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Fernando SS, Jo C, Mudannayake DC, Jayasena DD. An overview of the potential application of chitosan in meat and meat products. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 324:121477. [PMID: 37985042 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Chitosan is considered the second most ubiquitous polysaccharide next to cellulose. It has gained prominence in various industries including biomedicine, textile, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and notably, the food industry over the last few decades. The polymer's continual attention within the food industry can be attributed to the increasing popularity of greener means of packaging and demand for foods incorporated with natural alternatives instead of synthetic additives. Its antioxidant, antimicrobial, and film-forming abilities reinforced by the polymer's biocompatible, biodegradable, and nontoxic nature have fostered its usage in food packaging and preservation. Microbial activity and lipid oxidation significantly influence the shelf-life of meat, resulting in unfavorable changes in nutritional and sensory properties during storage. In this review, the scientific studies published in recent years regarding potential applications of chitosan in meat products; and their effects on shelf-life extension and sensory properties are discussed. The utilization of chitosan in the form of films, coatings, and additives in meat products has supported the extension of shelf-life while inducing a positive impact on their organoleptic properties. The nature of chitosan and its compatibility with various materials make it an ideal biopolymer to be used in novel arenas of food technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandithi S Fernando
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Export Agriculture, Uva Wellassa University, Badulla 90000, Sri Lanka.
| | - Cheorun Jo
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea; Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, South Korea.
| | - Deshani C Mudannayake
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Export Agriculture, Uva Wellassa University, Badulla 90000, Sri Lanka.
| | - Dinesh D Jayasena
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Export Agriculture, Uva Wellassa University, Badulla 90000, Sri Lanka.
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Uyanga VA, Ejeromedoghene O, Lambo MT, Alowakennu M, Alli YA, Ere-Richard AA, Min L, Zhao J, Wang X, Jiao H, Onagbesan OM, Lin H. Chitosan and chitosan‑based composites as beneficial compounds for animal health: Impact on gastrointestinal functions and biocarrier application. J Funct Foods 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2023.105520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
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Chitinase-Assisted Bioconversion of Chitinous Waste for Development of Value-Added Chito-Oligosaccharides Products. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12010087. [PMID: 36671779 PMCID: PMC9855443 DOI: 10.3390/biology12010087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Chito-oligosaccharides (COSs) are the partially hydrolyzed products of chitin, which is abundant in the shells of crustaceans, the cuticles of insects, and the cell walls of fungi. These oligosaccharides have received immense interest in the last few decades due to their highly promising bioactivities, such as their anti-microbial, anti-tumor, and anti-inflammatory properties. Regarding environmental concerns, COSs are obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis by chitinase under milder conditions compared to the typical chemical degradation. This review provides updated information about research on new chitinase derived from various sources, including bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals, employed for the efficient production of COSs. The route to industrialization of these chitinases and COS products is also described.
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Zhen H, Yan Q, Liu Y, Li Y, Yang S, Jiang Z. Chitin oligosaccharides alleviate atherosclerosis progress in ApoE-/- mice by regulating lipid metabolism and inhibiting inflammation. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2022.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Kong S, Huang X, Cao H, Bai Y, Che Q, Nie H, Su Z. Anti-obesity effects of galacto-oligosaccharides in obese rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 917:174728. [PMID: 34965390 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) are commonly used as prebiotic with a variety of known metabolic benefits; however, whether GOS plays a protective role in obesity remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that GOS prevented obesity in a rat model of obesity induced by a high-fat diet. Our results showed that GOS effectively slowed weight gain in diet-induced obese rats without affecting energy intake. GOS significantly suppressed the hypertrophy and hyperplasia of white adipose tissue and markedly reduced the ratio of the fat/body. Consistently, GOS significantly improved serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, indicating the weight loss activity of GOS. Interestingly, GOS also significantly increased the expression levels of browning proteins, including uncoupling protein 1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α, and PR domain 16, in both white and brown adipose tissue. Furthermore, we found that GOS markedly increased the expression levels of liver X receptor α, peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor-α, low-density lipoprotein receptor, and cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase proteins in the liver of obese rats. Taken together, we concluded that GOS inhibits obesity by accelerating the browning of white fat cells and the thermogenesis of brown fat cells and that GOS improves host lipid homeostasis by promoting cholesterol catabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang Kong
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xingjun Huang
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Centre of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hua Cao
- Guangdong Cosmetics Engineering & Technology Research Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yan Bai
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510310, China
| | - Qishi Che
- Guangzhou Rainhome Pharm & Tech Co., Ltd, Science City, Guangzhou, 510663, China
