7
|
Gibney BT, Roberts JM, D'Ortenzio RM, Sheikh AM, Nicolaou S, Roberge EA, O'Neill SB. Preventing and Mitigating Radiology System Failures: A Guide to Disaster Planning. Radiographics 2021; 41:2111-2126. [PMID: 34723695 DOI: 10.1148/rg.2021210083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Disaster planning is a core facet of modern health care practice. Owing to complex infrastructure requirements, radiology departments are vulnerable to system failures that may occur in isolation or during a disaster event when the urgency for and volume of imaging examinations increases. Planning for systems failures helps ensure continuity of service provision and patient care during an adverse event. Hazards to which a radiology department is vulnerable can be identified by applying a systematic approach with recognized tools such as the Hazard, Risk, and Vulnerability Analysis. Potential critical weaknesses within the department are highlighted by the Failure Mode and Effects Analysis tool. Recognizing the potential latent conditions and active failures that may impact systems allows implementation of strategies to prevent failure or to build resilience and mitigate the effects if they happen. Inherent system resilience to an adverse event can be estimated, and the ability of a department to operate during a disaster and the subsequent recovery can be predicted. The main systems at risk in a radiology department are staff, structure, stuff (supplies and/or equipment), and software, although individual issues and solutions within these are department specific. When medical imaging or examination interpretation needs cannot be met in the radiology department, the use of portable imaging modalities and teleradiology can augment the disaster response. All phases of disaster response planning should consider both sustaining operations and the transition back to normal function. Online supplemental material and the slide presentation from the RSNA Annual Meeting are available for this article. Work of the U.S. Government published under an exclusive license with the RSNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian T Gibney
- From the Department of Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, 899 W 12th Ave, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 1L5 (B.T.G., J.M.R., R.M.D., A.M.S., S.N., S.B.O.); Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (R.M.D.); and Department of Radiology, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, Wash, and the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Md (E.A.R.)
| | - James M Roberts
- From the Department of Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, 899 W 12th Ave, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 1L5 (B.T.G., J.M.R., R.M.D., A.M.S., S.N., S.B.O.); Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (R.M.D.); and Department of Radiology, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, Wash, and the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Md (E.A.R.)
| | - Robert M D'Ortenzio
- From the Department of Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, 899 W 12th Ave, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 1L5 (B.T.G., J.M.R., R.M.D., A.M.S., S.N., S.B.O.); Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (R.M.D.); and Department of Radiology, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, Wash, and the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Md (E.A.R.)
| | - Adnan M Sheikh
- From the Department of Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, 899 W 12th Ave, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 1L5 (B.T.G., J.M.R., R.M.D., A.M.S., S.N., S.B.O.); Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (R.M.D.); and Department of Radiology, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, Wash, and the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Md (E.A.R.)
| | - Savvas Nicolaou
- From the Department of Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, 899 W 12th Ave, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 1L5 (B.T.G., J.M.R., R.M.D., A.M.S., S.N., S.B.O.); Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (R.M.D.); and Department of Radiology, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, Wash, and the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Md (E.A.R.)
| | - Eric A Roberge
- From the Department of Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, 899 W 12th Ave, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 1L5 (B.T.G., J.M.R., R.M.D., A.M.S., S.N., S.B.O.); Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (R.M.D.); and Department of Radiology, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, Wash, and the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Md (E.A.R.)
