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Dong J, Che J, Wu Y, Deng Y, Jiang X, He Z, Zhang J. Dexmedetomidine promotes colorectal cancer progression via Piwil2 signaling. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2024:10.1007/s13402-024-00944-8. [PMID: 38592610 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-024-00944-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE α2-adrenoceptor agonist dexmedetomidine (DEX) has been reported to promote tumorigenesis. Stem-cell protein Piwil2 is associated with cancer progression. Whether Piwil2 plays a role in tumor-promoting effects of DEX is unknown. METHODS We examined the expression of Piwil2 in human colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines with/without DEX treatment. We also studied the roles of Piwil2 in proliferation, invasion, migration, as well as expressions of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related proteins in DEX-treated in vitro and in vivo CRC models. And the experiments with genetic and pharmacological treatments were conducted to investigate the underlying molecular mechanism. RESULTS RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis found Piwil2 is one of most upregulated genes upon DEX treatment in CRC cells. Furthermore, Piwil2 protein levels significantly increased in DEX-treated CRC cancer cells, which promoted proliferation, invasion, and migration in both CRC cell lines and human tumor xenografts model. Mechanistically, DEX increased nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) expression, which enhanced Piwil2 transcription via binding to its promoter. Furthermore, in vitro experiments with Piwil2 knockdown or Siah2 inhibition indicated that DEX promoted EMT process and tumorigenesis through Siah2/PHD3/HIF1α pathway. The experiments with another α2-adrenoceptor agonist Brimonidine and antagonists yohimbine and atipamezole also suggested the role of Piwil2 signaling in tumor-promoting effects via an α2 adrenoceptor-dependent manner. CONCLUSION DEX promotes CRC progression may via activating α2 adrenoceptor-dependent Nrf2/Piwil2/Siah2 pathway and thus EMT process. Our work provides a novel insight into the mechanism underlying tumor-promoting effects of α2-adrenoceptor agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong'An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Ji Che
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong'An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong'An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Yixu Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong'An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Xuliang Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong'An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong He
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong'An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong'An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, No. 270 Dong'An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China.
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Garcia-Borja E, Siegl F, Mateu R, Slaby O, Sedo A, Busek P, Sana J. Critical appraisal of the piRNA-PIWI axis in cancer and cancer stem cells. Biomark Res 2024; 12:15. [PMID: 38303021 PMCID: PMC10836005 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-024-00563-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Small noncoding RNAs play an important role in various disease states, including cancer. PIWI proteins, a subfamily of Argonaute proteins, and PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) were originally described as germline-specific molecules that inhibit the deleterious activity of transposable elements. However, several studies have suggested a role for the piRNA-PIWI axis in somatic cells, including somatic stem cells. Dysregulated expression of piRNAs and PIWI proteins in human tumors implies that, analogously to their roles in undifferentiated cells under physiological conditions, these molecules may be important for cancer stem cells and thus contribute to cancer progression. We provide an overview of piRNA biogenesis and critically review the evidence for the role of piRNA-PIWI axis in cancer stem cells. In addition, we examine the potential of piRNAs and PIWI proteins to become biomarkers in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Garcia-Borja
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, U Nemocnice 478/5, Prague 2, 128 53, Czech Republic
| | - Frantisek Siegl
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Rosana Mateu
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, U Nemocnice 478/5, Prague 2, 128 53, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Slaby
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Aleksi Sedo
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, U Nemocnice 478/5, Prague 2, 128 53, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Busek
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, U Nemocnice 478/5, Prague 2, 128 53, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiri Sana
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic.
- Department of Comprehensive Cancer Care, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic.
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Hammad G, Mamdouh S, Seoudi DM, Seleem MI, Safwat G, Mohamed RH. Elevated expression patterns of P-element Induced Wimpy Testis (PIWI) transcripts are potential candidate markers for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancer Biomark 2024; 39:95-111. [PMID: 38043006 PMCID: PMC11002723 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-230134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND P-Element-induced wimpy testis (PIWI) proteins, when in combination with PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA), are engaged in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression in germline cells. Different types of tumour cells have been found to exhibit abnormal expression of piRNA, PIWIL-mRNAs, and proteins. We aimed to determine the mRNA expression profiles of PIWIL1, PIWIL2, PIWIL3, & PIWIL4, in hepatocellular carcinoma patients, and to associate their expression patterns with clinicopathological features. METHODS The expression patterns of PIWIL1, PIWIL2, PIWIL3, PIWIL4 mRNA, was assessed via real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-QPCR), on tissue and serum samples from HCC patients, their impact for diagnosis was evaluated by ROC curves, prognostic utility was determined, and In Silico analysis was conducted for predicted variant detection, association with HCC microRNAs and Network Analysis. RESULTS Expression levels were significantly higher in both HCC tissue and serum samples than in their respective controls (p< 0.001). Additionally, the diagnostic performance was assessed, Risk determination was found to be statistically significant. CONCLUSION PIWIL mRNAs are overexpressed in HCC tissue and serum samples, the expression patterns could be valuable molecular markers for HCC, due to their association with age, tumour grade and pattern. To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first to report the expression levels of all PIWIL mRNA and to suggest their remarkable values as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, in addition to their correlation to HCC development. Additionally, a therapeutic opportunity might be also suggested through in silico miRNA prediction for HCC and PIWIL genes through DDX4 and miR-124-3p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gehan Hammad
- Faculty of Biotechnology, October University for Modern Sciences & Arts (MSA), Giza, Egypt
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Samah Mamdouh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dina Mohamed Seoudi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Ismail Seleem
- Department of Surgery, National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Gehan Safwat
- Faculty of Biotechnology, October University for Modern Sciences & Arts (MSA), Giza, Egypt
| | - Rania Hassan Mohamed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Kunnummal M, Raveendran PS, Basu B, Rani SV, Paul RA, Kuppusamy K, Angelin M, Issac J, James J, Das AV. HPV16 E6/E7-mediated regulation of PiwiL1 expression induces tumorigenesis in cervical cancer cells. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2023:10.1007/s13402-023-00904-8. [PMID: 38036929 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-023-00904-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE PiwiL1 has been reported to be over-expressed in many cancers. However, the molecular mechanism by which these proteins contribute to tumorigenesis and their regulation in cancer cells is still unclear. We intend to understand the role of PiwiL1 in tumorigenesis and also its regulation in cervical cells. METHODS We studied the effect of loss of PiwiL1 function on tumor properties of cervical cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Also we have looked into the effect of PiwiL1 overexpression in the malignant transformation of normal cells both in vitro and in vivo. Further RNA-seq and RIP-seq analyses were done to get insight of the direct and indirect targets of PiwiL1 in the cervical cancer cells. RESULTS Here, we report that PiwiL1 is not only over-expressed, but also play a major role in tumor induction and progression. Abolition of PiwiL1 in CaSki cells led to a decrease in the tumor-associated properties, whereas, its upregulation conferred malignant transformation of normal HaCaT cells. Our study delineates a new link between HPV oncogenes, E6 and E7 with PiwiL1. p53 and E2F1 directly bind and differentially regulate PiwiL1 promoter in a context-dependant manner. Further, RNA-seq together with RIP-RNA-seq suggested a strong and direct role for PiwiL1 in promoting metastasis in cervical cancer cells. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates that PiwiL1 act as an oncogene in cervical cancer by inducing tumor-associated properties and EMT pathway. The finding that HPV oncogenes, E6/E7 can positively regulate PiwiL1 suggests a possible mechanism behind HPV-mediated tumorigenesis in cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Midhunaraj Kunnummal
- Cancer Research Program-12, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (DBT-RGCB), Thycaud. P.O., Thiruvananthapuram-14, Kerala, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Tiger Circle Road, Madhav Nagar, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Pooja Sherly Raveendran
- Cancer Research Program-12, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (DBT-RGCB), Thycaud. P.O., Thiruvananthapuram-14, Kerala, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Tiger Circle Road, Madhav Nagar, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Budhaditya Basu
- Neuro Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Neurobiology Division, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (DBT-RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695 014, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology (DBT-RCB), Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Sheri Vidya Rani
- Cancer Research Program-12, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (DBT-RGCB), Thycaud. P.O., Thiruvananthapuram-14, Kerala, India
| | - Riya Ann Paul
- Neuro Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Neurobiology Division, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (DBT-RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695 014, India
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, 695011, Kerala, India
| | - Krithiga Kuppusamy
- Bioscience Research and Training Centre, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Science University, Thonnakkal, Thiruvananthapuram, 695317, Kerala, India
| | - Mary Angelin
- Cancer Research Program-12, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (DBT-RGCB), Thycaud. P.O., Thiruvananthapuram-14, Kerala, India
| | - Joby Issac
- Cancer Research Program-12, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (DBT-RGCB), Thycaud. P.O., Thiruvananthapuram-14, Kerala, India
| | - Jackson James
- Neuro Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Neurobiology Division, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (DBT-RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695 014, India
| | - Ani V Das
- Cancer Research Program-12, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (DBT-RGCB), Thycaud. P.O., Thiruvananthapuram-14, Kerala, India.
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Zhou J, Xie H, Liu J, Huang R, Xiang Y, Tian D, Bian E. PIWI-interacting RNAs: Critical roles and therapeutic targets in cancer. Cancer Lett 2023; 562:216189. [PMID: 37076042 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2023.216189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
P-element-induced wimpy testis (PIWI)-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are a novel class of small regulatory RNAs (approximately 24-31 nucleotides in length) that often bind to members of the PIWI protein family. piRNAs regulate transposons in animal germ cells; piRNAs are also specifically expressed in many human tissues and regulate pivotal signaling pathways. Additionally, the abnormal expression of piRNAs and PIWI proteins has been associated with various malignant tumours, and multiple mechanisms of piRNA-mediated target gene dysregulation are involved in tumourigenesis and progression, suggesting that they have the potential to serve as new biomarkers and therapeutic targets for tumours. However, the functions and potential mechanisms of action of piRNAs in cancer have not yet been elucidated. This review summarises the current findings on the biogenesis, function, and mechanisms of piRNAs and PIWI proteins in cancer. We also discuss the clinical significance of piRNAs as diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic tools for cancer. Finally, we present some critical questions regarding piRNA research that need to be addressed to provide insight into the future development of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Zhou
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Second School of Clinical Medical, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Han Xie
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 678 Fu Rong Road, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230601, China; Institute of Orthopaedics, Research Center for Translational Medicine, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 678 Fu Rong Road, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230601, China; Institute of Orthopaedics, Research Center for Translational Medicine, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Ruixiang Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 678 Fu Rong Road, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230601, China; Institute of Orthopaedics, Research Center for Translational Medicine, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Yufei Xiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 678 Fu Rong Road, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230601, China; Institute of Orthopaedics, Research Center for Translational Medicine, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Dasheng Tian
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 678 Fu Rong Road, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230601, China; Institute of Orthopaedics, Research Center for Translational Medicine, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China.
| | - Erbao Bian
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 678 Fu Rong Road, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230601, China; Institute of Orthopaedics, Research Center for Translational Medicine, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China.