| | - Hong Nie
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Zhengquan Su
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Centre of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Nie Y, Luo F. Dietary Fiber: An Opportunity for a Global Control of Hyperlipidemia. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:5542342. [PMID: 33897940 PMCID: PMC8052145 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5542342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dietary fiber has a long history in the intervention study of hyperlipidemia. In this review, current understandings of structures, sources, and natures of various kinds of dietary fibers (DFs) were analyzed first. Available evidences for the use of different varieties of DFs in the lipid-lowering action both in vitro and in vivo were subsequently classified, including both soluble ones, such as glucans, pectins, and gums, and insoluble ones, including arabinooxylans and chitosans, in order to draw a primary conclusion of their dose and molecular weight relationship with lipid-lowering effect. Their potential mechanisms, especially the related molecular mechanism of protective action in the treatment and prevention of hyperlipidemia, were summarized at last. Five major mechanisms are believed to be responsible for the antihyperlipidemic benefits of DFs, including low levels of energy, bulking effect, viscosity, binding capacity, and fermentation thus ameliorating the symptoms of hyperlipidemia. From the molecular level, DFs could possibly affect the activities of HMG-CoA reductase, LDL receptors, CYP7A1, and MAPK signaling pathway as well as other lipid metabolism-related target genes. In summary, dietary fibers could be used as alternative supplements to exert certain lipid-lowering effects on humans. However, more clinical evidence is needed to strengthen this proposal and its fully underlying mechanism still requires more investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Nie
- School of Food Technology and Biological Science, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou 521041, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, College of Food science and Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Processing of Rice and Byproducts, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Feijun Luo
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition, College of Food science and Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Processing of Rice and Byproducts, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
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Zheng Z, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Wang J, Cui Z, Pan X, Liu Y, Tang W, Wang K. Metabolic degradation of lentinan in liver mediated by CYP450 enzymes and epoxide hydrolase. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 253:117255. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Effects and Mechanisms of Chitosan and ChitosanOligosaccharide on Hepatic Lipogenesis and Lipid Peroxidation, Adipose Lipolysis, and Intestinal Lipid Absorption in Rats with High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031139. [PMID: 33498889 PMCID: PMC7869010 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitosan and its derivative, chitosan oligosaccharide (CO), possess hypolipidemic and anti-obesity effects. However, it is still unclear if the mechanisms are different or similar between chitosan and CO. This study was designed to investigate and compare the effects of CO and high-molecular-weight chitosan (HC) on liver lipogenesis and lipid peroxidation, adipose lipolysis, and intestinal lipid absorption in high-fat (HF) diet-fed rats for 12 weeks. Rats were divided into four groups: normal control diet (NC), HF diet, HF diet+5% HC, and HF diet+5% CO. Both HC and CO supplementation could reduce liver lipid biosynthesis, but HC had a better effect than CO on improving liver lipid accumulation in HF diet-fed rats. The increased levels of triglyceride decreased lipolysis rate, and increased lipoprotein lipase activity in the perirenal adipose tissue of HF diet-fed rats could be significantly reversed by both HC and CO supplementation. HC, but not CO, supplementation promoted liver antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities and reduced liver lipid peroxidation. In the intestines, CO, but not HC, supplementation reduced lipid absorption by reducing the expression of fabp2 and fatp4 mRNA. These results suggest that HC and CO have different mechanisms for improving lipid metabolism in HF diet-fed rats.
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Effectiveness of Chitosan as a Dietary Supplement in Lowering Cholesterol in Murine Models: A Meta-Analysis. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19010026. [PMID: 33435383 PMCID: PMC7827691 DOI: 10.3390/md19010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study presents a meta-analysis of studies that investigate the effectiveness of chitosan administration on lifestyle-related disease in murine models. A total of 34 published studies were used to evaluate the effect of chitosan supplementation. The effect sizes for various items after chitosan administration were evaluated using the standardized mean difference. Using Cochran’s Q test, the heterogeneity of effect sizes was assessed, after which a meta-ANOVA and -regression test was conducted to explain the heterogeneity of effect sizes using the mixed-effect model. Publication bias was performed using Egger’s linear regression test. Among the items evaluated, blood triglyceride and HDL-cholesterol showed the highest heterogeneity, respectively. Other than blood HDL-cholesterol, total cholesterol, and triglyceride in feces, most items evaluated showed a negative effect size with high significance in the fixed- and random-effect model (p < 0.0001). In the meta-ANOVA and -regression test, administering chitosan and resistant starch was revealed to be most effective in lowering body weight. In addition, chitosan supplementation proved to be an effective solution for serum TNF-α inhibition. In conclusion, chitosan has been shown to be somewhat useful in improving symptoms of lifestyle-related disease. Although there are some limitations in the results of this meta-analysis due to the limited number of animal experiments conducted, chitosan administration nevertheless shows promise in reducing the risk of cholesterol related metabolic disorder.
