Advances in nasopharyngeal carcinoma-"West meets East"

FOXK1 regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition and radiation sensitivity in nasopharyngeal carcinoma via the JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway

BACKGROUND

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is the most common head and neck tumor in China. Forkhead box (FOX) proteins have 19 subfamilies, which can maintain cell metabolism, regulate cell cycle and cell growth, etc. FOXK1 is a member of the FOX family, and studies have found that FOXK1 is closely related to tumors.

OBJECTIVE

This experiment aims to study the effects of FOXK1 interference on proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and radiosensitivity, by regulating the Janus kinas/signal translator and activator of the transfer 3 (JAK/STAT3) pathway.

METHODS

The expression of FOXK1 was detected via immunohistochemistry using clinical nasopharyngeal carcinoma tissues and adjacent tissues. The relationship between FOXK1 expression and tumor stage was subsequently evaluated. The colony formation rate was calculated through the colony formation experiment. Cell apoptosis and cell cycle distribution were detected using flow cytometry, while cell invasion was detected using the Transwell method. The number of cells in the nucleus of each group after 30 min, 4 h, and 24 h of radiotherapy with the 2 Gy dose was counted using immunofluorescence under γ-H2AX focal points of a laser confocal microscope.

RESULTS

FOXK1 is clearly expressed in the patients' cancer tissues. The expression of FOXK1 was significantly correlated with the patient's sex. FOXK1 interference or Peficitinib can upregulate the apoptosis rate of 5-8 F and CNE-2 cells; increase the G2 phase of cells; and inhibit the invasion, migration, and EMT of cells. At the same time, FOXK1 interference can downregulate the protein expression of p-JAK1, p-JAK2, and p-STAT3 in cells. Interference from FOXK1 or Peficitinib alone can reduce the rate of cell colony formation under different radiation doses, and enhance the green fluorescence intensity of γ-H2AX in the nucleus after 4 and 24 h of the 2 Gy dose of radiotherapy. These results are optimal when FOXK1 interference and Peficitinib are used together.

CONCLUSION

FOXK1 interference in NPC cells can regulate EMT through the JAK/STAT3 signal pathway, enhance the radiosensitivity of cells, and thus inhibit tumor cell progression.

AURKA, as a potential prognostic biomarker, regulates autophagy and immune infiltration in nasopharyngeal carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Dysfunction of Aurora A (AURKA) plays crucial role in tumorigenesis and development of many types of cancer. However, the role of AURKA in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) has not been investigated yet.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Two independent NPC cohorts (GSE61218 and GSE102349) were enrolled from public database to investigate the expression level of AURKA between NPC and nasopharyngitis samples, the association of AURKA expression level with prognosis in NPC, and the potential mechanism of AURKA in NPC by using bioinformatics analyses. The expression level of AURKA protein in 62 paired NPC and nasopharyngitis tissues was evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Two NPC cell lines (SUNE-1 and CNE-2) were enrolled and the expression levels of AURKA in the NPC cells were inhibited by RNA interference. The expression levels of mRNAs were tested by qPCR and western-blotting. CCK-8 assay was applied to measure the cell growth. Cell migration was measured by using wound healing assays.

RESULTS

AURKA was highly expressed in NPC samples compared to nasopharyngitis samples in GSE61218, which was confirmed by IHC. High expression of AURKA was associated with worse prognosis in GSE102349. Notably, silencing of AURKA was associated with significantly decreased cell growth and migration in NPC. Moreover, we found that the differentially expressed genes between high and low AURKA expression groups in GSE102349 were majorly enriched in both autophagy-related and immune-related pathways. Additionally, the expression level of AURKA was associated with the expression levels of autophagy-related genes and the infiltration of immune cells.

CONCLUSION

AURKA overexpressed in NPC, which was associated with poor prognosis. Silencing of AURKA inhibited the proliferation and migration of NPC cells. Besides, AURKA might participate in the regulation of both autophagy and immunity in NPC.

Recommendation for imaging follow-up strategy based on time-specific disease failure for nasopharyngeal carcinoma

BACKGROUND

To develop a common follow-up strategy for appropriate imaging examination at an appropriate time for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).

METHODS

Independent prognostic factors were identified by Cox regression analysis, and a nomogram model was developed. Random survival forest (RSF) model was constructed to depict probability of disease failure during a 5-year follow-up and establish a reasonable risk-based follow-up strategy.

RESULTS

The nomogram model finally categorized the patients into three risk groups. RSF model demonstrated distribution trends for local and regional recurrences, bone metastasis, liver metastasis, and lung metastasis of NPC. Adequate imaging at follow-up should be considered between 10 and 21 months for patients at moderate-risk of recurrence or metastasis and 7-36 months for those at high-risk.