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Kishani Farahani R, Soleimanpour S, Golmohammadi M, Soleimanpour-lichaei HR. PIWIL2 Regulates the Proliferation, Apoptosis and Colony Formation of Colorectal Cancer Cell Line. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 21:e3176. [PMID: 36811102 PMCID: PMC9938935 DOI: 10.30498/ijb.2022.307054.3176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Background Tumor cells proliferation and apoptosis inhibition are the mechanisms through which the Colorectal Cancer (CRC) progression, metastasis and chemoresistance are promoted pathologically, offering clinical advantages for characterizing their molecular regulators. Objectives In this study, to unravel the role of PIWIL2 as a potential CRC oncogenic regulator, we examined the effect of its overexpression on proliferation, apoptosis and colony formation of SW480 colon cancer cell line. Material and Methods Established SW480-P (overexpression of PIWIL2) and SW480-control (SW480-empty vector) cell lines were cultured in DMEM containing 10% FBS with 1% penicillin-streptomycin. The total DNA and RNA was extracted for further experiments. Real-Time PCR and western blotting assay were performed to measure the differential expression of proliferation associated genes including the expression of cell cycle and anti-apoptotic genes as well as Ki-67 and PIWIL2 in both cell lines. Cell proliferation was determined using MTT assay, doubling time assay and the colony formation rate of transfected cells was measured with the 2D colony formation assay. Results At the molecular level, PIWIL2 overexpression was associated with significant up-regulation of cyclin D1, STAT3, BCL2-L1, BCL2-L2 and Ki-67 genes. MTT and doubling time assay showed that PIWIL2 expression induced time-related effects on proliferation rate of SW480 cells. Moreover, SW480-P cells had markedly greater capacity to form colonies. Conclusions PIWIL2 plays important roles to promote cancer cell proliferation and colonization via the cell cycle acceleration and inhibition of apoptosis, the mechanisms through which this gene seems to contribute to CRC development, metastasis and chemoresistance, hence potentially highlighting PIWIL2 targeted therapy as a valuable tool for CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Kishani Farahani
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Hamid Reza Soleimanpour-lichaei
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
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Ray SK, Mukherjee S. Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) and Colorectal Carcinoma: Emerging Non-invasive diagnostic Biomarkers with Potential Therapeutic Target Based Clinical Implications. Curr Mol Med 2023; 23:300-311. [PMID: 35068393 DOI: 10.2174/1566524022666220124102616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) constitute new small non-coding RNA molecules of around 24-31 nucleotides in length, mostly performing regulatory roles for the piwi protein family members. In recent times, developing evidence proposes that piRNAs are expressed in a tissue-specific way in various human tissues and act as moderate vital signalling pathways at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional level in addition to mammalian germline. Recent findings, however, show that the unusual expression of piRNAs is an exclusive and discrete feature in several diseases, including many human cancers. Recently, considerable evidence indicates that piRNAs could be dysregulated thus playing critical roles in tumorigenesis. The function and underlying mechanisms of piRNAs in cancer, particularly in colorectal carcinoma, are not fully understood to date. Abnormal expression of piRNAs is emerging as a critical player in cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, and migration in vitro and in vivo. Functionally, piRNAs preserve genomic integrity and regulate the expression of downstream target genes through transcriptional or post-transcriptional mechanisms by repressing transposable elements' mobilization. However, little research has been done to check Piwi and piRNAs' potential role in cancer and preserve genome integrity by epigenetically silencing transposons via DNA methylation, especially in germline cancer stem cells. This review reveals emerging insights into piRNA functions in colorectal carcinoma, revealing novel findings behind various piRNA-mediated gene regulation mechanisms, biogenetic piRNA processes, and possible applications of piRNAs and piwi proteins in cancer diagnosis and their potential clinical significance in the treatment of colorectal carcinoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sukhes Mukherjee
- Associate Professor, Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh-462020, India
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Chattopadhyay T, Gupta P, Nayak R, Mallick B. Genome-wide profiling of dysregulated piRNAs and their target genes implicated in oncogenicity of Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Gene 2022; 849:146919. [PMID: 36179965 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are single-stranded, 23-36 nucleotide long RNAs that regulate gene expression in the germline but are also detected in some cancers. However, there are no reports yet on piRNA expression in tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC), the most common oral cancer (80-90% percent of all oral cancers). We performed small RNA and whole transcriptome sequencing in H357 tongue cancer and HOK cells (GEO database accession numbers: GSE196674 and GSE196688). We also examined nine published sets of gene expression array data of TSCC tissues from the GEO database to decode piRNAs and their putative targets that may be involved in tumorigenesis. We identified a pool of 16058 and 25677 piRNAs in H357 and HOK, respectively, among which 406 are differentially expressed. We also found that 2094 protein-coding genes are differentially expressed in either TSCC tissues or cell lines. We performed target predictions for these piRNA, pathway and disease function (DF) analyses, as well as qRT-PCR validation of piRNA-target pairs. These experiments revealed one up-regulated (FDFT1) and four down-regulated (OGA, BDH1, TAT, HYAL4) target genes that are enriched in 11 canonical pathways (CPs), with postulated roles in the initiation and progression of TSCC. Downregulation of piR-33422 is predicted to upregulate the FDFT1 gene, which encodes a mevalonate/cholesterol-pathway related farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyltransferase. The FDFT1 appears to be involved in the largest number of oncogenesis-related processes and is interacting with statins, which is a classical cancer drug. This study provides the first evidence of the piRNome of TSCC, which could be investigated further to decode piRNA-mediated gene regulations in malignancy and potential drug targets, such as FDFT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisha Chattopadhyay
- RNAi and Functional Genomics Lab, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Pooja Gupta
- RNAi and Functional Genomics Lab, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Rojalin Nayak
- RNAi and Functional Genomics Lab, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Bibekanand Mallick
- RNAi and Functional Genomics Lab, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India.
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Chattopadhyay T, Biswal P, Lalruatfela A, Mallick B. Emerging roles of PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) and PIWI proteins in head and neck cancer and their potential clinical implications. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188772. [PMID: 35931391 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are among the well-known neoplasms originating in the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx. Despite advancements in chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery, the survival rates of the patients are low, which has posed a major therapeutic challenge. A growing number of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), for instance, microRNAs, have been identified whose abnormal expression patterns have been implicated in HNSCC. However, more recently, several seminal research has shown that piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), a promising and young class of small ncRNA, are linked to the emergence and progression of cancer. They can regulate transposable elements (TE) and gene expression through multiple mechanisms, making them potentially more powerful regulators than miRNAs. Hence, they can be more promising ncRNAs candidates for cancer therapeutic intervention. Here, we surveyed the roles and clinical implications of piRNAs and their PIWI proteins partners in tumorigenesis and associated molecular processes of cancer, with a particular focus on HNSCC, to offer a new avenue for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic interventions for the malignancy, improving patient's outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisha Chattopadhyay
- RNAi and Functional Genomics Lab., Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Priyajit Biswal
- RNAi and Functional Genomics Lab., Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Anthony Lalruatfela
- RNAi and Functional Genomics Lab., Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Bibekanand Mallick
- RNAi and Functional Genomics Lab., Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India.
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AmeliMojarad M, Amelimojarad M. piRNAs and PIWI proteins as potential biomarkers in Breast cancer. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:9855-9862. [PMID: 35612777 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07506-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND PIWI interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are another subgroup of small non-coding RNAs, that can play different biological activity further to their capabilities in the germline such as regulating the gene and protein expression, epigenetic silencing of transposable elements, and regulating the spermatogenesis by interacting with PIWI proteins. METHODS We search online academic data bases including (Google Scholar, Web of Science and Pub Med), the relevant literature was extracted from the databases by using search terms of piRNAs and breast cancer as free-text words and also with the combination with OR /AND by may 2022. RESULTS Recently, with the help of next-generation sequencing abnormal piRNA expression has been observed to associate with the occurrence and development of human cancers, such as breast cancer (BC). Recent investigation proposing piRNA as a prognostic and diagnostic biomarker based on their cancer-related interaction in the treatment of BC. CONCLUSION This review aims to focus on the role of piRNAs in the initiation, progression, and the occurrence of breast cancer in order to understand its function and provide a better therapeutic strategy.
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AmeliMojarad M, AmeliMojarad M, Wang J. The function of novel small non-coding RNAs (piRNAs, tRFs) and PIWI protein in colorectal cancer. Cancer Treat Res Commun 2022; 31:100542. [PMID: 35248886 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctarc.2022.100542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Although great research has been done to clarify the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC), it is still the third common cancer worldwide. Pathogenesis of CRC as a heterogeneous disease is correlated with mutations and epigenetic alterations that result in the inactivation of tumor-suppressive and activation of an oncogene. Small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs), emerging as a key player in regulating the genes and protein expression, with a length less than 200 nucleotide (nt). In this review, we aimed to focus on the role and the biogenesis of PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNAs), and tRNA-derived small RNA (tRFs) and PIWI proteins in the initiation, progression, and metastasis of CRC and their molecular mechanisms to understand their function in cancers and to provide better therapeutic strategies for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jian Wang
- Department Genetic, Medical University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Department Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, England, United Kingdom.