| | - Siobhán B O'Neill
- From the Department of Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, 899 W 12th Ave, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 1L5 (B.T.G., J.M.R., R.M.D., A.M.S., S.N., S.B.O.); Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (R.M.D.); and Department of Radiology, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, Wash, and the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Md (E.A.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Schalekamp S, Bleeker-Rovers CP, Beenen LFM, Quarles van Ufford HME, Gietema HA, Stöger JL, Harris V, Reijers MHE, Rahamat-Langendoen J, Korevaar DA, Smits LP, Korteweg C, van Rees Vellinga TFD, Vermaat M, Stassen PM, Scheper H, Wijnakker R, Borm FJ, Dofferhoff ASM, Prokop M. Chest CT in the Emergency Department for Diagnosis of COVID-19 Pneumonia: Dutch Experience. Radiology 2020; 298:E98-E106. [PMID: 33201791 PMCID: PMC7676748 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2020203465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Clinicians need rapid and reliable diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) for proper risk stratification, isolation strategies, and treatment decisions. Purpose To assess the real-life performance of radiologist emergency department chest CT interpretation for diagnosing COVID-19 during the acute phase of the pandemic, using the COVID-19 reporting and data system (CO-RADS). Materials and Methods This retrospective multicenter study included consecutive patients who presented to emergency departments in six medical centers between March and April 2020 with moderate to severe upper respiratory symptoms suspicious for COVID-19. As part of clinical practice, chest CT was obtained for primary workup and scored using the 5-point CO-RADS scheme for suspicion of COVID-19. CT was compared with SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR, and a clinical reference standard established by a multidisciplinary group of clinicians based on RT-PCR, COVID-19 contact history, oxygen therapy, timing of RT-PCR testing and likely alternative diagnosis. Performance of CT was estimated using area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) analysis and diagnostic odds ratios (OR) against both reference standards. Subgroup analysis was performed based on symptom duration grouped presentations of < 48 hours, 48 hours through 7 days, and > 7 days. Results A total of 1070 patients (median age 66, IQR 54-75, 626 men) were included, of whom 536/1070 (50%) had a positive RT-PCR, 137/1070 (13%) patients were considered to have a possible or probable COVID- 19 based on the clinical reference standard. Chest CT yielded an AUC of 0.87 (95%CI 0.84-0.89) compared with RT-PCR and 0.87 (95%CI 0.85-0.89) compared with the clinical reference standard. A CO-RADS score ≥4 yielded an OR of 25.9 (95%CI 18.7-35.9) for a COVID-19 diagnosis by RT-PCR, and an OR of 30.6 (95%CI 21.1-44.4) by the clinical reference standard. For symptom duration of less than 48 hours, the AUC fell to 0.71 (95%CI 0.62-0.80; P<.001). Conclusion Chest CT analysis using the COVID-19 reporting and data system (CO-RADS) enables rapid and reliable diagnosis of COVID-19, particularly when symptom duration is greater than 48 hours. See also the editorial by Elicker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Schalekamp
- From the Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Anatomy (S.S., M.P.), Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (C.P.B.R.), Department of Pulmonology (M.H.E.R.), and Department of Medical Microbiology and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (J.R.L.), Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein zuid 10, 6525GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology (L.F.M.B.), Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine (V.H.), Department of Respiratory Medicine (D.A.K.), and Department of Internal Medicine (L.P.S.), Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (H.M.E.Q.v.U., T.v.R.V.) and Pulmonology (C.K.), Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (H.A.G.) and Department of Internal Medicine (P.M.S.), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Departments of Radiology (J.L.S.), Infectious Diseases (H.S., R.W.), and Pulmonology (F.J.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Global Health, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (V.H.); Departments of Radiology (M.V.) and Internal Medicine (A.S.M.D.), Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; and GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, the Netherlands (H.A.G.)
| | - Chantal P Bleeker-Rovers
- From the Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Anatomy (S.S., M.P.), Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (C.P.B.R.), Department of Pulmonology (M.H.E.R.), and Department of Medical Microbiology and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (J.R.L.), Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein zuid 10, 6525GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology (L.F.M.B.), Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine (V.H.), Department of Respiratory Medicine (D.A.K.), and Department of Internal Medicine (L.P.S.), Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (H.M.E.Q.v.U., T.v.R.V.) and Pulmonology (C.K.), Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (H.A.G.) and Department of Internal Medicine (P.M.S.), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Departments of Radiology (J.L.S.), Infectious Diseases (H.S., R.W.), and Pulmonology (F.J.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Global Health, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (V.H.); Departments of Radiology (M.V.) and Internal Medicine (A.S.M.D.), Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; and GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, the Netherlands (H.A.G.)