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Satitsri S, Muanprasat C. Chitin and Chitosan Derivatives as Biomaterial Resources for Biological and Biomedical Applications. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25245961. [PMID: 33339290 PMCID: PMC7766609 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitin is a long-chain polymer of N-acetyl-glucosamine, which is regularly found in the exoskeleton of arthropods including insects, shellfish and the cell wall of fungi. It has been known that chitin can be used for biological and biomedical applications, especially as a biomaterial for tissue repairing, encapsulating drug for drug delivery. However, chitin has been postulated as an inducer of proinflammatory cytokines and certain diseases including asthma. Likewise, chitosan, a long-chain polymer of N-acetyl-glucosamine and d-glucosamine derived from chitin deacetylation, and chitosan oligosaccharide, a short chain polymer, have been known for their potential therapeutic effects, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiarrheal, and anti-Alzheimer effects. This review summarizes potential utilization and limitation of chitin, chitosan and chitosan oligosaccharide in a variety of diseases. Furthermore, future direction of research and development of chitin, chitosan, and chitosan oligosaccharide for biomedical applications is discussed.
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Shwetha HJ, Shilpa S, Mukherjee MB, Ambedkar R, Raichur AM, Lakshminarayana R. Fabrication of chitosan nanoparticles with phosphatidylcholine for improved sustain release, basolateral secretion, and transport of lutein in Caco-2 cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 163:2224-2235. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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12
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Cao Q, Zhao J, Xing M, Xiao H, Zhang Q, Liang H, Ji A, Song S. Current Research Landscape of Marine-Derived Anti-Atherosclerotic Substances. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18090440. [PMID: 32854344 PMCID: PMC7551282 DOI: 10.3390/md18090440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease characterized by lipid accumulation and chronic inflammation of the arterial wall, which is the pathological basis for coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease and thromboembolic disease. Currently, there is a lack of low-cost therapeutic agents that effectively slow the progression of atherosclerosis. Therefore, the development of new drugs is urgently needed. The research and development of marine-derived drugs have gained increasing interest from researchers across the world. Many marine organisms provide a rich material basis for the development of atherosclerotic drugs. This review focuses on the latest technological advances in the structures and mechanisms of action of marine-derived anti-atherosclerotic substances and the challenges of the application of these substances including marine polysaccharides, proteins and peptides, polyunsaturated fatty acids and small molecule compounds. Here, we describe the theoretical basis of marine biological resources in the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Cao
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; (Q.C.); (J.Z.); (M.X.); (H.X.); (Q.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Jiarui Zhao
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; (Q.C.); (J.Z.); (M.X.); (H.X.); (Q.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Maochen Xing
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; (Q.C.); (J.Z.); (M.X.); (H.X.); (Q.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Han Xiao
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; (Q.C.); (J.Z.); (M.X.); (H.X.); (Q.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Qian Zhang
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; (Q.C.); (J.Z.); (M.X.); (H.X.); (Q.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Hao Liang
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; (Q.C.); (J.Z.); (M.X.); (H.X.); (Q.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Aiguo Ji
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; (Q.C.); (J.Z.); (M.X.); (H.X.); (Q.Z.); (H.L.)
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
- Correspondence: (A.J.); (S.S.)
| | - Shuliang Song
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; (Q.C.); (J.Z.); (M.X.); (H.X.); (Q.Z.); (H.L.)
- Correspondence: (A.J.); (S.S.)
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Wu S. The growth performance, body composition and nonspecific immunity of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) affected by chitosan. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 145:682-685. [PMID: 31887376 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary chitosan on the growth performance, body composition and non-specific immunity of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Chitosan were added to the basic diet to formulate five kinds of test feeds (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 g kg-1). The diets containing 4 g kg-1 chitosan increased body weight gain, feed conversion rate, specific growth rate, body protein, superoxide dismutase activity, catalase activity, lysozyme, disease resistance ability against Aeromonas hydrophila and decreased hepatopancrease lipid levels, plasma total cholesterol, plasma triacylglycerol, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase of tilapias compared with those of the control group. However, a high level of chitosan (8 g kg-1) decreased its efficiency compared to moderate level of chitosan (4 g kg-1). The results demonstrated that chitosan could promote the growth of tilapias and improve their disease resistance against A. hydrophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengjun Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, 59 Cangwu Road, Haizhou 222005, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, 59 Cangwu Road, Haizhou 222005, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, 59 Cangwu Road, Haizhou 222005, China.