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Mukherjee P, Bhattacharjee S, Mandal DP. PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA): a narrative review of its biogenesis, function, and emerging role in lung cancer. ASIAN BIOMED 2022; 16:3-14. [PMID: 37551397 PMCID: PMC10321162 DOI: 10.2478/abm-2022-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cancer remains elusive in many aspects, especially in its causes and control. After protein profiling, genetic screening, and mutation studies, scientists now have turned their attention to epigenetic modulation. This new arena has brought to light the world of noncoding RNA (ncRNA). Although very complicated and often confusing, ncRNA domains are now among the most attractive molecular markers for epigenetic control of cancer. Long ncRNA and microRNA (miRNA) have been studied best among the noncoding genome and huge data have accumulated regarding their inhibitory and promoting effects in cancer. Another sector of ncRNAs is the world of PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs). Initially discovered with the asymmetric division of germline stem cells in the Drosophila ovary, piRNAs have a unique capability to associate with mammalian proteins analogous to P-element induced wimpy testis (PIWI) in Drosophila and are capable of silencing transposons. After a brief introduction to its discovery timelines, the present narrative review covers the biogenesis, function, and role of piRNAs in lung cancer. The effects on lung cancer are highlighted under sections of cell proliferation, stemness maintenance, metastasis, and overall survival, and the review concludes with a discussion of recent discoveries of another class of small ncRNAs, the piRNA-like RNAs (piR-Ls).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritha Mukherjee
- Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Berunanpukuria, Malikapur, Barasat, Kolkata700126, West Bengal, India
| | - Shamee Bhattacharjee
- Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Berunanpukuria, Malikapur, Barasat, Kolkata700126, West Bengal, India
| | - Deba Prasad Mandal
- Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Berunanpukuria, Malikapur, Barasat, Kolkata700126, West Bengal, India
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Ameli Mojarad M, Ameli Mojarad M, Shojaee B, Nazemalhosseini-Mojarad E. piRNA: A promising biomarker in early detection of gastrointestinal cancer. Pathol Res Pract 2021; 230:153757. [PMID: 34998210 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2021.153757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) cancer has become the primary concern of today's society due to its aggressive nature and poor prognosis. PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), a subgroup of non-coding RNAs, are mainly expressed in the germline and have emerged as a critical regulator in gene expression and the epigenetic silencing of DNA transposable elements by interacting with PIWI proteins. piRNAs' dysregulations were reported to promote or suppress the initiation and development of different malignancies, especially gastrointestinal cancers. Recently, several studies suggested the use of piRNAs as potential cancer biomarkers associated with the progression and chemoresistance of GI cancer. Hence, this review article aims to focus on the role of piRNAs in GI cancer progression, metastasis, and their molecular mechanisms as therapeutic markers for GI cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melika Ameli Mojarad
- Department of Biology Faculty of Basics Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Bahador Shojaee
- Gastroenterology and Liver Disease Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ehsan Nazemalhosseini-Mojarad
- Gastroenterology and Liver Disease Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Baptista B, Riscado M, Queiroz J, Pichon C, Sousa F. Non-coding RNAs: Emerging from the discovery to therapeutic applications. Biochem Pharmacol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114469 order by 22025--] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
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15
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Sadoughi F, Mirhashemi SM, Asemi Z. Epigenetic roles of PIWI proteins and piRNAs in colorectal cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:328. [PMID: 34193172 PMCID: PMC8243752 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-02034-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Small non‐coding RNAs (sncRNAs) are a subgroup of non‐coding RNAs, with less than 200 nucleotides length and no potential for coding proteins. PiRNAs, a member of sncRNAs, were first discovered more than a decade ago and have attracted researcher’s attention because of their gene regulatory function both in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm. Recent investigations have found that the abnormal expression of these sncRNAs is involved in many human diseases, including cancers. Colorectal cancer (CRC), as a common gastrointestinal malignancy, is one of the important causes of cancer‐related deaths through the entire world and appears to be a consequence of mutation in the genome and epigenetic alterations. The aim of this review is to realize whether there is a relationship between CRC and piRNAs or not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Sadoughi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R. of Iran
| | - Seyyed Mehdi Mirhashemi
- Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
| | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R. of Iran.
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Baptista B, Riscado M, Queiroz JA, Pichon C, Sousa F. Non-coding RNAs: Emerging from the discovery to therapeutic applications. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 189:114469. [PMID: 33577888 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The knowledge about non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) is rapidly increasing with new data continuously emerging, regarding their diverse types, applications, and roles. Particular attention has been given to ncRNA with regulatory functions, which may have a critical role both in biological and pathological conditions. As a result of the diversity of ncRNAs and their ubiquitous involvement in several biologic processes, ncRNA started to be considered in the biomedical field, with immense potential to be exploited either as biomarkers or as therapeutic agents in certain pathologies. Indeed, ncRNA-based therapeutics have been proposed in many disorders and some even reached clinical trials. However, to prepare an RNA product suitable for pharmacological applications, certain criteria must be fulfilled, and it has to be guaranteed RNA purity, stability, and bioactivity. So, in this review, the different types of ncRNAs are identified and characterized, by describing their biogenesis, functions, and applications. A perspective on the main challenges and innovative approaches for the future and broad therapeutic application of RNA is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Baptista
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - M Riscado
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - J A Queiroz
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - C Pichon
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire (CBM), UPR 4301 CNRS & University of Orléans Orléans, France
| | - F Sousa
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
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Lee E, Lokman NA, Oehler MK, Ricciardelli C, Grutzner F. A Comprehensive Molecular and Clinical Analysis of the piRNA Pathway Genes in Ovarian Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 13:cancers13010004. [PMID: 33374923 PMCID: PMC7792616 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Although ovarian cancer (OC) is one of the most lethal gynecological cancers, its development and progression remain poorly understood. The piRNA pathway is important for transposon defense and genome stability. piRNA maturation and function involve a number of genes known as the piRNA pathway genes. These genes have recently been implicated in cancer development and progression but information about their role in OC is limited. Our work aimed to provide a better understanding of the roles of piRNA pathway genes in OC. Through analyzing changes in the abundance of 10 piRNA pathway genes, we discovered gene expression differences in benign vs. cancer, chemosensitive vs. chemoresistant and post hormone treatment in OC samples and cells. Furthermore, we observed the differential effects of these genes on patient survival and OC cell invasion. Overall, this work supports a role of the piRNA pathway genes in OC progression and encourages further study of their clinical relevance. Abstract Ovarian cancer (OC) is one of the most lethal gynecological malignancies, yet molecular mechanisms underlying its origin and progression remain poorly understood. With increasing reports of piRNA pathway deregulation in various cancers, we aimed to better understand its role in OC through a comprehensive analysis of key genes: PIWIL1-4, DDX4, HENMT1, MAEL, PLD6, TDRD1,9 and mutants of PIWIL1 (P1∆17) and PIWIL2 (PL2L60). High-throughput qRT-PCR (n = 45) and CSIOVDB (n = 3431) showed differential gene expression when comparing benign ovarian tumors, low grade OC and high grade serous OC (HGSOC). Significant correlation of disparate piRNA pathway gene expression levels with better progression free, post-progression free and overall survival suggests a complex role of this pathway in OC. We discovered PIWIL3 expression in chemosensitive but not chemoresistant primary HGSOC cells, providing a potential target against chemoresistant disease. As a first, we revealed that follicle stimulating hormone increased PIWIL2 expression in OV-90 cells. PIWIL1, P1∆17, PIWIL2, PL2L60 and MAEL overexpression in vitro and in vivo decreased motility and invasion of OVCAR-3 and OV-90 cells. Interestingly, P1∆17 and PL2L60, induced increased motility and invasion compared to PIWIL1 and PIWIL2. Our results in HGSOC highlight the intricate role piRNA pathway genes play in the development of malignant neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice Lee
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia;
| | - Noor A. Lokman
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; (N.A.L.); (M.K.O.)
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Martin K. Oehler
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; (N.A.L.); (M.K.O.)
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Carmela Ricciardelli
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; (N.A.L.); (M.K.O.)
- Correspondence: (C.R.); (F.G.); Tel.: +61-8-8313-8255 (C.R.); +61-8-8313-4812 (F.G.)
| | - Frank Grutzner
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia;
- Correspondence: (C.R.); (F.G.); Tel.: +61-8-8313-8255 (C.R.); +61-8-8313-4812 (F.G.)
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Biopathological Significance of PIWI-piRNA Pathway Deregulation in Invasive Breast Carcinomas. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12102833. [PMID: 33008024 PMCID: PMC7600338 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The PIWI-piRNA ribonucleoproteic complexes are pivotal regulators of genome integrity, differentiation and homeostasis and their dysregulation has recently been implicated in carcinogenesis. The aim of this study was to analyze the four PIWILs gene expression in invasive breast carcinomas (IBC) at RNA level using quantitative RT-PCR and protein level using immunohistochemistry. In normal breast tissue, PIWILs 2 and 4 were solely expressed, whereas an abnormal emergence of PIWIL1 and 3 was observed in respectively 30% and 6% of IBCs. Conversely, PIWIL2 was underexpressed in 48.3% and PIWIL4 downregulated in 43.3% of IBCs. Similar patterns of PIWIL deregulation were observed in a multitumoral panel, suggesting a generic mechanism in most cancers. PIWIL2 underexpression was significantly associated with DNA methylation and strong cytotoxic immune response. Characterization of the newly recognized PIWIL-piRNA pathway in IBCs opens interesting therapeutic perspectives using piRNAs, hypomethylating drugs, checkpoints immunotherapies and anti-PIWIL 1–3 antibodies. Abstract The PIWI proteins emerging in the development of human cancers, edify PIWI-piRNA ribonucleoproteic complexes acting as pivotal regulators of genome integrity, differentiation and homeostasis. The aim of this study is to analyze the four PIWILs gene expression in invasive breast carcinomas (IBCs): at RNA level using quantitative RT-PCR (n = 526) and protein level using immunohistochemistry (n = 150). In normal breast tissue, PIWILs 2 and 4 were solely expressed, whereas an abnormal emergence of PIWIL1 and 3 was observed in respectively 30% and 6% of IBCs. Conversely, PIWIL2 was underexpressed in 48.3% and PIWIL4 downregulated in 43.3% of IBCs. Significant positive associations were observed between PIWIL4 underexpression, HR+ status and HR+ ERBB2+ molecular subtype and PIWIL2 underexpression, PR- status, ERBB2- status and molecular subtype. Similar patterns of PIWIL deregulation were observed in a multitumoral panel, suggesting a generic mechanism in most cancers. PIWIL2-4 underexpression was mainly regulated at epigenetic or post-transcriptional levels. PIWIL2 underexpression was significantly associated with DNA methylation and strong cytotoxic immune response. PIWIL2-4 were mainly associated with genes implicated in cell proliferation. As a result of this study, characterization of the PIWIL-piRNA pathway in IBCs opens interesting therapeutic perspectives using piRNAs, hypomethylating drugs, checkpoints immunotherapies and anti-PIWIL 1–3 antibodies.
