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Abenavoli EM, Barbetti M, Linguanti F, Mungai F, Nassi L, Puccini B, Romano I, Sordi B, Santi R, Passeri A, Sciagrà R, Talamonti C, Cistaro A, Vannucchi AM, Berti V. Characterization of Mediastinal Bulky Lymphomas with FDG-PET-Based Radiomics and Machine Learning Techniques. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15071931. [PMID: 37046592 PMCID: PMC10093023 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15071931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study tested the diagnostic value of 18F-FDG PET/CT (FDG-PET) volumetric and texture parameters in the histological differentiation of mediastinal bulky disease due to classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL), primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma (PMBCL) and grey zone lymphoma (GZL), using machine learning techniques. METHODS We reviewed 80 cHL, 29 PMBCL and 8 GZL adult patients with mediastinal bulky disease and histopathological diagnoses who underwent FDG-PET pre-treatment. Volumetric and radiomic parameters were measured using FDG-PET both for bulky lesions (BL) and for all lesions (AL) using LIFEx software (threshold SUV ≥ 2.5). Binary and multiclass classifications were performed with various machine learning techniques fed by a relevant subset of radiomic features. RESULTS The analysis showed significant differences between the lymphoma groups in terms of SUVmax, SUVmean, MTV, TLG and several textural features of both first- and second-order grey level. Among machine learning classifiers, the tree-based ensembles achieved the best performance both for binary and multiclass classifications in histological differentiation. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the value of metabolic heterogeneity as an imaging biomarker, and the use of radiomic features for early characterization of mediastinal bulky lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Maria Abenavoli
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences 'Mario Serio', University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Matteo Barbetti
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Florence Division, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Flavia Linguanti
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences 'Mario Serio', University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Mungai
- Department of Radiology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Luca Nassi
- Hematology Department, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Benedetta Puccini
- Hematology Department, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Ilaria Romano
- Hematology Department, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Benedetta Sordi
- Hematology Department, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, CRIMM, Center Research and Innovation of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Raffaella Santi
- Pathology Section, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Passeri
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences 'Mario Serio', University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Roberto Sciagrà
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences 'Mario Serio', University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Cinzia Talamonti
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Florence Division, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Medical Physics Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences 'Mario Serio', University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Angelina Cistaro
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Salus Alliance Medical, 16128 Genoa, Italy
- Pediatric Study Group for Italian Association of Nuclear Medicine (AIMN), 20159 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Maria Vannucchi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, CRIMM, Center Research and Innovation of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Valentina Berti
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences 'Mario Serio', University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
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Hildingsson S, Gebre-Medhin M, Zschaeck S, Adrian G. Hypoxia in relationship to tumor volume using hypoxia PET-imaging in head & neck cancer - A scoping review. Clin Transl Radiat Oncol 2022; 36:40-46. [PMID: 35769424 PMCID: PMC9234341 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctro.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary tumor volume and hypoxic volume has previously not been convincingly related. 367 patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma from 21 different studies using hypoxia-PET The hypoxic volume increased significantly with primary tumor volume. In larger tumor the hypoxic fraction was significantly higher than in smaller tumors.