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Jia Q, Xie Y, Lu C, Zhang A, Lu Y, Lv S, Zhang J. Endocrine organs of cardiovascular diseases: Gut microbiota. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:2314-2323. [PMID: 30688023 PMCID: PMC6433674 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota (GM) is a collection of bacteria, fungi, archaea, viruses and protozoa, etc. They inhabit human intestines and play an essential role in human health and disease. Close information exchange between the intestinal microbes and the host performs a vital role in digestion, immune defence, nervous system regulation, especially metabolism, maintaining a delicate balance between itself and the human host. Studies have shown that the composition of GM and its metabolites are firmly related to the occurrence of various diseases. More and more researchers have demonstrated that the intestinal microbiota is a virtual 'organ' with endocrine function and the bioactive metabolites produced by it can affect the physiological role of the host. With deepening researches in recent years, clinical data indicated that the GM has a significant effect on the occurrence and development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). This article systematically elaborated the relationship between metabolites of GM and its effects, the relationship between intestinal dysbacteriosis and cardiovascular risk factors, coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, heart failure and hypertension and the possible pathogenic mechanisms. Regulating the GM is supposed to be a potential new therapeutic target for CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiujin Jia
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingyu Xie
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunmiao Lu
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Ao Zhang
- Epidemiology, College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Yanmin Lu
- Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Shichao Lv
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Junping Zhang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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Yu XH, Zhang DW, Zheng XL, Tang CK. Cholesterol transport system: An integrated cholesterol transport model involved in atherosclerosis. Prog Lipid Res 2018; 73:65-91. [PMID: 30528667 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, the pathological basis of most cardiovascular disease (CVD), is closely associated with cholesterol accumulation in the arterial intima. Excessive cholesterol is removed by the reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) pathway, representing a major antiatherogenic mechanism. In addition to the RCT, other pathways are required for maintaining the whole-body cholesterol homeostasis. Thus, we propose a working model of integrated cholesterol transport, termed the cholesterol transport system (CTS), to describe body cholesterol metabolism. The novel model not only involves the classical view of RCT but also contains other steps, such as cholesterol absorption in the small intestine, low-density lipoprotein uptake by the liver, and transintestinal cholesterol excretion. Extensive studies have shown that dysfunctional CTS is one of the major causes for hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. Currently, several drugs are available to improve the CTS efficiently. There are also several therapeutic approaches that have entered into clinical trials and shown considerable promise for decreasing the risk of CVD. In recent years, a variety of novel findings reveal the molecular mechanisms for the CTS and its role in the development of atherosclerosis, thereby providing novel insights into the understanding of whole-body cholesterol transport and metabolism. In this review, we summarize the latest advances in this area with an emphasis on the therapeutic potential of targeting the CTS in CVD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hua Yu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Experiment Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Da-Wei Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics and Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - Xi-Long Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Sciences Center, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Chao-Ke Tang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Experiment Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
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Jiang Y, Fu C, Liu G, Guo J, Su Z. Cholesterol-lowering effects and potential mechanisms of chitooligosaccharide capsules in hyperlipidemic rats. Food Nutr Res 2018; 62:1446. [PMID: 29922118 PMCID: PMC6002375 DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v62.1446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chitooligosaccharide (COS) has shown potential antihyperlipidemic activity in a few studies as a functional food. Method We investigated the cholesterol-lowering effect and potential mechanisms of chitooligosaccharide capsules (COSTC) in male SD rats fed a high-fat diet. Results COSTC could ameliorate serum lipid levels. Simultaneously, the cholesterol-lowering effect is probably attributed to its role in two pathways: upregulating the gene expression and activity of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1), liver X receptor alpha (LXRA), and peroxisome proliferation activated receptor-α (PPARα), which facilitates the conversion of cholesterol into bile acid; downregulating the gene expression and activity of enzymes including 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR) and sterol-responsive element binding protein-2 (SREBP2) and upregulating the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) to reduce the denovo synthesis of cholesterol. Conclusion Studies have suggested that COSTC has potential usefulness as a natural supplement or functional food for preventing and treating hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Jiang
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Unit of Modulating Liver to Treat Hyperlipemia SATCM (State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuhan Fu
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Unit of Modulating Liver to Treat Hyperlipemia SATCM (State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guihua Liu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiao Guo
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Unit of Modulating Liver to Treat Hyperlipemia SATCM (State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengquan Su
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Unit of Modulating Liver to Treat Hyperlipemia SATCM (State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