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Erber R, Meyer J, Taubert H, Fasching PA, Wach S, Häberle L, Gaß P, Schulz-Wendtland R, Landgraf L, Olbricht S, Jung R, Beckmann MW, Hartmann A, Ruebner M. PIWI-Like 1 and PIWI-Like 2 Expression in Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12102742. [PMID: 32987715 PMCID: PMC7598687 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary A family of proteins, the PIWI proteins, play a crucial role in the regulation of the development of germ cells and self-preservation of so-called stem cells. Former studies have shown that these proteins can be over- or underrepresented (over-/underexpressed) in some cancers and, in the case of abnormal expression, may be correlated with worse outcomes of tumor patients. In our study, we investigated the influence of the two PIWI proteins, PIWI-like 1 and PIWI-like 2, on the survival of breast cancer patients and their correlation with certain breast cancer subtypes. If a breast cancer showed a higher expression of PIWI-like 1 protein but less PIWI-like 2 protein than in non-tumorous tissue, the patient suffered from a more aggressive breast cancer subtype and had shorter survival. By analyzing these two proteins in breast cancer, we were able to predict tumor aggressiveness and prognosis. Abstract PIWI-like 1 and PIWI-like 2 play a role in stem cell self-renewal, and enhanced expression has been reported for several tumor entities. However, few studies have investigated PIWI-like 1 and PIWI-like 2 expressions in breast cancer subtypes regarding prognosis. Therefore, we examined protein expression in a large consecutive cohort of breast cancer patients and correlated it to breast cancer subtypes and survival outcome. PIWI-like 1 and PIWI-like 2 expressions were evaluated using immunohistochemistry in a cohort of 894 breast cancer patients, of whom 363 were eligible for further analysis. Percentage and intensity of stained tumor cells were analyzed and an immunoreactive score (IRS) was calculated. The interaction of PIWI-like 1 and PIWI-like 2 showed a prognostic effect on survival. For the combination of high PIWI-like 1 and low PIWI-like 2 expressions, adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) were significantly higher with regard to overall survival (OS) (HR 2.92; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.24, 6.90), disease-free survival (DFS) (HR 3.27; 95% CI 1.48, 7.20), and distant disease-free survival (DDFS) (HR 7.64; 95% CI 2.35, 24.82). Both proteins were significantly associated with molecular-like and PAM50 subgroups. Combining high PIWI-like 1 and low PIWI-like 2 expressions predicted poorer prognosis and both markers were associated with aggressive molecular subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Erber
- Institute of Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen—Europäische Metropolregion Nürnberg(EMN), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (L.L.); (S.O.); (R.J.); (A.H.)
- Correspondence: (R.E.); (M.R.); Tel.: +49-9131-85-43634 (R.E.)
| | - Julia Meyer
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (J.M.); (P.A.F.); (L.H.); (P.G.); (M.W.B.)
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Biostatistics Unit, Erlangen University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Helge Taubert
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (H.T.); (S.W.)
| | - Peter A. Fasching
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (J.M.); (P.A.F.); (L.H.); (P.G.); (M.W.B.)
| | - Sven Wach
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (H.T.); (S.W.)
| | - Lothar Häberle
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (J.M.); (P.A.F.); (L.H.); (P.G.); (M.W.B.)
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Biostatistics Unit, Erlangen University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Paul Gaß
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (J.M.); (P.A.F.); (L.H.); (P.G.); (M.W.B.)
| | - Rüdiger Schulz-Wendtland
- Institute of Diagnostic Radiology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Laura Landgraf
- Institute of Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen—Europäische Metropolregion Nürnberg(EMN), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (L.L.); (S.O.); (R.J.); (A.H.)
| | - Sabrina Olbricht
- Institute of Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen—Europäische Metropolregion Nürnberg(EMN), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (L.L.); (S.O.); (R.J.); (A.H.)
| | - Rudolf Jung
- Institute of Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen—Europäische Metropolregion Nürnberg(EMN), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (L.L.); (S.O.); (R.J.); (A.H.)
| | - Matthias W. Beckmann
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (J.M.); (P.A.F.); (L.H.); (P.G.); (M.W.B.)
| | - Arndt Hartmann
- Institute of Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen—Europäische Metropolregion Nürnberg(EMN), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (L.L.); (S.O.); (R.J.); (A.H.)
| | - Matthias Ruebner
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (J.M.); (P.A.F.); (L.H.); (P.G.); (M.W.B.)
- Correspondence: (R.E.); (M.R.); Tel.: +49-9131-85-43634 (R.E.)
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Halajzadeh J, Dana PM, Asemi Z, Mansournia MA, Yousefi B. An insight into the roles of piRNAs and PIWI proteins in the diagnosis and pathogenesis of oral, esophageal, and gastric cancer. Pathol Res Pract 2020; 216:153112. [PMID: 32853949 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2020.153112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
P-Element induced wimpy testis (PIWI)-interacting RNA (piRNA) is a member of the non-coding RNAs family. Four PIWI proteins are found to be expressed in humans. The number of studies focusing on the roles of piRNAs and PIWI proteins in the field of cancer is increasing. Oral, esophageal, and gastric cancers are considered as important causes of death. PIWI proteins and piRNAs are suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of these diseases. Thus, studying these molecules may be beneficial for finding new therapeutics. Since it is shown that currently used biomarkers for these cancers have low sensitivity and specificity, there is a necessity for identifying novel non-invasive biomarkers which are highly sensitive and specific. This paper will provide an insight into current knowledge about the functions of PIWI proteins and piRNAs in the oral, esophageal, and gastric cancer. We discuss how PIWI proteins and piRNAs can be involved in the pathogenesis of these cancers. Moreover, we review the studies concerning with the roles of PIWI proteins and piRNAs as biomarkers which are used for diagnostic and prognostic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Halajzadeh
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Research Center for Evidence-Based Health Management, Maragheh University of Medical Science, Maragheh, Iran.
| | - Parisa Maleki Dana
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, IR, Iran.
| | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, IR, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Ali Mansournia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Jing Z, Xi Y, Yin J, Shuwen H. Biological roles of piRNAs in colorectal cancer. Gene 2020; 769:145063. [PMID: 32827685 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.145063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide and a major cause of cancer-related deaths. Numerous studies have suggested that piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), a new type of non-coding RNA (ncRNA), are closely related to the occurrence and development of cancer. piRNAs have been shown to regulate the occurrence of CRC by modulating multiple molecular signaling pathways. Here, the roles of piRNAs in CRC were reviewed to provide evidence for their potential as molecular targets for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Jing
- Graduate School of Nursing, Huzhou University, Zhejiang, No. 1 Bachelor Road, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province 313000, PR China
| | - Yang Xi
- Department of Oncology, Huzhou Cent Hospital, Affiliated Cent Hospital HuZhou University, 198 Hongqi Rd, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, PR China
| | - Jin Yin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huzhou Cent Hospital, Affiliated Cent Hospital HuZhou University, 198 Hongqi Rd, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, PR China
| | - Han Shuwen
- Department of Oncology, Huzhou Cent Hospital, Affiliated Cent Hospital HuZhou University, 198 Hongqi Rd, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, PR China.
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Mentis AFA, Dardiotis E, Romas NA, Papavassiliou AG. PIWI family proteins as prognostic markers in cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:2289-2314. [PMID: 31814070 PMCID: PMC11104808 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03403-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND P-element-induced-wimpy-testis-(PIWI)-like proteins are implicated in germ cells' regulation and detected in numerous cancer types. In this meta-analysis, we aimed to associate, for the first time, the prognosis in cancer patients with intratumoral expression of PIWI family proteins. METHODS PubMed, Embase, and Web of Knowledge databases were searched, and studies investigating the association between intratumoral mRNA or protein expression of different PIWI family proteins and survival, metastasis, or recurrence of various cancer types were reviewed. Study qualities were assessed using the REMARK criteria. Studies' heterogeneity was evaluated using I2 index and Cochran Q test. Publication bias was assessed by funnel plots and Egger's regression. Pooled hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated for different PIWI family proteins separately. Specifically, log of calculated HR was pooled using random-effects model. RESULTS Twenty-six studies (4299 participants) were included. The pooled HR of mortality in high versus low expression of PIWIL1, PIWIL2, and PIWIL4 was 1.87 (95% CI: 1.31-2.66, p < 0.05), 1.09 (95% CI: 0.58-2.07, p = 0.79), and 0.44 (95% CI: 0.25-0.76, p < 0.05), respectively. The pooled HR of recurrence in high versus low expression of PIWIL1 and PIWIL2 was 1.72 (95% CI: 1.20-2.49, p < 0.05) and 1.98 (95% CI: 0.65-5.98, p = 0.23), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Highly variable results were observed for different cancer types. Higher PIWIL1 and lower piwil4 and PIWIL4 expression levels could potentially indicate worse prognosis in cancer. These proteins' expressions could be used for personalized prognosis and treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexios-Fotios A Mentis
- Public Health Laboratories, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
- Department of Microbiology, University Hospital of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | | | - Nicholas A Romas
- Department of Urology, Columbia University Medical Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, USA
| | - Athanasios G Papavassiliou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 M. Asias Street - Bldg. 16, 11527, Athens, Greece.