Background Hypoxia and large tumor volumes are negative prognostic factors for patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) treated with radiation therapy (RT). PET-scanning with specific hypoxia-tracers (hypoxia-PET) can be used to non-invasively assess hypoxic tumor volume. Primary tumor volume is readily available for patients undergoing RT. However, the relationship between hypoxic volume and primary tumor volume is yet an open question. The current study investigates the hypotheses that larger tumors contain both a larger hypoxic volume and a higher hypoxic fraction. Methods PubMed and Embase were systematically searched to identify articles fulfilling the predefined criteria. Individual tumor data (primary tumor volume and hypoxic volume/fraction) was extracted. Relationship between hypoxic volume and primary tumor volume was investigated by linear regression. The correlation between hypoxic fraction and log2(primary tumor volume) was determined for each cohort and in a pooled analysis individual regression slopes and coefficients of determination (R2) were weighted according to cohort size. Results 21 relevant articles were identified and individual data from 367 patients was extracted, out of which 323 patients from 17 studies had quantifiable volumes of interest. A correlation between primary tumor volume and PET-determined hypoxic volume was found (P <.001, R2 = 0.46). Larger tumors had a significantly higher fraction of hypoxia compared with smaller tumors (P<.01). The weighted analysis of all studies revealed that for each doubling of the tumor volume, the hypoxic fraction increased by four percentage points. Conclusion This study shows correlations between primary tumor volume and hypoxic volume as well as primary tumor volume and the hypoxic fraction in patients with HNSCC. The findings suggest that not only do large tumors contain more cancer cells, they also have a higher proportion of potentially radioresistant hypoxic cells. This knowledge can be important when individualizing RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Hildingsson
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria Gebre-Medhin
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Radiation Physics, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Zschaeck
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gabriel Adrian
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Hematology, Oncology and Radiation Physics, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Agarwal HK, Chhikara BS, Ye G, Bhavaraju S, Dixit A, Kumar A, Doncel GF, Parang K. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 5'- O-Fatty Acyl Ester Derivatives of 3'-Fluoro-2',3'-dideoxythymidine as Potential Anti-HIV Microbicides. Molecules 2022; 27:3352. [PMID: 35630829 PMCID: PMC9143043 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of 5′-O-fatty acyl derivatives of 3′-fluoro-2′,3′-dideoxythymidine (FLT, 1) were synthesized. These conjugates were evaluated for their potential as topical microbicides with anti-HIV activity against cell-free (X4 and R5), cell-associated, and multidrug-resistant viruses. Compared to FLT and 3′-azido-2′,3′-dideoxythymidine (AZT), 5′-O-(12-azidododecanoyl) (5), 5′-O-myristoyl (6), and 5′-O-(12-thioethyldodecanoyl) (8) derivatives of FLT were found to be more active against both cell-free viruses (lymphocytotropic and monocytotropic strains) with EC50 values of 0.4 μM, 1.1 μM, and <0.2 μM, respectively, as well as cell-associated virus with EC50 values of 12.6, 6.4, and 2.3 μM, respectively. Conjugates 5, 6, and 8 exhibited >4 and >30 times better antiviral index than FLT and AZT, respectively. Conjugates 5 and 8 were significantly more potent than FLT against many multidrug-resistant strains. A comparison of the anti-HIV activity with the corresponding non-hydrolyzable ether conjugates suggested that ester hydrolysis to FLT and fatty acids is critical to enable anti-HIV activity. Cellular uptake studies were conducted using fluorescent derivatives of FLT attached with 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein through either β-alanine (23) or 12-aminododecanoic acid (24) spacers. The lipophilic fluorescent analog with a long chain (24) showed more than 12 times higher cellular uptake profile than the fluorescent analog with a short chain (23). These studies further confirmed that the attachment of fatty acids improved the cellular uptake of nucleoside conjugates. In addition, 5, 6, and 8 were the least cytotoxic and did not alter vaginal cell and sperm viability compared to the positive control, a commercial topical spermicide (N-9), which significantly decreased sperm and vaginal cell viability inducing the generation of proinflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitesh K. Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, South University, 709 Mall Boulevard, Savannah, GA 31406, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA; (B.S.C.); (G.Y.); (S.B.); (A.D.); (A.K.)
| | - Bhupender S. Chhikara
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA; (B.S.C.); (G.Y.); (S.B.); (A.D.); (A.K.)
| | - Guofeng Ye
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA; (B.S.C.); (G.Y.); (S.B.); (A.D.); (A.K.)
| | - Sitaram Bhavaraju
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA; (B.S.C.); (G.Y.); (S.B.); (A.D.); (A.K.)
| | - Ajay Dixit
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA; (B.S.C.); (G.Y.); (S.B.); (A.D.); (A.K.)
- ITC Life Science & Technology Center, #3, 1st Main, Peenya Industrial Area, 1st Phase, Bangalore 560058, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA; (B.S.C.); (G.Y.); (S.B.); (A.D.); (A.K.)
| | - Gustavo F. Doncel
- CONRAD, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
| | - Keykavous Parang
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA; (B.S.C.); (G.Y.); (S.B.); (A.D.); (A.K.)