CONCLUSIONS

The temporal distribution of incidence rates of recurrence or metastasis varied among different risk groups. We recommend implementing a focused and targeted imaging surveillance intervention at appropriate times to improve its efficiency and reduce costs.

Screening Key Genes and Biological Pathways in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma by Integrated Bioinformatics Analysis

The purpose of this study was to identify the hub genes and biological pathways of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) through bioinformatics analysis and potential new therapeutic targets. In this study, three datasets were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between NPC and normal tissues were analyzed using the GEO2R online tool. Volcano and heat maps of the DEGs were visualized using the hiplot database. Gene ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses of the upregulated and downregulated DEGs were performed using the DAVID database. Finally, we established a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network using the STRING database and showed the differential expression of hub genes between the normal and tumor tissues. In all, 109,371,221 upregulated DEGs and 139,226,520 downregulated DEGs were obtained in datasets GSE40290, GSE61218, and GSE53819, respectively, and 18 common differential genes, named co-DEGs, were screened in the three datasets. The most abundant biological GO terms of the co-DEGs were inflammatory response et al. The KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that co-DEGs mainly participated in the interleukin (IL)-17 signaling pathway et al. Finally, we identified four hub genes using PPI analysis and observed that three of them were highly expressed in tumor tissues. In this study, the hub genes of NPC, such as PTGS2, and pathways such as IL-17 signaling, were identified through bioinformatics analysis, which may be potential new therapeutic targets for NPC.

A Nomogram to Predict Critical Weight Loss in Patients with Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma During (Chemo) Radiotherapy

Background:

Weight loss is an important side effect of long-term anticancer treatment for nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients. The decline in body function will cause many adverse effects, such as local recurrence and distant metastasis, and reduce the patient’s quality of life. Therefore, this study developed a predictive model for the probability of critical weight loss to provide timely appropriate nutritional interventions and prevent serious side effects.

Methods:

A 20-week prospective follow-up study of 137 nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients in West China Hospital of Sichuan University undergoing radiotherapy and chemotherapy from February 2018 to March 2020 was conducted to collect relevant clinical data. The clinical usefulness and calibration of the prediction model were assessed using the C-index, calibration plot, receiver operating curve, and decision curve analysis. Internal validation was assessed using bootstrapping validation.

Results:

The nomogram consisted of sex, smoking status, physical status, chemotherapy regimen, and body mass index. Good calibration was observed for the cohort, with an area under the curve of 0.924. Five independent prognostic factors were included in the nomogram, which showed a high C-index value of 0.815 in the interval validation. Decision curve analysis showed that the nomogram was clinically useful when the intervention was decided at the critical weight loss possibility threshold in the 0% to 97% range.

Conclusions:

We constructed and validated a nomogram for predicting the incidence of critical weight loss in nasopharyngeal cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Nasopharyngeal Cancer with an Emphasis among Asian Americans

Despite the overall decreasing incidence, nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) continues to cause a significant health burden among Asian Americans (AAs), who are a fast-growing but understudied heterogeneous racial group in the United States. We aimed to examine the racial/ethnic disparities in NPC incidence, treatment, and mortality with a specific focus on AA subgroups. NPC patients aged ≥ 15 years were obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) 18 (1975-2018). AAs were divided into Chinese, Filipino, Vietnamese, Hawaiian, Japanese, Laotian, Korean, Cambodian, Indian/Pakistani and other Asian/Pacific Islanders (APIs). Age-adjusted incidence was calculated using the SEER*Stat software. Cox proportional and Fine-Gray sub-distribution hazard models were used to calculate overall and cause-specific mortalities after adjusting for confounders. Among the total 11,964 NPC cases, 18.4% were Chinese, 7.7% Filipino, 5.0% Vietnamese, 1.2% Hawaiian, 1.0% Japanese, 0.8% Laotian, 0.8% Korean, 0.6% Cambodian, 0.5% Indian/Pakistani and 4.4% other APIs. Laotians had the highest age-adjusted NPC incidence (9.21 per 100,000), which was 18.04 times higher than it in non-Hispanic Whites (NHWs). Chinese and Filipinos observed lower overall mortalities, however, Chinese saw increased NPC-specific mortality than NHWs. Disparities in mortality were also found across different histology subtypes. This is the first and largest study examining the NPC incidence and outcomes in AA subgroups. The significant disparities of NPC within AAs underline the importance of adequate AA-subgroup sample size in future studies to understand the prognostic role of ethnicity in NPC and advocate more ethnically and culturally tailored cancer prevention and care delivery.