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Zhang D, Li D, Shen L, Hu D, Tang B, Guo W, Wang Z, Zhang Z, Wei G, He D. Exosomes derived from Piwil2‑induced cancer stem cells transform fibroblasts into cancer‑associated fibroblasts. Oncol Rep 2020; 43:1125-1132. [PMID: 32323829 PMCID: PMC7057936 DOI: 10.3892/or.2020.7496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, several studies have demonstrated that cancer cell‑derived exosomes can facilitate tumor development and metastasis formation. However, the detailed function of exosomes released by cancer stem cells (CSCs) requires further investigation. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of CSC‑derived exosomes in tumor development. For this purpose, Piwil2‑induced cancer stem cells (Piwil2‑iCSCs) were used as exosome‑generating cells, while fibroblasts (FBs) served as recipient cells. Exosomes were isolated by the ultracentrifugation of Piwil2‑iCSC‑conditioned medium and identified by transmission electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis and western blot analysis. To evaluate the effects of the exosomes on cell proliferation, migration and invasion, cell counting assay (CCK‑8), a wound healing assay and a Transwell assay were performed. Protein expression [matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)2, MMP9, α‑smooth muscle actin (α‑SMA) and vimentin and fibroblast‑activating protein (FAP)] was examined in FBs by western blot analysis. It was found that the Piwil2‑iCSC‑derived exosomes (Piwil2‑iCSC‑Exo) were oval or spherical, membrane‑coated vesicles with a uniform size (30‑100 nm in diameter). They are characterized by the surface expression of CD9, CD63, Hsp70 and Piwil2 proteins. Additional results from functional analyses revealed that Piwil2‑iCSC‑Exo enhanced the proliferative, migratory and invasive abilities of FBs, accompanied by the upregulated expression of MMP2 and MMP9. In addition, the increased expression of α‑SMA (P<0.05), vimentin (P<0.01 vs. control group, P<0.05 vs. PBS group) and FAP (P<0.001 vs. control group, P<0.01 vs. PBS group) following exposure to Piwil2‑iCSC‑Exo suggested that the exosomes induced FB transformation into cancer‑associated fibroblasts (CAFs). On the whole, the findings of this study demonstrate that Piwil2‑iCSC‑Exo induce the cancer‑associated phenotype in fibroblasts in vitro, suggesting that CSCs can promote tumor development through the modulation of the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Dian Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Lianju Shen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Dong Hu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Bo Tang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Wenhao Guo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Zhang Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoxia Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Guanghui Wei
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Dawei He
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
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Cheng Y, Wang Q, Jiang W, Bian Y, zhou Y, Gou A, Zhang W, Fu K, Shi W. Emerging roles of piRNAs in cancer: challenges and prospects. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:9932-9946. [PMID: 31727866 PMCID: PMC6874451 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
PiRNAs are a small class of non-coding small RNAs newly discovered in recent years. Millions of piRNAs have been discovered to date, and more than 20,000 piRNA genes have been found in the human genome. Due to the relatively small number of studies related to piRNA, our understanding of piRNAs is very limited. Currently, the clear biological function of piRNAs is transposon mobilization inhibition by promoting transcript degradation and regulating chromatin formation. In addition, piRNAs can form piRNA-PIWI protein complexes with some members of the PIWI branch of the Argonaute protein. Based on these biological functions, piRNAs and PIWI proteins are important in maintaining the genomic integrity of germline cells. Because of this, the popularity of piRNAs research has been focused on its role in germline cells for a long time after the discovery of piRNAs. As the field of research expands, there is growing evidence that piRNAs and PIWI proteins are abnormally expressed in various types of cancers, which may be potential cancer biomarkers and cancer therapeutic targets. In this review, we will focus on the relationship between piRNAs and PIWI proteins and cancers based on previous research, as well as their significance in cancer detection, grading and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Cheng
- Jiangsu Research Center for Primary Health Development and General Practice Education, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng, China
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yonghua Bian
- Jiangsu Research Center for Primary Health Development and General Practice Education, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng, China
| | - Yang zhou
- Jiangsu Research Center for Primary Health Development and General Practice Education, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng, China
| | - Anxing Gou
- Jiangsu Research Center for Primary Health Development and General Practice Education, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng, China
| | - Wenling Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kai Fu
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weihong Shi
- Jiangsu Research Center for Primary Health Development and General Practice Education, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng, China
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26
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Casier K, Boivin A, Carré C, Teysset L. Environmentally-Induced Transgenerational Epigenetic Inheritance: Implication of PIWI Interacting RNAs. Cells 2019; 8:cells8091108. [PMID: 31546882 PMCID: PMC6770481 DOI: 10.3390/cells8091108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmentally-induced transgenerational epigenetic inheritance is an emerging field. The understanding of associated epigenetic mechanisms is currently in progress with open questions still remaining. In this review, we present an overview of the knowledge of environmentally-induced transgenerational inheritance and associated epigenetic mechanisms, mainly in animals. The second part focuses on the role of PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), a class of small RNAs involved in the maintenance of the germline genome, in epigenetic memory to put into perspective cases of environmentally-induced transgenerational inheritance involving piRNA production. Finally, the last part addresses how genomes are facing production of new piRNAs, and from a broader perspective, how this process might have consequences on evolution and on sporadic disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Casier
- Transgenerational Epigenetics & small RNA Biology, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire Biologie du Développement, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, UMR7622, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Antoine Boivin
- Transgenerational Epigenetics & small RNA Biology, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire Biologie du Développement, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, UMR7622, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Clément Carré
- Transgenerational Epigenetics & small RNA Biology, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire Biologie du Développement, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, UMR7622, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Laure Teysset
- Transgenerational Epigenetics & small RNA Biology, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire Biologie du Développement, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, UMR7622, 75005 Paris, France.
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27
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Yu Y, Xiao J, Hann SS. The emerging roles of PIWI-interacting RNA in human cancers. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:5895-5909. [PMID: 31303794 PMCID: PMC6612017 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s209300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are a type of non-coding RNAs that interact with PIWI proteins, which are members of the argonaute family. Originally described in the germline, piRNAs are also expressed in human somatic cells in a tissue-specific manner. piRNAs are involved in spermatogenesis, germ stem-cell maintenance, silencing of transposon, epigenetic and genomic regulation and rearrangement. A large number of studies have demonstrated that expression of piRNAs is involved in many kinds of disease, including cancer. Abnormal expression of piRNAs is emerging as a critical player in cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, and migration in vitro and in vivo. Functionally, piRNAs maintain genomic integrity by repressing the mobilization of transposable elements, and regulate the expression of downstream target genes via transcriptional or post-transcriptional mechanisms. Furthermore, altered expression of piRNAs in cancer is linked to clinical outcome, highlighting the important role that they may play as novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, and as therapeutic targets for cancer therapy. In this review, we focus on the biogenesis and the functional roles of piRNAs in cancers, discuss emerging insights into the roles of piRNAs in the occurrence, progression, and treatment of cancers, reveal various mechanisms underlying piRNAs-mediated gene regulation, and highlight their potential clinical utilities as biomarkers as well as potential targets for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaya Yu
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Xiao
- Department of Gynecology, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Swei Sunny Hann
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510120, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510120, People's Republic of China
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28
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Tosun H, Demirtaş A, Sönmez G, Tombul ŞT, Akalın H, Özkul Y. Can the expression level of PIWIL 2 gene be a serum marker for prostate cancer? A single-center prospective study. Turk J Urol 2019; 45:S22-S25. [PMID: 30817270 DOI: 10.5152/tud.2019.46416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to evaluate the predictive value of the serum expression level of Piwi-like 2 (PIWIL2), a stem cell protein, for prostate cancer (PCa). MATERIALS AND METHOD This randomized and prospective study included a total of 60 volunteers between 50 and 75 years old. Cases were assigned to three groups according to prostate-specific antigen (PSA) elevations and pathology reports, with 20 participants in each group. The first group included patients with a PSA level of >4 ng/dL and with PCa, the second group included patients with a PSA level of >4 ng/dL and with benign prostate hyperplasia, and the third group included patients with a PSA level of ≤4 ng/dL and with benign prostate hyperplasia. The levels of serum PSA and PIWIL2 expressions were compared between the groups. RESULTS The median serum PSA levels were 28.5 (4.6-98.1) ng/mL, 8.89 (4.3-24.1) ng/mL, and 2.4 (0.3-3.8) ng/mL for groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The PSA levels were significantly different between the groups (p<0.001). The median PIWIL2 gene expression levels were 2.54 (0.28-9.27), 2.27 (0.6-9.38), and 1.17 (0.26-3.07) for groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The PIWIL2 gene expression level was found to be lower in patients with a PSA level of <4 (p=0.02). No significant difference was observed between patients with and without cancer among those with a PSA level of ≥4 (p>0.05). Patients diagnosed with cancer were grouped according to the criteria of the International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP), and PIWIL2 gene expression was observed to be significantly higher among patients with ISUP of >3 than among those with ISUP of ≤3 (p=0.04). CONCLUSION In our study, it was observed that the serum level of PIWIL2 gene expression could not be a diagnostic indicator of PCa; however, it could be a beneficial prognostic indicator particularly for progressed disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halil Tosun
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Ankara Children's Health and Disease Hemotology-Oncology Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Demirtaş
- Department of Urology, Erciyes University School of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Gökhan Sönmez
- Clinic of Urology, Kayseri City Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Şevket Tolga Tombul
- Department of Urology, Erciyes University School of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Hilal Akalın
- Department of Medical Genetics, Erciyes University School of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Özkul
- Department of Medical Genetics, Erciyes University School of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
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Weng W, Li H, Goel A. Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) and cancer: Emerging biological concepts and potential clinical implications. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2018; 1871:160-169. [PMID: 30599187 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are a very recently discovered class of small non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), with approximately 20,000 piRNA genes already identified within the human genome. These short RNAs were originally described as key functional regulators for the germline maintenance and transposon silencing. However, due to our limited knowledge regarding their function, piRNAs were for a long time assumed to be the "dark matter" of ncRNAs in our genome. However, recent evidence has now changed our viewpoint of their biological and clinical significance in various diseases, as newly emerging data reveals that aberrant expression of piRNAs is a unique and distinct feature in many diseases, including multiple human cancers. Furthermore, their altered expression in cancer patients has been significantly associated with clinical outcomes, highlighting their important biological functional role in disease progression. Functionally, piRNAs maintain genomic integrity by silencing transposable elements, and are capable of regulating the expression of specific downstream target genes in a post-transcriptional manner. Moreover, accumulating evidences demonstrates that analogous to other small ncRNAs (e.g. miRNAs) piRNAs have both oncogenic and tumor suppressive roles in cancer development. In this article, we discuss emerging insights into roles of piRNAs in a variety of cancers, reveal new findings underpinning various mechanisms of piRNAs-mediated gene regulation, and highlight their potential clinical significance in the management of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Weng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200090, China; Center for Translational Medicine, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Hanhua Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Ajay Goel
- Center for Gastrointestinal Research, Center for Translational Genomics and Oncology, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute and Charles A Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor Research Institute and Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75246-2017, USA.