| | - Ludo F M Beenen
- From the Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Anatomy (S.S., M.P.), Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (C.P.B.R.), Department of Pulmonology (M.H.E.R.), and Department of Medical Microbiology and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (J.R.L.), Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein zuid 10, 6525GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology (L.F.M.B.), Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine (V.H.), Department of Respiratory Medicine (D.A.K.), and Department of Internal Medicine (L.P.S.), Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (H.M.E.Q.v.U., T.v.R.V.) and Pulmonology (C.K.), Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (H.A.G.) and Department of Internal Medicine (P.M.S.), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Departments of Radiology (J.L.S.), Infectious Diseases (H.S., R.W.), and Pulmonology (F.J.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Global Health, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (V.H.); Departments of Radiology (M.V.) and Internal Medicine (A.S.M.D.), Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; and GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, the Netherlands (H.A.G.)
| | - Henriette M E Quarles van Ufford
- From the Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Anatomy (S.S., M.P.), Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (C.P.B.R.), Department of Pulmonology (M.H.E.R.), and Department of Medical Microbiology and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (J.R.L.), Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein zuid 10, 6525GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology (L.F.M.B.), Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine (V.H.), Department of Respiratory Medicine (D.A.K.), and Department of Internal Medicine (L.P.S.), Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (H.M.E.Q.v.U., T.v.R.V.) and Pulmonology (C.K.), Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (H.A.G.) and Department of Internal Medicine (P.M.S.), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Departments of Radiology (J.L.S.), Infectious Diseases (H.S., R.W.), and Pulmonology (F.J.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Global Health, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (V.H.); Departments of Radiology (M.V.) and Internal Medicine (A.S.M.D.), Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; and GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, the Netherlands (H.A.G.)
| | - Hester A Gietema
- From the Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Anatomy (S.S., M.P.), Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (C.P.B.R.), Department of Pulmonology (M.H.E.R.), and Department of Medical Microbiology and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (J.R.L.), Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein zuid 10, 6525GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology (L.F.M.B.), Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine (V.H.), Department of Respiratory Medicine (D.A.K.), and Department of Internal Medicine (L.P.S.), Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (H.M.E.Q.v.U., T.v.R.V.) and Pulmonology (C.K.), Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (H.A.G.) and Department of Internal Medicine (P.M.S.), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Departments of Radiology (J.L.S.), Infectious Diseases (H.S., R.W.), and Pulmonology (F.J.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Global Health, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (V.H.); Departments of Radiology (M.V.) and Internal Medicine (A.S.M.D.), Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; and GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, the Netherlands (H.A.G.)
| | - J Lauran Stöger
- From the Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Anatomy (S.S., M.P.), Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (C.P.B.R.), Department of Pulmonology (M.H.E.R.), and Department of Medical Microbiology and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (J.R.L.), Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein zuid 10, 6525GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology (L.F.M.B.), Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine (V.H.), Department of Respiratory Medicine (D.A.K.), and Department of Internal Medicine (L.P.S.), Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (H.M.E.Q.v.U., T.v.R.V.) and Pulmonology (C.K.), Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (H.A.G.) and Department of Internal Medicine (P.M.S.), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Departments of Radiology (J.L.S.), Infectious Diseases (H.S., R.W.), and Pulmonology (F.J.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Global Health, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (V.H.); Departments of Radiology (M.V.) and Internal Medicine (A.S.M.D.), Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; and GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, the Netherlands (H.A.G.)
