brain neural cells and the metastatic cancer cell mass. TIAF1 is upregulated in developing tumors, but may disappear in established metastatic cancer cells. Growing neuroblastoma cells on the extracellular matrices from other cancer cell types induced production of aggregated TIAF1 and Aβ. In vitro induction of TIAF1 self-association upregulated the expression of tumor suppressors Smad4 and WW domain-containing oxidoreductase (WOX1 or WWOX), and WOX1 in turn increased the TIAF1 expression. TIAF1/Smad4 interaction further enhanced Aβ formation. TIAF1 is known to suppress SMAD-regulated promoter activation. Intriguingly, without p53, self-aggregating TIAF1 spontaneously activated the SMAD-regulated promoter. TIAF1 was essential for p53-, WOX1- and dominant-negative JNK1-induced cell death. TIAF1, p53 and WOX1 acted synergistically in suppressing anchorage-independent growth, blocking cell migration and causing apoptosis. Together, TIAF1 shows an aggregation-dependent control of tumor progression and metastasis, and regulation of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-Y Chang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - M-F Chiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Graduate Institute of Injury Prevention and Control, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - S-R Lin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - M-H Lee
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - H He
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - P-Y Chou
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - S-J Chen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Y-A Chen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - L-Y Yang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - F-J Lai
- Department of Dermatology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - C-C Hsieh
- Department of Dermatology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - T-H Hsieh
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - H-M Sheu
- Department of Dermatology, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - C-I Sze
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - N-S Chang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Graduate Institute of Injury Prevention and Control, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Advanced Optoelectronic Technology Center, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signal Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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Lin HP, Chang JY, Lin SR, Lee MH, Huang SS, Hsu LJ, Chang NS. Identification of an In Vivo MEK/WOX1 Complex as a Master Switch for Apoptosis in T Cell Leukemia. Genes Cancer 2011; 2:550-62. [PMID: 21901168 DOI: 10.1177/1947601911418498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Not all leukemia T cells are susceptible to high levels of phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-mediated apoptosis. At micromolar levels, PMA induces apoptosis of Jurkat T cells by causing mitochondrial polarization/de-polarization, release of cytosolic granules, and DNA fragmentation. Chemical inhibitors U0126 and PD98059 block mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 (MEK1)-mediated phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and prevent apoptosis. Mechanistically, proapoptotic tumor suppressor WOX1 (also named WWOX or FOR) physically interacts with MEK1, in part, in the lysosomes in Jurkat cells. PMA induces the dissociation, which leads to relocation of MEK1 to lipid rafts and WOX1 to the mitochondria for causing apoptosis. U0126 inhibits PMA-induced dissociation of WOX1/MEK1 complex and supports survival of Jurkat cells. In contrast, less differentiated Molt-4 T cells are resistant to PMA-induced dissociation of the WOX1/MEK1 complex and thereby are refractory to apoptosis. U0126 overturns the resistance for enhancing apoptosis in Molt-4 cells. Together, the in vivo MEK1/WOX1 complex is a master on/off switch for apoptosis in leukemia T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Ping Lin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan
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Dudekula S, Lee MH, Hsu LJ, Chen SJ, Chang NS. Zfra is a small wizard in the mitochondrial apoptosis. Aging (Albany NY) 2011; 2:1023-9. [PMID: 21212468 PMCID: PMC3034171 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Zfra (zinc finger-like protein that regulates apoptosis) is a naturally occurring short peptide consisting of 31 amino acids, which regulates tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-mediated cell death by interacting with receptor adaptor protein TRADD (TNF receptorassociated death domain protein) and downstream JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase), NF-κB (Nuclear factor kappa B) and WWOX/WOX1 (WW domain-containing oxidoreductase). Cytochrome c release is generally considered as a pivotal step in apoptosis. Remarkably, overexpressed Zfra induces apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway, which involves suppression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL expression (without causing cytochrome c release), counteracting the apoptotic function of tumor suppressor p53 and WWOX, and dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential for ultimately leading to cell death. Control of cellular aging and apoptosis by Zfra, p53 and WWOX is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhan Dudekula
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
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Zhou J, Yang Z, Tsuji T, Gong J, Xie J, Chen C, Li W, Amar S, Luo Z. LITAF and TNFSF15, two downstream targets of AMPK, exert inhibitory effects on tumor growth. Oncogene 2011; 30:1892-900. [PMID: 21217782 PMCID: PMC3431012 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α factor (LITAF) is a multiple functional molecule whose sequence is identical to the small integral membrane protein of the lysosome/late endosome. LITAF was initially identified as a transcription factor that activates transcription of proinflammatory cytokine in macrophages in response to LPS. Mutations of the LITAF gene are associated with a genetic disease, called Charcot-Marie-Tooth syndrome. Recently, we have reported that mRNA levels of LITAF and TNF superfamily member 15 (TNFSF15) are upregulated by 5' adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK). The present study further assesses their biological functions. Thus, we show that 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside (AICAR), a pharmacological activator of AMPK, increases the abundance of LITAF and TNFSF15 in LNCaP and C4-2 prostate cancer cells, which is abrogated by small hairpin RNA (shRNA) or the dominant-negative mutant of AMPK α1 subunit. Our data further demonstrate that AMPK activation upregulates the transcription of LITAF. Intriguingly, silencing LITAF by shRNA enhances proliferation, anchorage-independent growth of these cancer cells and tumor growth in the xenograft model. In addition, our study reveals that LITAF mediates the effect of AMPK by binding to a specific sequence in the promoter region. Furthermore, we show that TNFSF15 remarkably inhibits the growth of prostate cancer cells and bovine aortic endothelial cells in vitro, with a more potent effect toward the latter. In conjuncture, intratumoral injection of TNFSF15 significantly reduces the size of tumors and number of blood vessels and induces changes that are characteristic of tumor cell differentiation. Therefore, our studies for the first time establish the regulatory axis of AMPK-LITAF-TNFSF15 and also suggest that LITAF may function as a tumor suppressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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O'Keefe LV, Colella A, Dayan S, Chen Q, Choo A, Jacob R, Price G, Venter D, Richards RI. Drosophila orthologue of WWOX, the chromosomal fragile site FRA16D tumour suppressor gene, functions in aerobic metabolism and regulates reactive oxygen species. Hum Mol Genet 2010; 20:497-509. [PMID: 21075834 PMCID: PMC3016910 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddq495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Common chromosomal fragile sites FRA3B and FRA16D are frequent sites of DNA instability in cancer, but their contribution to cancer cell biology is not yet understood. Genes that span these sites (FHIT and WWOX, respectively) are often perturbed (either increased or decreased) in cancer cells and both are able to suppress tumour growth. While WWOX has some tumour suppressor characteristics, its normal role and functional contribution to cancer has not been fully determined. We find that a significant proportion of Drosophila Wwox interactors identified by proteomics and microarray analyses have roles in aerobic metabolism. Functional relationships between Wwox and either CG6439/isocitrate dehydrogenase (Idh) or Cu–Zn superoxide dismutase (Sod) were confirmed by genetic interactions. In addition, altered levels of Wwox resulted in altered levels of endogenous reactive oxygen species. Wwox (like FHIT) contributes to pathways involving aerobic metabolism and oxidative stress, providing an explanation for the ‘non-classical tumour suppressor’ behaviour of WWOX. Fragile sites, and the genes that span them, are therefore part of a protective response mechanism to oxidative stress and likely contributors to the differences seen in aerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect) in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise V O'Keefe
- ARC Special Research Centre for the Molecular Genetics of Development and Discipline of Genetics, School ofMolecular and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide S.A. 5005, Australia
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