Integration of MRI-Based Radiomics Features, Clinicopathological Characteristics, and Blood Parameters: A Nomogram Model for Predicting Clinical Outcome in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

Purpose

This study aimed to develop a nomogram model based on multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) radiomics features, clinicopathological characteristics, and blood parameters to predict the progression-free survival (PFS) of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).

Methods

A total of 462 patients with pathologically confirmed nonkeratinizing NPC treated at Sichuan Cancer Hospital were recruited from 2015 to 2019 and divided into training and validation cohorts at a ratio of 7:3. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) algorithm was used for radiomics feature dimension reduction and screening in the training cohort. Rad-score, age, sex, smoking and drinking habits, Ki-67, monocytes, monocyte ratio, and mean corpuscular volume were incorporated into a multivariate Cox proportional risk regression model to build a multifactorial nomogram. The concordance index (C-index) and decision curve analysis (DCA) were applied to estimate its efficacy.

Results

Nine significant features associated with PFS were selected by LASSO and used to calculate the rad-score of each patient. The rad-score was verified as an independent prognostic factor for PFS in NPC. The survival analysis showed that those with lower rad-scores had longer PFS in both cohorts (p < 0.05). Compared with the tumor–node–metastasis staging system, the multifactorial nomogram had higher C-indexes (training cohorts: 0.819 vs. 0.610; validation cohorts: 0.820 vs. 0.602). Moreover, the DCA curve showed that this model could better predict progression within 50% threshold probability.

Conclusion

A nomogram that combined MRI-based radiomics with clinicopathological characteristics and blood parameters improved the ability to predict progression in patients with NPC.

The microRNA-451a/chromosome segregation 1-like axis suppresses cell proliferation, migration, and invasion and induces apoptosis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma

MicroRNA-451a (miR-451a) has been implicated in the initiation and progression of multiple cancers. However, the regulatory mechanisms underlying its function in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) are poorly understood. Thus, we investigated in detail the role of the microRNA-451a/chromosome segregation 1-like (miR-45a/CSE1L) axis and its regulatory mechanism in NPC. We examined the levels of miR-451a and CSE1L in NPC, and assessed the effects of miR-451a and CSE1L on NPC by cell functional experiments. Furthermore, we elucidated the direct regulatory effect of miR-451a on CSE1L by the luciferase reporter assay, RNA pull-down assay, and RNA immunoprecipitation and validated our observations by calculating the Pearson's correlation coefficient. We found that miR-451a was down-regulated in NPC cells, and its over-expression attenuated cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, and tumor growth in 5-8 F and SUNE-1 cells and promoted apoptosis. Moreover, CSE1L was the direct gene target of miR-451a, and its over-expression abrogated miR-451a-dependent inhibition of malignancy in 5-8 F and SUNE-1 cells. The Pearson's correlation coefficient indicated a negative correlation between CSE1L and miR-451a. miR-451a serves as a tumor suppressor and targets CSE1L. miR-451a suppresses CSE1L expression, thereby reducing proliferation, invasion, and migration and increasing apoptosis of NPC cells.

Experimental Study on the Effect of miR-200b Regulation of Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP)-2 Expression on the Proliferation and Invasion of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Cells

BMP is an important member of the skeletal junction proteins associated with cell invasion, metastasis, and migration. MiR-200b is associated with the progression of several tumors. This study investigated whether miR-200b plays a role in regulating BMP-2 expression and affecting the proliferation and invasion of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. The nasopharyngeal carcinoma tissues with different TNM stages were collected and the proliferative nasal tissues alone were used as controls to detect the expression of miR-200b and BMP by RT-PCR. The nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line CNE1 cells were divided into miR-NC group, miR-200b mimic group, siRNA-NC group, and siRNA-BMP-2 group, to detect BMP-2 level, cell invasion and proliferation ability by transwell. The BMP-2 mRNA expressed in nasopharyngeal carcinoma tissues was significantly elevated compared to controls and correlated with TNM stage. BMP-2 was higher in tumor tissues than in controls, however, the expression profile of miR-200b was opposite to BMP-2. Transfection with miR-200b mimic or siRNA-BMP-2 significantly down-regulated BMP-2 in CNE1 cells and attenuated cell invasive and proliferative capacity. Reduced expression of miR-200b is associated with elevated BMP-2 expression and increased invasive capacity of nasopharyngeal cancer cells. Overexpression of miR-200b reduces the invasive and proliferative capacity of nasopharyngeal cancer cells by targeting and inhibiting BMP-2 expression.