| | - Vanessa Harris
- From the Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Anatomy (S.S., M.P.), Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (C.P.B.R.), Department of Pulmonology (M.H.E.R.), and Department of Medical Microbiology and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (J.R.L.), Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein zuid 10, 6525GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology (L.F.M.B.), Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine (V.H.), Department of Respiratory Medicine (D.A.K.), and Department of Internal Medicine (L.P.S.), Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (H.M.E.Q.v.U., T.v.R.V.) and Pulmonology (C.K.), Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (H.A.G.) and Department of Internal Medicine (P.M.S.), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Departments of Radiology (J.L.S.), Infectious Diseases (H.S., R.W.), and Pulmonology (F.J.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Global Health, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (V.H.); Departments of Radiology (M.V.) and Internal Medicine (A.S.M.D.), Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; and GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, the Netherlands (H.A.G.)
| | - Monique H E Reijers
- From the Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Anatomy (S.S., M.P.), Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (C.P.B.R.), Department of Pulmonology (M.H.E.R.), and Department of Medical Microbiology and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (J.R.L.), Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein zuid 10, 6525GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology (L.F.M.B.), Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine (V.H.), Department of Respiratory Medicine (D.A.K.), and Department of Internal Medicine (L.P.S.), Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (H.M.E.Q.v.U., T.v.R.V.) and Pulmonology (C.K.), Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (H.A.G.) and Department of Internal Medicine (P.M.S.), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Departments of Radiology (J.L.S.), Infectious Diseases (H.S., R.W.), and Pulmonology (F.J.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Global Health, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (V.H.); Departments of Radiology (M.V.) and Internal Medicine (A.S.M.D.), Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; and GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, the Netherlands (H.A.G.)
| | - Janette Rahamat-Langendoen
- From the Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Anatomy (S.S., M.P.), Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (C.P.B.R.), Department of Pulmonology (M.H.E.R.), and Department of Medical Microbiology and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (J.R.L.), Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein zuid 10, 6525GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology (L.F.M.B.), Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine (V.H.), Department of Respiratory Medicine (D.A.K.), and Department of Internal Medicine (L.P.S.), Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (H.M.E.Q.v.U., T.v.R.V.) and Pulmonology (C.K.), Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (H.A.G.) and Department of Internal Medicine (P.M.S.), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Departments of Radiology (J.L.S.), Infectious Diseases (H.S., R.W.), and Pulmonology (F.J.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Global Health, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (V.H.); Departments of Radiology (M.V.) and Internal Medicine (A.S.M.D.), Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; and GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, the Netherlands (H.A.G.)
| | - Daniel A Korevaar
- From the Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Anatomy (S.S., M.P.), Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (C.P.B.R.), Department of Pulmonology (M.H.E.R.), and Department of Medical Microbiology and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (J.R.L.), Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein zuid 10, 6525GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology (L.F.M.B.), Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine (V.H.), Department of Respiratory Medicine (D.A.K.), and Department of Internal Medicine (L.P.S.), Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (H.M.E.Q.v.U., T.v.R.V.) and Pulmonology (C.K.), Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (H.A.G.) and Department of Internal Medicine (P.M.S.), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Departments of Radiology (J.L.S.), Infectious Diseases (H.S., R.W.), and Pulmonology (F.J.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Global Health, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (V.H.); Departments of Radiology (M.V.) and Internal Medicine (A.S.M.D.), Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; and GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, the Netherlands (H.A.G.)
| | - Loek P Smits
- From the Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Anatomy (S.S., M.P.), Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (C.P.B.R.), Department of Pulmonology (M.H.E.R.), and Department of Medical Microbiology and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (J.R.L.), Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein zuid 10, 6525GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology (L.F.M.B.), Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine (V.H.), Department of Respiratory Medicine (D.A.K.), and Department of Internal Medicine (L.P.S.), Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (H.M.E.Q.v.U., T.v.R.V.) and Pulmonology (C.K.), Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (H.A.G.) and Department of Internal Medicine (P.M.S.), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Departments of Radiology (J.L.S.), Infectious Diseases (H.S., R.W.), and Pulmonology (F.J.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Global Health, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (V.H.); Departments of Radiology (M.V.) and Internal Medicine (A.S.M.D.), Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; and GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, the Netherlands (H.A.G.)