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30
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Eckstein M, Jung R, Weigelt K, Sikic D, Stöhr R, Geppert C, Agaimy A, Lieb V, Hartmann A, Wullich B, Wach S, Taubert H. Piwi-like 1 and -2 protein expression levels are prognostic factors for muscle invasive urothelial bladder cancer patients. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17693. [PMID: 30523270 PMCID: PMC6283838 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35637-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Piwi-like proteins are essential for stem-cell maintenance and self-renewal in multicellular organisms. We analyzed the expression of Piwi-like 1 and Piwi-like 2 by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in 95 muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) samples using tissue microarray. Application of an immunoreactive score (IRS) revealed 37 and 45 patients who were Piwi-like 1 and -2 positive (IRS > 2). IHC results were correlated with clinico-pathological and survival data. The expression of both proteins was positively correlated with each other, lymph node metastasis and expression of CK20 and GATA 3. A negative correlation for both proteins was detected for disease-specific survival (DSS), recurrence, Ki67/MIB1 proliferation index, and CK5 expression. Detection of Piwi-like 1 protein positivity was associated with poor DSS (P = 0.019; log rank test, Kaplan-Meier analysis), and in multivariate Cox’s analysis (adjusted to tumor stage and tumor grade), it was an independent prognostic factor for DSS (RR = 2.16; P = 0.011). Piwi-like 2 positivity was associated with DSS (P = 0.008) and recurrence-free survival (RFS; P = 0.040), and in multivariate Cox’s analysis, Piwi-like 2 positivity was an independent prognostic factor for DSS (RR = 2.46; P = 0.004) and RFS (RR = 3.0; P = 0.003). Most interestingly, in the basal type patient subgroup (CK5+/GATA3−), Piwi-like 2 positivity was associated with poorer DSS, OS and RFS (P < 0.001, P = 0.004 and P = 0.05; log rank test). In multivariate analysis, Piwi-like 2 positivity was an independent prognostic factor for DSS (RR = 12.70; P = 0.001), OS (RR = 6.62; = 0.008) and RFS (RR=13.0; P = 0.040). In summary, Piwi-like 1 and -2 positivity are associated with clinico-pathological factors and survival. Both Piwi-like proteins are suggested as biomarkers for MIBC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Eckstein
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Rudolf Jung
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Katrin Weigelt
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Danijel Sikic
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Robert Stöhr
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Carol Geppert
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Abbas Agaimy
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Verena Lieb
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Arndt Hartmann
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Bernd Wullich
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Sven Wach
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Helge Taubert
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany.
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31
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Liu SS, Liu N, Liu MY, Sun L, Xia WY, Lu HM, Fu YJ, Yang GL, Bo JJ, Liu XX, Feng H, Wu H, Li LF, Gao JX. An unusual intragenic promoter of PIWIL2 contributes to aberrant activation of oncogenic PL2L60. Oncotarget 2018; 8:46104-46120. [PMID: 28545024 PMCID: PMC5542253 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PIWIL2-like (PL2L) protein 60 (PL2L60), a product of aberrantly activated PIWIL2 gene, is widely expressed in various types of tumors and may promote tumorigenesis. However, the mechanisms underlying the activation of expression of PL2L60 remain unknown. In this study, an intragenic promoter responsible for the activation of PL2L60 within the human PIWIL2 gene has been identified, cloned and characterized. The promoter of PL2L60 is located in the intron 10 of the host gene PIWIL2. Bioinformatic and mutagenic analysis reveals that this intragenic promoter within the sequence of 50 nucleotides contains two closely arranged cis-acting elements specific for the hepatic leukemia factor (HLF) in the positive strand and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in the negative strand. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis demonstrates that both the HLF and polymerase II (Pol II), a hallmark of active promoters, directly bind to the sequence, although STAT3 does not. Knockdown of HLF and STAT3 alone or both by RNA interference significantly reduced both promoter activity and the PL2L60 protein expression, although there is no additive effect. The expression of PL2L60 proteins was enhanced when host gene Piwil2 was genetically disrupted in a murine cell model. Taken together, we have identified a PL2L60-specific intragenic promoter in the host gene of PIWIL2, which is interdependently activated by HLF and STAT3 through steric interaction. This activation is dependent on cellular milieu rather than the integrity of host gene PIWIL2, highlighting a novel, important mechanism for a cancer-causing gene to be activated during tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Shan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng-Yao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wu-Yan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Min Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Jie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Liang Yang
- Department of Urology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan-Jie Bo
- Department of Urology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Xing Liu
- Department of Radiotherapy, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haizhong Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hailong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin-Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Xin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Wang X, Wang L, Xu Y, Zhang G, Wu Y, Chen P. PIAS1 inhibited the metastasis of gastric cancer cell by epithelial-mesenchymal transition regulation within the inflammatory microenvironment. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:3828-3837. [PMID: 29556278 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.7811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein inhibitor of activated signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 (PIAS1) is an important regulator of the inflammatory signaling network, the expression of which was decreased in gastric cancer and implicated in the development of cancer. However, its mechanism has not been elucidated. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of PIAS1 on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of gastric cancer cells within the inflammatory microenvironment. Recombinant adenovirus Ad5/F35-PIASl and Ad5/F35-null plasmids were constructed to transfect SGC7901 cells. Subsequently, these plasmids were confirmed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. The cells were treated with IL-6 or Ad5/F35-PIASl+IL-6, and the control cells were treated with Ad5/F35-null+IL-6. The morphological changes to the cells were observed using inverted microscopy. The effect of PIAS1 on cell migration and invasion was evaluated by scratch wound healing and Transwell chamber assays, and the protein expression of EMT markers and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/serine/threonine-protein kinase (Akt)/matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 signaling pathway was examined by western blotting. Transfection with Ad5/F35-PIASl markedly increased the PIAS1 expression in SGC7901 cells. The cells acquired the more typical spindle-shape phenotype of mesenchymal cells following co-culture with IL-6; the cells co-cultured with IL-6 and Ad5/F35-PIASl acquired changes concordant with an epithelial phenotype. The overexpression of PIAS1 significantly decreased the migratory and invasive capacities of the SGC7901 cells (P<0.01). Western blotting indicated that the expression levels of E-cadherin protein in the cells treated with Ad5/F35-PIASl+IL-6 were increased significantly and the expression levels of zinc finger protein SNAI, Twist-related protein 1, vimentin and MMP-9, and the activation of PI3K/Akt proteins were decreased when compared with IL-6- or Ad5/F35-null+IL-6-treated cells (both P<0.01). PIAS1 may inhibit EMT in gastric cancer cells within the inflammatory microenvironment via the regulation of PI3K/Akt pathway activation, and may serve an important role in the inhibition of tumor invasion and metastasis with in this microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhangjiagang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215600, P.R. China
| | - Libing Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhangjiagang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215600, P.R. China
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhangjiagang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215600, P.R. China
| | - Guohua Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhangjiagang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215600, P.R. China
| | - Yunlin Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital North, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201801, P.R. China
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital North, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201801, P.R. China
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Piwil2 is reactivated by HPV oncoproteins and initiates cell reprogramming via epigenetic regulation during cervical cancer tumorigenesis. Oncotarget 2018; 7:64575-64588. [PMID: 27602489 PMCID: PMC5323100 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The human papillomavirus (HPV) oncoproteins E6 and E7 are risk factors that are primarily responsible for the initiation and progression of cervical cancer, and they play a key role in immortalization and transformation by reprogramming differentiating host epithelial cells. It is unclear how cervical epithelial cells transform into tumor-initiating cells (TICs). Here, we observed that the germ stem cell protein Piwil2 is expressed in pre-cancerous and malignant lesions of the cervix and cervical cancer cell lines with the exception of the non-HPV-infected C33a cell line. Knockdown of Piwil2 by shRNA led to a marked reduction in proliferation and colony formation, in vivo tumorigenicity, chemo-resistance, and the proportion of cancer stem-like cells. In contrast, Piwil2 overexpression induced malignant transformation of HaCaT cells and the acquisition of tumor-initiating capabilities. Gene-set enrichment analysis revealed embryonic stem cell (ESC) identity, malignant biological behavior, and specifically, activation targets of the cell reprogramming factors c-Myc, Klf4, Nanog, Oct4, and Sox2 in Piwil2-overexpressing HaCaT cells. We further confirmed that E6 and E7 reactivated Piwil2 and that E6 and E7 overexpression resulted in a similar gene-set enrichment pattern as Piwil2 overexpression in HaCaT cells. Moreover, Piwil2 overexpression or E6 and E7 activation induced H3K9 acetylation but reduced H3K9 trimethylation, which contributed to the epigenetic reprogramming and ESC signature maintenance, as predicted previously. Our study demonstrates that Piwil2, reactivated by the HPV oncoproteins E6 and E7, plays an essential role in the transformation of cervical epithelial cells to TICs via epigenetics-based cell reprogramming.