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Yang X, Zhang J, Chen L, Wu Q, Yu C. Chitosan oligosaccharides enhance lipid droplets via down-regulation of PCSK9 gene expression in HepG2 cells. Exp Cell Res 2018; 366:152-160. [PMID: 29548750 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Chitosan oligosaccharides (COS), linear polymers of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and deacetylated glucosamine, exhibit diverse pharmacological effects such as antimicrobial, antitumor, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Here, we explored their hypocholesterolemic effects in vivo and the molecular mechanisms of COS in hepatic cells. Our in vivo study of dyslipidemic ApoE-/- male mice showed that COS treatment of 500 mg kg-1 d-1 for 4 weeks clearly reduced the lipid deposits in the aorta and significantly decreased the hepatic proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) protein levels versus HFD groups (p < 0.05). To elucidate the mechanisms behind these effects, the HepG2 cell line was treated with COS. We found that COS (200 μg/ml) increased the amount of cell-surface low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and enhanced the lipid droplets in HepG2 cells (p < 0.05). The mRNA levels of LDLR and HMG-CoA protein levels were not altered, and the mRNA levels of PCSK9 were down-regulated by COS treatment for 24 h. We also observed that the expression levels of SREBP-2 (125 kD) and HNF-1α were increased in total cell lysates, but nuclear SREBP-2 (nSREBP-2, 68 kD, the active subunit of SREBP-2) levels were decreased and FOXO3a levels increased in nuclear lysates after COS treatment for 24 h. We demonstrated that one of the reasons for regulation of lipid transfer with COS is that FOXO3a levels are up-regulated by COS, leading to a reduction in the PCSK9 promoter binding capacity of HNF-1α and thus suppressing PCSK9 gene expression, up-regulating LDLR levels, and enhancing the lipid droplets in HepG2 cells. In addition, decreased expression of the PCSK9 gene was also contributed to by down-regulation of SREBP-2 by COS. We further confirmed the effect of suppression of PCSK9 expression by COS by utilizing RNA interference to silence HNF-1α and SREBP-2. Finally, to the best of our knowledge, we are the first to demonstrate that PCSK9 expression and LDLR activity are synergistically changed by a combination of HNF-1α and SREBP-2 after COS treatment. Our findings indicate that COS may regulate PCSK9 to modulate hepatic LDLR abundance and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Yang
- Institute of Life Science and College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Institute of Life Science and College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Linmu Chen
- Institute of Life Science and College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Institute of Life Science and College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Chao Yu
- Institute of Life Science and College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Accumulating evidence has provided new insights regarding potentially effective therapeutic options targeting modulation of HDL metabolism, resulting in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. The gut microbiota has now been convincingly linked to host health, but its impact on host lipid metabolism, especially HDL metabolism, remains poorly understood. This review focuses on the recent progress in establishing associations between gut microbiota and host HDL metabolism. It also discusses causality and mechanisms, and how to translate the findings into clinical use. RECENT FINDINGS Recent human and animal studies have demonstrated that the gut microbiota composition can explain a substantial proportion of the individual variation in host blood lipid profiles. In addition, signaling molecules produced by gut microbiota have been shown to have potent effects on reverse cholesterol transport, a crucial atheroprotective function of HDL, which could subsequently influence the development of atherosclerosis. Ultimately, selective manipulation of gut microbiota may serve as an ideal therapeutic approach for improving HDL function and cardiovascular risk, although further studies are needed for a better understanding of which specific bacteria, or alternatively, which bacterial metabolites, are appropriate targets. SUMMARY We are just beginning to understand how the gut microbiota, a newly recognized endocrine organ system, influences HDL metabolism and atherosclerotic diseases. From recent experimental and clinical perspectives, it can be targeted for therapeutic benefit with respect to HDL function and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Nakaya
- Division of Antiaging and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa
- Department of Cardiology, Japan Self Defense Forces Central Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsunori Ikewaki
- Division of Antiaging and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa
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Huang YC, Tan XR. Association of gut microbiota with cardiovascular diseases: Present and future. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2017; 25:31-42. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v25.i1.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that gut microbiota, such as microbiota component, specific flora, and category changes, is highly associated with different diseases. This review systematically describes the association between the dysbiosis of gut microbiota and specific cardiovascular diseases, e.g., hypertension, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and heart failure. In addition, we discuss the category changes in gut microbiota found in these diseases and the possible pathogenic mechanisms. Gut dysbiosis may be one of the causes of cardiovascular diseases. Antibiotics and probiotics have a positive effect on blood pressure, and probiotics also work in hyperlipemia. Drugs altering the metabolic activity of gut microbiota can decrease the level of trimethylamine N-oxide and thus lower blood pressure. In addition, it has been found that the Mediterranean-style diet can prevent cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, regulation of gut microbiota might be a potential therapy for cardiovascular diseases.
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Pan H, Yang Q, Huang G, Ding C, Cao P, Huang L, Xiao T, Guo J, Su Z. Hypolipidemic effects of chitosan and its derivatives in hyperlipidemic rats induced by a high-fat diet. Food Nutr Res 2016; 60:31137. [PMID: 27146338 PMCID: PMC4856842 DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v60.31137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hyperlipidemia (HLP) is the primary risk factor of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Various factors, including genetics, physical inactivity, and daily nutritional habits, affect the prevalence of HLP. Recently, it was revealed that dietary fibers, such as pectin, psyllium, and especially chitosan (CTS), may play important roles in hypolipidemic management. Thus, this study aims to determine the hypolipidemic effect and mechanism of CTS and its water-soluble derivatives, chitosan oligosaccharides (MN≤1,000 Da (COSI) and MN≤3,000 Da (COSIII)), in male hyperlipidemic rats induced by a high-fat diet (HFD). Design After the model creation, 120 Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were equally assigned to 12 groups fed various diets as follows: the normal group with basic diet, an HFD group, an HFD group supplemented with three doses of CTS, COSI and COSIII groups, and an HFD group treated with simvastatin (7 mg/kg·d). After 6 weeks, body weight, fat/body ratio, and the relevant biomarkers of serum, liver, and feces were measured. Additionally, the histological analysis of liver and adipose tissue was performed, and the mRNA expressions of liver peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα) and hepatic lipase (HL) were examined. Results Compared with HFD group, rats fed CTS, COSI, and COSIII showed a better ability to regulate their body weight, liver and cardiac indices, fat/body ratio, as well as serum, liver, and fecal lipids, and simultaneously to maintain the appropriate activity of liver and serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), as well as liver and fecal total bile acids (TBA). Simultaneously, there had been a higher mRNA expression of PPARα and HL in the treatment groups. Conclusion The obtained results suggested that these three function foods can effectively improve liver lipid metabolism by normalizing the expressions of PPARα and HL, and protect liver from the oxidized trauma by enhancing hepatic function, which could be potentially used to remedy hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Pan