| | - Christine Korteweg
- From the Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Anatomy (S.S., M.P.), Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (C.P.B.R.), Department of Pulmonology (M.H.E.R.), and Department of Medical Microbiology and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (J.R.L.), Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein zuid 10, 6525GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology (L.F.M.B.), Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine (V.H.), Department of Respiratory Medicine (D.A.K.), and Department of Internal Medicine (L.P.S.), Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (H.M.E.Q.v.U., T.v.R.V.) and Pulmonology (C.K.), Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (H.A.G.) and Department of Internal Medicine (P.M.S.), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Departments of Radiology (J.L.S.), Infectious Diseases (H.S., R.W.), and Pulmonology (F.J.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Global Health, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (V.H.); Departments of Radiology (M.V.) and Internal Medicine (A.S.M.D.), Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; and GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, the Netherlands (H.A.G.)
| | - Tjalco F D van Rees Vellinga
- From the Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Anatomy (S.S., M.P.), Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (C.P.B.R.), Department of Pulmonology (M.H.E.R.), and Department of Medical Microbiology and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (J.R.L.), Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein zuid 10, 6525GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology (L.F.M.B.), Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine (V.H.), Department of Respiratory Medicine (D.A.K.), and Department of Internal Medicine (L.P.S.), Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (H.M.E.Q.v.U., T.v.R.V.) and Pulmonology (C.K.), Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (H.A.G.) and Department of Internal Medicine (P.M.S.), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Departments of Radiology (J.L.S.), Infectious Diseases (H.S., R.W.), and Pulmonology (F.J.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Global Health, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (V.H.); Departments of Radiology (M.V.) and Internal Medicine (A.S.M.D.), Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; and GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, the Netherlands (H.A.G.)
| | - Marieke Vermaat
- From the Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Anatomy (S.S., M.P.), Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (C.P.B.R.), Department of Pulmonology (M.H.E.R.), and Department of Medical Microbiology and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (J.R.L.), Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein zuid 10, 6525GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology (L.F.M.B.), Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine (V.H.), Department of Respiratory Medicine (D.A.K.), and Department of Internal Medicine (L.P.S.), Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (H.M.E.Q.v.U., T.v.R.V.) and Pulmonology (C.K.), Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (H.A.G.) and Department of Internal Medicine (P.M.S.), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Departments of Radiology (J.L.S.), Infectious Diseases (H.S., R.W.), and Pulmonology (F.J.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Global Health, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (V.H.); Departments of Radiology (M.V.) and Internal Medicine (A.S.M.D.), Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; and GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, the Netherlands (H.A.G.)
| | - Patricia M Stassen
- From the Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Anatomy (S.S., M.P.), Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (C.P.B.R.), Department of Pulmonology (M.H.E.R.), and Department of Medical Microbiology and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (J.R.L.), Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein zuid 10, 6525GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology (L.F.M.B.), Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine (V.H.), Department of Respiratory Medicine (D.A.K.), and Department of Internal Medicine (L.P.S.), Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (H.M.E.Q.v.U., T.v.R.V.) and Pulmonology (C.K.), Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (H.A.G.) and Department of Internal Medicine (P.M.S.), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Departments of Radiology (J.L.S.), Infectious Diseases (H.S., R.W.), and Pulmonology (F.J.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Global Health, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (V.H.); Departments of Radiology (M.V.) and Internal Medicine (A.S.M.D.), Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; and GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, the Netherlands (H.A.G.)