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
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Welz S, Paulsen F, Pfannenberg C, Reimold M, Reischl G, Nikolaou K, La Fougère C, Alber M, Belka C, Zips D, Thorwarth D. Dose escalation to hypoxic subvolumes in head and neck cancer: A randomized phase II study using dynamic [ 18F]FMISO PET/CT. Radiother Oncol 2022; 171:30-36. [PMID: 35395276 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2022.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Tumor hypoxia is a major cause of resistance to radiochemotherapy in locally advanced head-and-neck cancer (LASCCHN). We present results of a randomized phase II trial on hypoxia dose escalation (DE) in LASCCHN based on dynamic [18F]FMISO (dynFMISO) positron emission tomography (PET). The purpose was to confirm the prognostic value of hypoxia PET and assess feasibility, toxicity and efficacy of hypoxia-DE. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients with LASCCHN underwent baseline dynFMISO PET/CT. Hypoxic volumes (HV) were derived from dynFMISO data. Patients with hypoxic tumors (HV>0) were randomized into standard radiotherapy (ST: 70Gy/35fx) or dose escalation (DE: 77Gy/35fx) to the HV. Patients with non-hypoxic tumors were treated with ST. After a minimum follow-up of 2 years, feasibility, acute/late toxicity and local control (LC) were analyzed. RESULTS The study was closed prematurely due to slow accrual. Between 2009 and 2017, 53 patients were enrolled, 39 (74%) had hypoxic tumors and were randomized into ST or DE. For non-hypoxic patients, 100% 5-year LC was observed compared to 74% in patients with hypoxic tumors (p=0.039). The difference in 5-year LC between DE (16/19) and ST (10/17) was 25%, p=0.150. No relevant differences related to acute and late toxicities between the groups were observed. CONCLUSION This study confirmed the prognostic value of hypoxia PET in LASCCHN for LC. Outcome after hypoxia DE appears promising and may support the concept of DE. Slow accrual and premature closure may partly be due to a high complexity of the study setup which needs to be considered for future multicenter trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Welz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Frank Paulsen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christina Pfannenberg
- Department of Radiology, Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Reimold
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gerald Reischl
- Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, University Hospital Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Konstantin Nikolaou
- Department of Radiology, Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian La Fougère
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Markus Alber
- Section for Medical Physics, Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claus Belka
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Munich, Germany; Department of Radiation Oncology, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Zips
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Tübingen, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniela Thorwarth
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Tübingen, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Section for Biomedical Physics, Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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Abstract
Head and neck cancers are commonly encountered malignancies in the United States, of which the majority are attributed to squamous cell carcinoma. 18F-FDG-PET/CT has been well established in the evaluation, treatment planning, prognostic implications of these tumors and is routinely applied for the management of patients with these cancers. Many alternative investigational PET radiotracers have been extensively studied in the evaluation of these tumors. Although these radiotracers have not been able to replace 18F-FDG-PET/CT in routine clinical practice currently, they may provide important additional information about the biological mechanisms of these tumors, such as foci of tumor hypoxia as seen on hypoxia specific PET radiotracers such as 18F-Fluoromisonidazole (18F-FMISO), which could be useful in targeting radioresistant hypoxic tumor foci when treatment planning. There are multiple other hypoxia-specific PET radiotracers such as 18F-Fluoroazomycinarabinoside (FAZA), 18F-Flortanidazole (HX4), which have been evaluated similarly, of which 18F-Fluoromisonidazole (18F-FMISO) has been the most investigated. Other radiotracers frequently studied in the evaluation of these tumors include radiolabeled amino acid PET radiotracers, which show increased uptake in tumor cells with limited uptake in inflammatory tissue, which can be useful especially in differentiating postradiation inflammation from residual and/or recurrent disease. 18F-Fluorothymidine (FLT) is localized intracellularly by nucleoside transport and undergoes phosphorylation thereby being retained within tumor cells and can serve as an indicator of tumor proliferation. Decrease in radiotracer activity following treatment can be an early indicator of treatment response. This review aims at synthesizing the available literature on the most studied non-FDG-PET/CT in head and neck cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Marcus
- Department of Radiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV.
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