- Key Research Center of Liver Regulation for Hyperlipidemia SATCM/Class III Laboratory of Metabolism SATCM, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingyun Yang
- Key Research Center of Liver Regulation for Hyperlipidemia SATCM/Class III Laboratory of Metabolism SATCM, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guidong Huang
- Key Research Center of Liver Regulation for Hyperlipidemia SATCM/Class III Laboratory of Metabolism SATCM, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chen Ding
- Key Research Center of Liver Regulation for Hyperlipidemia SATCM/Class III Laboratory of Metabolism SATCM, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peiqiu Cao
- Key Research Center of Liver Regulation for Hyperlipidemia SATCM/Class III Laboratory of Metabolism SATCM, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lanlan Huang
- Key Research Center of Liver Regulation for Hyperlipidemia SATCM/Class III Laboratory of Metabolism SATCM, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tiancun Xiao
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Guangzhou Boxabio Ltd, D-106 Guangzhou International Business Incubator, Guangzhou Science City, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiao Guo
- Key Research Center of Liver Regulation for Hyperlipidemia SATCM/Class III Laboratory of Metabolism SATCM, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China;
| | - Zhengquan Su
- Key Research Center of Liver Regulation for Hyperlipidemia SATCM/Class III Laboratory of Metabolism SATCM, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China;
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The binding capability of plasma phospholipid transfer protein, but not HDL pool size, is critical to repress LPS induced inflammation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20845. [PMID: 26857615 PMCID: PMC4746621 DOI: 10.1038/srep20845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) participates in high density lipoprotein (HDL) metabolism. Increased plasma PLTP activity was observed in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) triggered acute inflammatory diseases. This study aimed to determine the exact role of PLTP in LPS induced inflammation. HDL pool size was shrunk both in PLTP deficient mice (PLTP−/−) and PLTP transgenic mice (PLTP-Tg). PLTP displayed a strong protective effect on lethal endotoxemia in mice survival study. Furthermore, after LPS stimulation, the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines were increased in bone marrow derived macrophage (BMDM) from PLTP−/−, while decreased in BMDM from PLTP-Tg compared with BMDM from wild-type mice (WT). Moreover, LPS induced nuclear factor kappa-B (NFκB) activation was enhanced in PLTP−/− BMDM or PLTP knockdown RAW264.7. Conversely, PLTP overexpression countered the NFκB activation in LPS challenged BMDM. Additionally, the activation of toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) induced by LPS showed no alteration in PLTP−/− BMDM. Finally, PLTP could bind to LPS, attenuate the pro-inflammatory effects of LPS, and improve the cell viability in vitro. To sum up, these findings elucidated that PLTP repressed LPS induced inflammation due to extracellular LPS binding capability, and the protective effects were not related to HDL pool size in mice.
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van der Gronde T, Hartog A, van Hees C, Pellikaan H, Pieters T. Systematic review of the mechanisms and evidence behind the hypocholesterolaemic effects of HPMC, pectin and chitosan in animal trials. Food Chem 2015; 199:746-59. [PMID: 26776032 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Revised: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Dietary fibres have diverse mechanisms in reducing plasma cholesterol, which could be useful for treating high levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). The objective of this review is to determine the state of the evidence for the cholesterol-lowering effects of three selected fibres and their mechanisms, using the most recent animal trials. Therefore, a systematic review was conducted for hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), pectin and chitosan in Pubmed, Embase and the Cochrane Library. All fibres reviewed reduced total cholesterol, very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) and LDL-C. Pectin gave a small, and chitosan an impressive rise in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). A limitation of this study is the variety of animal models, each with distinct cholesterol profiles. Possible publication bias was also detected. In conclusion, chitosan seems to be the most promising of the studied fibres. A dietary fibre could be designed that yields the best cholesterol-lowering effect, using experiences in tailoring physicochemical properties and primarily exploiting the biophysical mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toon van der Gronde
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anita Hartog
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan 12, 3583 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte van Hees
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Toine Pieters
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Freudenthal Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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23
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Xie C, Wu X, Guo X, Long C, Li S, Hu CAA, Yin Y. Maternal chitosan oligosaccharide supplementation affecting expression of circadian clock genes, and possible association with hepatic cholesterol accumulation in suckling piglets. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2015.1108059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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24