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Zeng G, Zhang D, Liu X, Kang Q, Fu Y, Tang B, Guo W, Zhang Y, Wei G, He D. Co-expression of Piwil2/Piwil4 in nucleus indicates poor prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 8:4607-4617. [PMID: 27894076 PMCID: PMC5354858 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to explore the localization and expression of P-element-induced wimpy testis-like 2 (piwil2)/Piwil4 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissues, and analyze the correlation between co-expression pattern and prognosis of HCC. Results Piwil2 showed 100% positive expression in the cell nucleus, with the intensity higher than in the cytoplasm. Piwil4 showed a lower intensity of expression in the cell nucleus than in the cytoplasm. The molecular chaperone Piwil2/Piwil4 had four co-expression patterns: nuclear co-expression, nuclear and cytoplasmic co-expression, cytoplasmic co-expression, and non-coexpression. The survival rate and the overall survival sequentially increased. The prognostic phenotype of the nuclear co-expression of Piwil2/Piwil4 was worse than that of non-coexpression, and the intracellular localization and expression of Piwil2 and Piwil4 were not significantly different. Methods HCC pathological tissue samples with follow-up information (90 cases) and 2 normal control liver tissues were collected and made into a 92-site microarray. The expression of Piwil2 and Piwil4 was detected using the immunofluorescence double staining method. The differences in the expression and location of Piwil2 and Piwil4 in tumor cells were explored, and the influence of such differences on the long-term survival rate of HCC was studied using Kaplan-Meier survival curve and log-rank test. The clinical staging was analyzed according to the HCC international TNM staging criteria. Conclusions The nuclear co-expression of Piwil2/Piwil4 indicated that patients with HCC had a worse prognostic phenotype. The molecular chaperone Piwil2/Piwil4 seems promising as a molecular marker for prognosis judgment; a single marker (Piwil2/Piwil4) cannot be used for prognosis judgment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangping Zeng
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Deying Zhang
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Qing Kang
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Yiyao Fu
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Bo Tang
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Wenhao Guo
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27103, USA
| | - Guanghui Wei
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Dawei He
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China
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Li J, Xu L, Bao Z, Xu P, Chang H, Wu J, Bei Y, Xia L, Wu P, Cui G. High expression of PIWIL2 promotes tumor cell proliferation, migration and predicts a poor prognosis in glioma. Oncol Rep 2017; 38:183-192. [PMID: 28534979 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Piwi-like RNA-mediated gene silencing 2 (PIWIL2), has been reported as an oncogene tightly associated with the genesis and progression of various malignancies. Nevertheless, the function of the PIWIL2 protein in human gliomas has not yet been clarified. In this study, we sought to investigate the clinical significance of PIWIL2 expression and reveal its function in the pathological process of gliomas. Through western blot and immunohistochemical analyses we found that PIWIL2 was overexpressed in glioma tissues. Moreover, the expression level of PIWIL2 was also significantly correlated with the WHO grades of human gliomas and Ki-67 expression. Kaplan‑Meier curves indicated that PIWIL2 was a prognostic factor for the survival of glioma patients and a high expression of PIWIL2 was correlated with a poor prognosis. In vitro, knockdown of PIWIL2 in glioma cells was shown to induce cell cycle arrest and increase apoptosis. Furthermore, silencing of PIWIL2 expression also obviously suppressed the migration of glioma cells. All the results demonstrated that PIWIL2 plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of human gliomas and may be used as a potential diagnostic marker and a therapeutic target of glioma in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinquan Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Bao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Peng Xu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Targets, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Hao Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214002, P.R. China
| | - Jingjing Wu
- Department of Oncology, Nantong Rich Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Yuanqi Bei
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Targets, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Liuwan Xia
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Targets, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Peizhang Wu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Targets, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Gang Cui
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
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Litwin M, Szczepańska-Buda A, Piotrowska A, Dzięgiel P, Witkiewicz W. The meaning of PIWI proteins in cancer development. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:3354-3362. [PMID: 28529570 PMCID: PMC5431467 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.5932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a histologically and genetically heterogeneous population of tumor cells that exhibits distinct molecular profiles determined by epigenetic alterations. P-element-induced wimpy testis (PIWI) proteins in complex with PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA) have been previously demonstrated to be involved in epigenetic regulation in germline cells. Recently, reactivation of PIWI expression, primarily PIWI-like protein 1 and 2, through aberrant DNA methylation resulting in genomic silencing has been identified in various types of tumors. It has been suggested that the PIWI-piRNA complex contributes to cancer development and progression by promoting a stem-like state of cancer cells, or cancer stem cells (CSCs). It has been identified that CSCs represent the cells that have undergone epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and acquired metastatic capacities. However, the molecular association between the EMT process and the stem-cell state remains unclear. Further extensive characterization of CSCs in individual types of tumors is required to identify specific markers for the heterogeneous population of CSCs and therefore selectively target CSCs. Previous studies indicate a reciprocal regulation between PIWI proteins and a complex signaling network linking markers characterized for CSCs and transcription factors involved in EMT. In the present review, studies of PIWI function are summarized, and the potential involvement of PIWI proteins in cancer development and progression is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Litwin
- Research and Development Centre, Regional Specialist Hospital in Wrocław, Poland.,Research and Development Centre Novasome Sp. z o.o., 51-423 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Anna Szczepańska-Buda
- Research and Development Centre, Regional Specialist Hospital in Wrocław, Poland.,Research and Development Centre Novasome Sp. z o.o., 51-423 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Piotrowska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Wrocław Medical University, 50-368 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Piotr Dzięgiel
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Wrocław Medical University, 50-368 Wrocław, Poland.,Department of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy in Conservative and Interventional Medicine, 51-612 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Wojciech Witkiewicz
- Research and Development Centre, Regional Specialist Hospital in Wrocław, Poland
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Tian X, Fan J, Hou W, Bai S, Ao Q, Tong H. Sodium orthovanadate induces the apoptosis of SH-SY5Y cells by inhibiting PIWIL2. Mol Med Rep 2015; 13:874-80. [PMID: 26647781 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
PIWIs have been shown to be abnormally expressed in a variety of cancers and may be important in the maintenance and invasion of cancer cells. The high expression of PIWIL2 contributed to the resistance effect of cisplatin in colon cancer cells, and the knockout of the PIWIL2 gene reduced the aggressive nature and malignant degree of colon cancer cells. Sodium orthovanadate (SOV) is a vanadium compound, and exhibited antineoplastic activity in certain types of human cancer cells, including lung, kidney and prostate cancer cells. However, its effects in human neuroblastoma (NB) cells have not yet been reported. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of SOV on the apoptosis of NB cells and to explore how PIWIL2 is involved in the mechanism underlying this effect. In the present study, SH‑SY5Y cells were treated with SOV and the optimal concentration was determined for further assays. Cell apoptosis, cell count, viability, the cell cycle, and the expression of PIWIL2 mRNA and protein were then determined. The results showed that SOV could induce cell apoptosis, reduce the percentage of viable cells, induce accumulation of SH‑SY5Y cells at the G2/M and S phase of the cell cycle, and inhibit the expression of PIWIL2 and Bcl‑2 mRNA and protein. The results suggested that the underlying mechanisms may be, at least in part, due to SOV inhibiting the expression of PIWIL2. These findings demonstrated the effect of SOV and supported its further evaluation as a treatment for human NB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Tian
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Fundamental Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| | - Jun Fan
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Fundamental Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| | - Weijian Hou
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Fundamental Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| | - Shuling Bai
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Fundamental Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Ao
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Fundamental Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| | - Hao Tong
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Fundamental Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
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Venkatesh T, Suresh PS, Tsutsumi R. Non-coding RNAs: Functions and applications in endocrine-related cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 416:88-96. [PMID: 26360585 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A significant fraction of the human genome is transcribed as non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). This non-coding transcriptome has challenged the notion of the central dogma and its involvement in transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression is well established. Interestingly, several ncRNAs are dysregulated in cancer and current non-coding transcriptome research aims to use our increasing knowledge of these ncRNAs for the development of cancer biomarkers and anti-cancer drugs. In endocrine-related cancers, for which survival rates can be relatively low, there is a need for such advancements. In this review, we aimed to summarize the roles and clinical implications of recently discovered ncRNAs, including long ncRNAs, PIWI-interacting RNAs, tRNA- and Y RNA-derived ncRNAs, and small nucleolar RNAs, in endocrine-related cancers affecting both sexes. We focus on recent studies highlighting discoveries in ncRNA biology and expression in cancer, and conclude with a discussion on the challenges and future directions, including clinical application. ncRNAs show great promise as diagnostic tools and therapeutic targets, but further work is necessary to realize the potential of these unconventional transcripts.
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MESH Headings
- Biomarkers, Tumor/classification
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Endocrine Gland Neoplasms/genetics
- Endocrine Gland Neoplasms/metabolism
- Endocrine Gland Neoplasms/therapy
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Male
- RNA, Long Noncoding/classification
- RNA, Long Noncoding/genetics
- RNA, Long Noncoding/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/classification
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- RNA, Small Nucleolar/classification
- RNA, Small Nucleolar/genetics
- RNA, Small Nucleolar/metabolism
- Transcriptome
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Affiliation(s)
- Thejaswini Venkatesh
- Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research (NUCSER), Nitte University, Deralakatte, Mangalore 575 018, Karnataka, India
| | - Padmanaban S Suresh
- Department of Biosciences, Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri, Mangalore 574 199, Karnataka, India.
| | - Rie Tsutsumi
- Division of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical Science, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
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Fu A, Jacobs DI, Hoffman AE, Zheng T, Zhu Y. PIWI-interacting RNA 021285 is involved in breast tumorigenesis possibly by remodeling the cancer epigenome. Carcinogenesis 2015. [PMID: 26210741 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Although PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) account for the largest class of the small non-coding RNA superfamily, virtually nothing is known of their function in human carcinogenesis. Once thought to be expressed solely in the germ line where they safeguard the genome against transposon-induced insertional mutations, piRNAs are now believed to play an active role in somatic gene regulation through sequence-specific histone modification and DNA methylation. In the current study, we investigate the role of piRNA-021285 (piR-021285) in the regulation of the breast cancer methylome. Genotypic screening of a panel of single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-containing piRNAs revealed a significant association between SNP rs1326306 G>T in piR-021285 and increased likelihood for breast cancer in a Connecticut-based population (441 cases and 479 controls). Given nascent but compelling evidence of piRNA-mediated gene-specific methylation in the soma, a genome-wide methylation screen was then carried out using wild type (WT) and variant piR-021285 mimic-transfected MCF7 cells to explore whether the observed association could be attributed in part to piR-021285-induced methylation at cancer-relevant genes. We found significant methylation differences at a number of experimentally implicated breast cancer-related genes, including attenuated 5' untranslated region (UTR)/first exon methylation at the proinvasive ARHGAP11A gene in variant mimic-transfected cells. Follow-up functional analyses revealed both concurrent increased ARHGAP11A mRNA expression and enhanced invasiveness in variant versus WT piR-021285 mimic-transfected breast cancer cell lines. Taken together, our findings demonstrate the first evidence supporting a role of piRNAs, a novel group of non-coding RNA, in human tumorigenesis via a piRNA-mediated epigenetic mechanism, which warrants further confirmation and investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Fu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520, USA and Present Address: Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Daniel I Jacobs
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520, USA and
| | - Aaron E Hoffman
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine and Tulane Cancer Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Tongzhang Zheng