Effect of high-quality nursing intervention on psychological emotion, life quality and nursing satisfaction of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma undergoing radiotherapy

OBJECTIVE

This study was designed to investigate the effect of high-quality nursing (HQN) intervention on psychological emotion, quality of life (QOL) and nursing satisfaction of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) undergoing radiotherapy.

METHODS

Fifty-eight NPC patients receiving radiotherapy in our hospital between August 2017 and February 2019 were selected and divided into two groups according to different nursing intervention models. Among them, the control group (CG; 28 cases) was given routine nursing intervention, while the research group (RG; 30 cases) was treated with HQN intervention. The efficacy and the incidence of adverse reactions of the two groups were evaluated. Health knowledge awareness rate, psychological mood, QOL, sleep quality and nursing satisfaction were compared between CG and RG.

RESULTS

RG presented significantly higher efficacy and notably lower incidence of adverse reactions than CG after 3 months of nursing intervention. Patients in RG acquired evidently higher knowledge awareness rate regarding radiotherapy, dietary, adverse reaction prevention, self-care and functional exercise than those in RG (P < 0.05). In comparison with CG, the scores of Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS) as well as Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) in RG were evidently lower, while the Short-Form 36 Item Health Survey (SF-36) scores and nursing satisfaction were statistically higher.

CONCLUSIONS

HQN intervention is high-performing in NPC patients undergoing radiotherapy, which can effectively improve the curative effect, reduce the incidence of adverse reactions, enhance patients' health knowledge awareness rate while relieving their bad emotions and improving their QOL, sleep quality and nursing satisfaction.

Weight Change Trajectory in Patients With Locally Advanced Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma During the Peri-Radiation Therapy Period

OBJECTIVES

To analyze the weight change trajectory in patients with locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (LANPC) before, during, and after radiation therapy for a time span of 40 weeks.

SAMPLE & SETTING

147 patients from a university-affiliated medical center in China were included.

METHODS & VARIABLES

Body weight was measured weekly during intensive treatment and biweekly after radiation therapy.

RESULTS

All 147 patients experienced critical weight loss during the peri-radiation therapy period. Overall, body weight remained basically unchanged during induction chemotherapy, followed by a sharp and severe decrease during radiation therapy. At 20 weeks after radiation therapy, body weight had increased only slightly from the lowest point.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING

A time-tailored intervention based on the weight change trajectory is necessary for patients with LANPC. According to the weight change trajectory, relevant interventions for maintaining body weight should be initiated as early as the second week of radiation therapy and no later than the fourth week of radiation therapy, and these interventions should continue for at least four weeks after radiation therapy.

A Randomized Controlled Trial on Evaluation of Plasma Epstein-Barr Virus Biomarker for Early Diagnosis in Patients With Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

INTRODUCTION

Early diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) remains a major problem in Southern China. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) biomarkers have been widely used in NPC screening. This study aims to evaluate the early diagnostic performances of individual EBV biomarkers in NPC.

METHODS

The levels of EBV biomarkers-IgA antibodies against EBV nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1-IgA), EBV capsid antigen (VCA-IgA), EBV early antigen (EA-IgA), EBV BZLF1 transcription activator protein (Zta-IgA) and IgG antibodies against EBV BRLF1 transcription activator protein (Rta-IgG)-from 106 NPC patients (stage I and II) and 150 normal subjects were measured. VCA-IgA and EA-IgA were detected by immunofluorescence assay (IFA), EBNA1-IgA, Rta-IgG and Zta-IgA were measure by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and EBV DNA was detected by qPCR. Statistical analyses of a single index were conducted to evaluate the significance of NPC early diagnosis and TNM classification.

RESULTS

The level of EBNA1-IgA, EBV DNA, VCA-IgA, EA-IgA, Rta-IgG and Zta-IgA in early-stage NPC was significantly higher than in healthy controls (all P < 0.001). EBNA1-IgA yielded the biggest area under the curve (AUC) of 0.962 in distinguishing early-stage NPC patients from the normal subjects, with a sensitivity of 91.5% and a specificity of 98.7%. However, EBV biomarker levels were not associated with tumor size (all P > 0.050), whereas four biomarker levels (EBNA1-IgA, EBV DNA, VCA-IgA, EA-IgA) were related to lymph node metastasis (N0 and N1-2), among which EBNA1-IgA and EBV DNA showed good performance. Finally, high correlation was found between VCA-IgA and EA-IgA (r > 0.800).

CONCLUSION

A single EBNA1-IgA exhibits excellent discrimination performance in early diagnosis of NPC and could become a promising marker for NPC screening.