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Xie C, Guo X, Long C, Fan Z, Xiao D, Ruan Z, Deng ZY, Wu X, Yin Y. Supplementation of the sow diet with chitosan oligosaccharide during late gestation and lactation affects hepatic gluconeogenesis of suckling piglets. Anim Reprod Sci 2015; 159:109-17. [PMID: 26070910 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) has a blood glucose lowering effect in diabetic rats and is widely used as a dietary supplement. However, the effect of COS on the offspring of supplemented mothers is unknown. This experiment investigates the effect of supplementing sows during gestation and lactation on the levels of plasma glucose on suckling piglets. From day 85 of gestation to day 14 of lactation, 40 pregnant sows were divided into two treatment groups and fed either a control diet or a control diet containing 30mgCOS/kg. One 14 day old piglet per pen was selected to collect plasma and tissue (8pens/diet). Performance, hepatic gluconeogenesis genes and proteins expression, amino acids contents in sow milk, hepatic glycogen and free fatty acid were determined. Results showed that supplementation of the maternal diet with COS improved daily gain and weaning weight (P<0.05), and the concentration of amino acids in sow milk (P<0.05). Meanwhile, maternal supplementation with COS increased (P<0.05) mRNA expression levels and activities of PEPCK-C, PEPCK-M and G6Pase in the liver of piglets compared with piglets from control fed sows. Correspondingly, the level of plasma glucose was higher (P<0.001) and hepatic glycogen was lower (P<0.05) in piglets from COS fed sows when compared with that in the control group. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of the diet with COS during late gestation and lactation reduced piglet hypoglycemia by stimulating hepatic gluconeogenesis and improved the growth rate of suckling piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Xie
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10008, China
| | - Xiaoyun Guo
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology and College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Cimin Long
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Zhiyong Fan
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Dingfu Xiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Zheng Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology and College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Ze-yuan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology and College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology and College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China.
| | - Yulong Yin
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology and College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China; School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 41008, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10008, China.
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Yu Y, Luo T, Liu S, Song G, Han J, Wang Y, Yao S, Feng L, Qin S. Chitosan Oligosaccharides Attenuate Atherosclerosis and Decrease Non-HDL in ApoE-/- Mice. J Atheroscler Thromb 2015; 22:926-41. [DOI: 10.5551/jat.22939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Atherosclerosis in Universities of Shandong; Institute of Atherosclerosis, Taishan Medical University
| | - Tian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Atherosclerosis in Universities of Shandong; Institute of Atherosclerosis, Taishan Medical University
| | - Shuai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Atherosclerosis in Universities of Shandong; Institute of Atherosclerosis, Taishan Medical University
| | - Guohua Song
- Key Laboratory of Atherosclerosis in Universities of Shandong; Institute of Atherosclerosis, Taishan Medical University
| | - Jiju Han
- Key Laboratory of Atherosclerosis in Universities of Shandong; Institute of Atherosclerosis, Taishan Medical University
| | - Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Atherosclerosis in Universities of Shandong; Institute of Atherosclerosis, Taishan Medical University
| | - Shutong Yao
- Key Laboratory of Atherosclerosis in Universities of Shandong; Institute of Atherosclerosis, Taishan Medical University
| | - Lei Feng
- Key Laboratory of Atherosclerosis in Universities of Shandong; Institute of Atherosclerosis, Taishan Medical University
| | - Shucun Qin
- Key Laboratory of Atherosclerosis in Universities of Shandong; Institute of Atherosclerosis, Taishan Medical University
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26
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Guo S, Yu Y, Zhang N, Cui Y, Zhai L, Li H, Zhang Y, Li F, Kan Y, Qin S. Higher level of plasma bioactive molecule sphingosine 1-phosphate in women is associated with estrogen. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1841:836-46. [PMID: 24603322 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Both sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) and estrogen have been documented to play endothelial protective roles. However, it remains unclear whether estrogen could regulate the anabolism of the bioactive molecule S1P and the underlying mechanisms. In this study, 108 healthy participants were separated into three age groups, and their plasma S1P levels were analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Results showed that the plasma S1P levels were significantly higher in women than those in men within the age of 16-55years old and higher in pre-menopausal than post-menopausal women. The experiment in C57 BL/6 mice confirmed the gender difference of plasma S1P level. In vitro study demonstrated that after the stimulation of 17β-estradiol (E2), S1P levels both in EA.hy926 cells and the culture media were increased about 9 and 3 times, respectively; the mRNA expression, the protein level and the activity of sphingosine kinase (SphK) 1, not SphK2, were markedly increased; the mRNA and protein expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABC) C1, G2 and S1P transporter spinster homolog 2 (Spns2) were significantly elevated; furthermore, the mRNA and protein expressions of S1P receptors (S1PRs) 1-2 were increased in a time-dependent manner. This study suggests that E2 markedly improves S1P synthesis by activating SphK1 and induces S1P export via activating ABCC1, G2 and Spns2 from endothelium system, which may consequently lead to the gender difference of plasma S1P in adult human and mouse. The results of this study suggest that E2 may exert its vasculoprotective function by activation of the SphK1-S1P-S1PR signaling axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoudong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Atherosclerosis in Universities of Shandong Province, Institute of Atherosclerosis, Taishan Medical University, Taian, 271000, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Atherosclerosis in Universities of Shandong Province, Institute of Atherosclerosis, Taishan Medical University, Taian, 271000, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Atherosclerosis in Universities of Shandong Province, Institute of Atherosclerosis, Taishan Medical University, Taian, 271000, China
| | - Yingjie Cui
- Key Laboratory of Atherosclerosis in Universities of Shandong Province, Institute of Atherosclerosis, Taishan Medical University, Taian, 271000, China
| | - Lei Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Atherosclerosis in Universities of Shandong Province, Institute of Atherosclerosis, Taishan Medical University, Taian, 271000, China
| | - Helou Li
- The Affiliated Hospital of Taishan Medical University, Taian, 271000, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Atherosclerosis in Universities of Shandong Province, Institute of Atherosclerosis, Taishan Medical University, Taian, 271000, China
| | - Fuyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Atherosclerosis in Universities of Shandong Province, Institute of Atherosclerosis, Taishan Medical University, Taian, 271000, China
| | - Yujie Kan
- Key Laboratory of Atherosclerosis in Universities of Shandong Province, Institute of Atherosclerosis, Taishan Medical University, Taian, 271000, China
| | - Shucun Qin
- Key Laboratory of Atherosclerosis in Universities of Shandong Province, Institute of Atherosclerosis, Taishan Medical University, Taian, 271000, China.