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520, USA and
| | - Yong Zhu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520, USA and
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Yang Y, Zhang X, Song D, Wei J. Piwil2 modulates the invasion and metastasis of prostate cancer by regulating the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and epithelial-mesenchymal transitions. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:1735-1740. [PMID: 26622742 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Piwi-like RNA-mediated gene silencing 2 (Piwil2) is an oncogene that is highly expressed in breast, gastric, colorectal and papillary thyroid cancer. As a candidate oncogene, its role in prostrate cancer has yet to be elucidated. In the present study, 30 tumor specimens and four prostate cancer cell lines were analyzed. The total RNA and protein from the specimens and the cells were analyzed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting, respectively. The expression of Piwil2 in PC-3 cells was knocked down using specific small hairpin RNA. Transwell assays and wound-healing models were used to assess cell invasion and migration. In addition, the expression of several factors associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transitions (EMT) were evaluated by western blotting. The results revealed that the Piwil2 gene was associated with the Gleason score and the tumor-node-metastasis stage of the tumor tissues. Cell invasion and migration decreased significantly in PC-3 cells with knocked-down Piwil2. In addition, silencing Piwil2 downregulated the expression of N-cadherin, Twist and vimentin and upregulated the expression of E-cadherin, factors associated with EMT, and also reduced the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9. Piwil2 was demonstrated to possess an important role in the invasive ability of prostate cancer, and therefore, may be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of this cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Yang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Xuepei Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Dongkui Song
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Jinxing Wei
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
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Taubert H, Wach S, Jung R, Pugia M, Keck B, Bertz S, Nolte E, Stoehr R, Lehmann J, Ohlmann CH, Stöckle M, Wullich B, Hartmann A. Piwil 2 expression is correlated with disease-specific and progression-free survival of chemotherapy-treated bladder cancer patients. Mol Med 2015; 21:371-80. [PMID: 25998509 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2014.00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Piwi-like 2 (Piwil 2) belongs to the family of Argonaute genes/proteins. The expression of Piwil 2 is associated with stem cells. A role in tumorigenesis and/or tumor progression is proposed for different cancers but not yet for bladder cancer (BCa). We investigated the Piwil 2 expression by immunohistochemistry in a cohort of 202 BCa patients treated by cystectomy and adjuvant chemotherapy. The association between Piwil 2 expression and disease-specific (DSS) or progression-free survival (PFS) was calculated using Kaplan Meier analyses and univariate/multivariate Cox's regression hazard models.In a multivariate Cox's regression, Piwil 2 expression, either in the cytoplasm or the nucleus, was significantly associated with DSS and PFS. A weak cytoplasmic staining pattern was associated with poor DSS and tumor progression (RR=2.7; P=0.004 and RR=2.4; P=0.027). Likewise,, absent nuclear Piwil 2 immunoreactivity was associated with poor DSS and tumor progression (RR=2.3; P=0.023 and RR=2.2; P=0.022). BCa patients whose tumors exhibited a combination of weak cytoplasmic and absent nuclear immunoreactivity had a 6-fold increased risk of tumor-related death (P=0.005) compared to patients with strong expression. Considering only patients with high grade G3 tumors, a 7.8-fold risk of tumor-associated death and a 3.6-fold risk of tumor progression were detected independently of the histologic tumor subtype or the chemotherapy regimen. In summary, a combination of weak cytoplasmic and absent nuclear expression of Piwil 2 is significantly associated with an increased risk of DSS and tumor progression. This implicates that Piwil 2 could be a valuable prognostic marker for high-risk BCa patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helge Taubert
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sven Wach
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rudolf Jung
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Pugia
- Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Elkhart, Indiana, USA
| | - Bastian Keck
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Simone Bertz
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Elke Nolte
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Robert Stoehr
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jan Lehmann
- Urologische Gemeinschaftspraxis, Prüner Gang and Department of Urology, Städtisches Krankenhaus, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Michael Stöckle
- Department of Urology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Wullich
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arndt Hartmann
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Tan Y, Liu L, Liao M, Zhang C, Hu S, Zou M, Gu M, Li X. Emerging roles for PIWI proteins in cancer. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2015; 47:315-24. [PMID: 25854579 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmv018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is generally accepted that PIWI proteins are predominately expressed in the germline but absent in somatic tissues. Their best-characterized role is to suppress transposon expression, which ensures genomic stability in the germline. However, increasing evidence has suggested that PIWI proteins are linked to the hallmarks of cancer defined by Weinberg and Hanahan, such as cell proliferation, anti-apoptosis, genomic instability, invasion and metastasis. This provides new possibilities for anticancer therapies through the targeting of PIWI proteins, which may have fewer side effects due to their potential classification as a CTA (cancer/testis antigen). Furthermore, PIWI has been proposed to act as a diagnostic and prognostic marker for many types of cancer, and even to differentiate early- and late-stage cancers. We herein summarize the latest progress in this exciting field, hoping to encourage new investigations of PIWIs in cancer biology that will help to develop new therapeutics for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Tan
- Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Lianyong Liu
- Department of Endocrine, Shanghai Pudong New Area Gongli Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200135, China
| | - Mingan Liao
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Chaobao Zhang
- Department of Endocrine, Shanghai Pudong New Area Gongli Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200135, China
| | - Shuanggang Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200135, China
| | - Mei Zou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200135, China
| | - Mingjun Gu
- Department of Endocrine, Shanghai Pudong New Area Gongli Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200135, China
| | - Xiangqi Li
- Department of Endocrine, Shanghai Pudong New Area Gongli Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200135, China
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Expression profiles of PIWIL2 short isoforms differ in testicular germ cell tumors of various differentiation subtypes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112528. [PMID: 25384072 PMCID: PMC4226551 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
PIWI family proteins have recently emerged as essential contributors in numerous biological processes including germ cell development, stem cell maintenance and epigenetic reprogramming. Expression of some of the family members has been shown to be elevated in tumors. In particular, PIWIL2 has been probed as a potential neoplasia biomarker in many cancers in humans. Previously, PIWIL2 was shown to be expressed in most tumours as a set of its shorter isoforms. In this work, we demonstrated the presence of its 60 kDa (PL2L60A) and 80 kDa (PL2L80A) isoforms in testicular cancer cell lines. We also ascertained the transcriptional boundaries of mRNAs and alternative promoter regions for these PIWIL2 isoforms. Further, we probed a range of testicular germ cell tumor (TGCT) samples and found PIWIL2 to be predominantly expressed as PL2L60A in most of them. Importantly, the levels of both PL2L60A mRNA and protein products were found to vary depending on the differentiation subtype of TGCTs, i.e., PL2L60A expression is significantly higher in undifferentiated seminomas and appears to be substantially decreased in mixed and nonseminomatous TGCTs. The higher level of PL2L60A expression in undifferentiated TGCTs was further validated in the model system of retinoic acid induced differentiation in NT2/D1 cell line. Therefore, both PL2L60A mRNA and protein abundance could serve as an additional marker distinguishing between seminomas and nonseminomatous tumors with different prognosis and therapy approaches.
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Yang B, Tang F, Zhang B, Zhao Y, Feng J, Rao Z. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 overexpression is closely related to poor prognosis in patients with colon cancer. World J Surg Oncol 2014; 12:24. [PMID: 24476461 PMCID: PMC3906768 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7819-12-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is an important member of the matrix metalloproteinase family and is considered to be involved in the invasion and metastasis of cancer cells. This study analyzed the expression of MMP-9 in colon cancer patients and the relationship between this expression and clinicopathological features and survival. Methods We immunohistochemically investigated 68 specimens of colon cancer tissues and corresponding distal normal mucosa tissues using MMP-9 antibody. Then, the correlation between MMP-9 expression and clinicopathological features and its prognostic relevance were determined. Results The expression rate of MMP-9 in colon cancer tissues was significantly higher than that in distal normal mucosa (69.1% versus 2.9%, P < 0.001). Significant correlations were only found between high levels of MMP-9 expression and metastasis of lymph nodes and Dukes’ stage. Overexpression of MMP-9 was associated with shorter survival times in univariate analysis. Multivariate analysis confirmed that MMP-9 expression was an independent prognostic factor. Conclusions MMP-9 is correlated with the metastasis of lymph nodes, and its elevated expression may be an adverse prognostic indicator for the patients of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Junming Feng
- Department of Oncology, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Command PLA, 627 Wuluo Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430070, P,R, China.
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Law PTY, Qin H, Ching AKK, Lai KP, Co NN, He M, Lung RWM, Chan AWH, Chan TF, Wong N. Deep sequencing of small RNA transcriptome reveals novel non-coding RNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2013; 58:1165-73. [PMID: 23376363 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Small non-coding RNAs (ncRNA) are increasingly recognized to play important roles in tumorigenesis. With the advent of deep sequencing, efforts have been put forth to profile the miRNome in a number of human malignancies. However, information on ncRNA in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), especially the non-microRNA transcripts, is still lacking. METHODS Small RNA transcriptomes of two HCC cell lines (HKCI-4 and HKCI-8) and an immortalized hepatocyte line (MIHA) were examined using Illumina massively parallel sequencing. Dysregulated ncRNAs were verified in paired HCC tumors and non-tumoral livers (n=73) by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Clinicopathologic correlations and in vitro functional investigations were further carried out. RESULTS The combined bioinformatic and biological analyses showed the presence of ncRNAs and the involvement of a new PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA), piR-Hep1, in liver tumorigenesis. piR-Hep1 was found to be upregulated in 46.6% of HCC tumors compared to the corresponding adjacent non-tumoral liver. Silencing of piR-Hep1 inhibited cell viability, motility, and invasiveness, with a concomitant reduction in the level of active AKT phosphorylation. In the analysis of miRNA, we showed for the first time, the abundant expression of miR-1323 in HCC and its distinct association in tumors arising from a cirrhotic background. Furthermore, miR-1323 overexpression in cirrhotic HCC correlated with poorer disease-free and overall survivals of patients (p<0.009). CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated the value of next-generation sequencing in dissecting the ncRNome in cancer. The comprehensive definition of transcriptome unveils virtually all types of ncRNAs and provides new insight into liver carcinogenetic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla T-Y Law
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
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Mei Y, Clark D, Mao L. Novel dimensions of piRNAs in cancer. Cancer Lett 2013; 336:46-52. [PMID: 23603435 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), a newly identified class of small non-coding RNAs, direct the Piwi-dependent transposon silencing, heterochromatin modification and germ cell maintenance. Owing to our limited knowledge regarding their biogenesis, piRNAs are considered as the most mysterious class of small regulatory RNAs, particularly in pathogenesis such as tumorigenesis. Recently, several lines of evidence have emerged to suggest that piRNAs may be dis-regulated and play crucial roles in tumorigenesis in previously unsuspected ways. In this prospective piece, we will discuss the emerging insights into the potential novel roles of piRNAs in carcinogenesis and highlight their potential implications in cancer detection, classification and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Mei
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Jia HL, Xu Y. Clinical significance of expression of Piwil2 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2012; 20:3385-3389. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v20.i34.3385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the mRNA and protein expression of Piwil2 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and to analyze their clinical significance.
METHODS: Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot were used to detect the expression of Piwil2 mRNA and protein in 70 surgical HCC specimens and matched tumor-adjacent non-cancerous specimens.
RESULTS: The relative expression level of Piwil2 mRNA was significantly higher in HCC than in tumor-adjacent non-cancerous tissue (0.91 ± 0.04 vs 0.32 ± 0.04, t = 37.240, P < 0.05). Piwil2 mRNA expression in HCC was correlated with tumor differentiation, intrahepatic invasion and metastasis. The protein expression of Piwil2 in HCC was also significantly higher than that in tumor-adjacent non-cancerous tissues. Piwil2 protein expression in HCC was correlated with intrahepatic invasion and metastasis. There was a significant correlation between the mRNA and protein expression of Piwil2 (χ2 = 13.113, P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION: Piwil2 may be used as a novel biomarker for detection and therapy of HCC.
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