| | - Henk Scheper
- From the Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Anatomy (S.S., M.P.), Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (C.P.B.R.), Department of Pulmonology (M.H.E.R.), and Department of Medical Microbiology and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (J.R.L.), Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein zuid 10, 6525GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology (L.F.M.B.), Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine (V.H.), Department of Respiratory Medicine (D.A.K.), and Department of Internal Medicine (L.P.S.), Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (H.M.E.Q.v.U., T.v.R.V.) and Pulmonology (C.K.), Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (H.A.G.) and Department of Internal Medicine (P.M.S.), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Departments of Radiology (J.L.S.), Infectious Diseases (H.S., R.W.), and Pulmonology (F.J.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Global Health, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (V.H.); Departments of Radiology (M.V.) and Internal Medicine (A.S.M.D.), Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; and GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, the Netherlands (H.A.G.)
| | - Roos Wijnakker
- From the Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Anatomy (S.S., M.P.), Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (C.P.B.R.), Department of Pulmonology (M.H.E.R.), and Department of Medical Microbiology and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (J.R.L.), Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein zuid 10, 6525GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology (L.F.M.B.), Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine (V.H.), Department of Respiratory Medicine (D.A.K.), and Department of Internal Medicine (L.P.S.), Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (H.M.E.Q.v.U., T.v.R.V.) and Pulmonology (C.K.), Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (H.A.G.) and Department of Internal Medicine (P.M.S.), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Departments of Radiology (J.L.S.), Infectious Diseases (H.S., R.W.), and Pulmonology (F.J.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Global Health, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (V.H.); Departments of Radiology (M.V.) and Internal Medicine (A.S.M.D.), Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; and GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, the Netherlands (H.A.G.)
| | - Frank J Borm
- From the Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Anatomy (S.S., M.P.), Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (C.P.B.R.), Department of Pulmonology (M.H.E.R.), and Department of Medical Microbiology and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (J.R.L.), Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein zuid 10, 6525GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology (L.F.M.B.), Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine (V.H.), Department of Respiratory Medicine (D.A.K.), and Department of Internal Medicine (L.P.S.), Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (H.M.E.Q.v.U., T.v.R.V.) and Pulmonology (C.K.), Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (H.A.G.) and Department of Internal Medicine (P.M.S.), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Departments of Radiology (J.L.S.), Infectious Diseases (H.S., R.W.), and Pulmonology (F.J.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Global Health, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (V.H.); Departments of Radiology (M.V.) and Internal Medicine (A.S.M.D.), Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; and GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, the Netherlands (H.A.G.)
| | - Anthonius S M Dofferhoff
- From the Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Anatomy (S.S., M.P.), Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (C.P.B.R.), Department of Pulmonology (M.H.E.R.), and Department of Medical Microbiology and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (J.R.L.), Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein zuid 10, 6525GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology (L.F.M.B.), Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine (V.H.), Department of Respiratory Medicine (D.A.K.), and Department of Internal Medicine (L.P.S.), Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (H.M.E.Q.v.U., T.v.R.V.) and Pulmonology (C.K.), Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (H.A.G.) and Department of Internal Medicine (P.M.S.), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Departments of Radiology (J.L.S.), Infectious Diseases (H.S., R.W.), and Pulmonology (F.J.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Global Health, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (V.H.); Departments of Radiology (M.V.) and Internal Medicine (A.S.M.D.), Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; and GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, the Netherlands (H.A.G.)
| | - Mathias Prokop
- From the Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Anatomy (S.S., M.P.), Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (C.P.B.R.), Department of Pulmonology (M.H.E.R.), and Department of Medical Microbiology and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (J.R.L.), Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein zuid 10, 6525GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology (L.F.M.B.), Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine (V.H.), Department of Respiratory Medicine (D.A.K.), and Department of Internal Medicine (L.P.S.), Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (H.M.E.Q.v.U., T.v.R.V.) and Pulmonology (C.K.), Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (H.A.G.) and Department of Internal Medicine (P.M.S.), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Departments of Radiology (J.L.S.), Infectious Diseases (H.S., R.W.), and Pulmonology (F.J.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Global Health, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (V.H.); Departments of Radiology (M.V.) and Internal Medicine (A.S.M.D.), Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; and GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, the Netherlands (H.A.G.)
| |
Collapse
|