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Yu Y, Guo S, Feng Y, Feng L, Cui Y, Song G, Luo T, Zhang K, Wang Y, Jiang XC, Qin S. Phospholipid Transfer Protein Deficiency Decreases the Content of S1P in HDL via the Loss of its Transfer Capability. Lipids 2013; 49:183-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-013-3850-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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28
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Koeth RA, Wang Z, Levison BS, Buffa JA, Org E, Sheehy BT, Britt EB, Fu X, Wu Y, Li L, Smith JD, DiDonato JA, Chen J, Li H, Wu GD, Lewis JD, Warrier M, Brown JM, Krauss RM, Tang WHW, Bushman FD, Lusis AJ, Hazen SL. Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis. Nat Med 2013; 19:576-85. [PMID: 23563705 PMCID: PMC3650111 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2896] [Impact Index Per Article: 263.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal microbiota metabolism of choline and phosphatidylcholine produces trimethylamine (TMA), which is further metabolized to a proatherogenic species, trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO). We demonstrate here that metabolism by intestinal microbiota of dietary L-carnitine, a trimethylamine abundant in red meat, also produces TMAO and accelerates atherosclerosis in mice. Omnivorous human subjects produced more TMAO than did vegans or vegetarians following ingestion of L-carnitine through a microbiota-dependent mechanism. The presence of specific bacterial taxa in human feces was associated with both plasma TMAO concentration and dietary status. Plasma L-carnitine levels in subjects undergoing cardiac evaluation (n = 2,595) predicted increased risks for both prevalent cardiovascular disease (CVD) and incident major adverse cardiac events (myocardial infarction, stroke or death), but only among subjects with concurrently high TMAO levels. Chronic dietary L-carnitine supplementation in mice altered cecal microbial composition, markedly enhanced synthesis of TMA and TMAO, and increased atherosclerosis, but this did not occur if intestinal microbiota was concurrently suppressed. In mice with an intact intestinal microbiota, dietary supplementation with TMAO or either carnitine or choline reduced in vivo reverse cholesterol transport. Intestinal microbiota may thus contribute to the well-established link between high levels of red meat consumption and CVD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Koeth
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
- Center for Cardiovascular Diagnostics and Prevention, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Zeneng Wang
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
- Center for Cardiovascular Diagnostics and Prevention, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Bruce S. Levison
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
- Center for Cardiovascular Diagnostics and Prevention, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Buffa
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
- Center for Cardiovascular Diagnostics and Prevention, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Elin Org
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles 90095, USA
| | - Brendan T. Sheehy
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Earl B. Britt
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
- Center for Cardiovascular Diagnostics and Prevention, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Xiaoming Fu
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
- Center for Cardiovascular Diagnostics and Prevention, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Yuping Wu
- Department of Mathematics, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio 44115, USA
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
- Center for Cardiovascular Diagnostics and Prevention, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Jonathan D. Smith
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
- Center for Cardiovascular Diagnostics and Prevention, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Joseph A. DiDonato
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
- Center for Cardiovascular Diagnostics and Prevention, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hongzhe Li
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Gary D. Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - James D. Lewis
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Manya Warrier
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - J. Mark Brown
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Ronald M. Krauss
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94609, USA
| | - W. H. Wilson Tang
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
- Center for Cardiovascular Diagnostics and Prevention, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Frederic D. Bushman
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Aldons J. Lusis
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles 90095, USA
| | - Stanley L. Hazen
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
- Center for Cardiovascular Diagnostics and Prevention, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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