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Miranda-Viana M, Fontenele RC, Nogueira-Reis F, Farias-Gomes A, Oliveira ML, Freitas DQ, Haiter-Neto F. DICOM file format has better radiographic image quality than other file formats: an objective study. Braz Dent J 2023; 34:150-157. [PMID: 37909638 PMCID: PMC10642272 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440202305499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the influence of the file format on the image quality parameters (image noise, brightness, and uniformity) of periapical radiographs acquired with different digital systems. Radiographic images of an acrylic phantom were acquired with two digital systems - Digora Toto and Express, and exported into five different file formats - TIFF, BMP, DICOM, PNG, and JPEG. Image noise, image brightness (mean of gray values), and image uniformity (standard deviation of gray values) were evaluated in all images. A two-way analysis of variance with Tukey's test as a post-hoc test was used to compare the results, considering the file formats and radiographic systems as the studied factors. A significance level of 5% was adopted for all analyses. The DICOM image file format presented lower image noise, higher brightness (higher mean gray values), and greater image uniformity (p<0.001) than the other file formats, which did not differ from each other for both digital radiography systems (p>0.05). The Express system revealed lower image noise and greater image uniformity than the Digora Toto system regardless of the image file format (p<0.001). Moreover, the Express showed higher brightness than the Digora Toto for all image file formats (p<0.001), except for the DICOM image file format, which did not significantly differ between the digital radiography systems tested (p>0.05). The DICOM image file format showed lower image noise, higher brightness, and greater image uniformity than the other file formats (TIFF, BMP, PNG, and JPEG) in both digital radiography systems tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murilo Miranda-Viana
- Department of Oral Diagnosis - Oral Radiology Area, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Rocharles Cavalcante Fontenele
- Department of Oral Diagnosis - Oral Radiology Area, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Nogueira-Reis
- Department of Oral Diagnosis - Oral Radiology Area, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Amanda Farias-Gomes
- Oral Radiology Area, Dental School, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Matheus L Oliveira
- Department of Oral Diagnosis - Oral Radiology Area, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Deborah Queiroz Freitas
- Department of Oral Diagnosis - Oral Radiology Area, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Francisco Haiter-Neto
- Department of Oral Diagnosis - Oral Radiology Area, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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Miranda-Viana M, Fontenele RC, Farias Gomes A, Nogueira-Reis F, Nejaim Y, Oliveira ML, Freitas DQ. Digital file format does not influence the radiographic diagnosis of vertical root fracture. Oral Radiol 2022; 38:452-458. [PMID: 34626307 PMCID: PMC8501329 DOI: 10.1007/s11282-021-00573-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the influence of the file format of digital periapical radiographs on the diagnosis of vertical root fracture (VRF). STUDY DESIGN Periapical radiographic images of 34 single-rooted teeth-19 with VRF, and 15 without VRF were acquired using two digital systems-Digora Toto, and Digora Optime, and exported into four different file formats-TIFF, BMP, PNG, and JPEG, totaling 272 radiographs. The radiographs were assessed by five examiners for the detection of VRF, using a 5-point scale (1-definitely absent; 2-probably absent; 3-uncertain; 4-probably present; 5-definitely present). Diagnostic values of area under the ROC curve, specificity, and sensitivity for the diagnosis of VRF were calculated. The results were compared by two-way Analysis of Variance with post hoc Tukey's test. The intra- and inter-examiner agreements were measured by the Kappa test. The significance level was set at 5% for all analyses. RESULTS The values of intra-examiner agreement varied from moderate (0.56) to almost perfect (0.81), while the values of inter-examiner agreement varied from fair (0.29) to moderate (0.60). The image file format did not influence the diagnostic values for VRF for any of the radiographic systems tested (p > 0.05). Digora Toto had significantly greater values of area under the ROC curve than Digora Optime for all file formats (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION The image file format of periapical radiographs does not influence the diagnosis of VRF, regardless of the digital radiography system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murilo Miranda-Viana
- Oral Radiology Area, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Avenida Limeira, 901, Piracicaba, São Paulo, 13414-903, Brazil
| | - Rocharles Cavalcante Fontenele
- Oral Radiology Area, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Avenida Limeira, 901, Piracicaba, São Paulo, 13414-903, Brazil.
| | - Amanda Farias Gomes
- Oral Radiology Area, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Avenida Limeira, 901, Piracicaba, São Paulo, 13414-903, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Nogueira-Reis
- Oral Radiology Area, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Avenida Limeira, 901, Piracicaba, São Paulo, 13414-903, Brazil
| | - Yuri Nejaim
- Oral Radiology Area, Dental School, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Matheus L Oliveira
- Oral Radiology Area, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Avenida Limeira, 901, Piracicaba, São Paulo, 13414-903, Brazil
| | - Deborah Queiroz Freitas
- Oral Radiology Area, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Avenida Limeira, 901, Piracicaba, São Paulo, 13414-903, Brazil
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Miranda-Viana M, Madlum DV, Oliveira-Santos N, Gaêta-Araujo H, Haiter-Neto F, Oliveira ML. Influence of the image file format of digital periapical radiographs on the diagnosis of external and internal root resorptions. Clin Oral Investig 2021; 25:4941-4948. [PMID: 33495894 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-021-03803-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the influence of different image file formats of digital radiographic images on the diagnosis of external (ERR) and internal root resorption (IRR). MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-four human teeth were selected. For ERR, 20 teeth were used (10 control and 10 with simulated ERR), and for IRR, 14 teeth were used (before and after IRR simulation). Digital periapical radiographs were acquired using the Digora Toto system and exported in four different image file formats: TIFF, BMP, PNG, and JPEG, totaling 192 radiographs. Five examiners evaluated the images using the JPEGView software and scored the detection of ERR or IRR on a 5-point scale. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and the area under the ROC curve were obtained for the diagnosis of ERR and IRR in the different image file formats. Two-way ANOVA compared the diagnostic values between the file formats and the Kappa test assessed intra- and inter-examiner agreement. The significance level was set at 5% (α = 0.05). RESULTS The mean values of intra-examiner agreement were substantial (0.740) for ERR and almost perfect (0.836) for IRR and, inter-examiner was fair (0.263) and moderate (0.421), respectively. No statistically significant differences were found among the different file formats for the diagnostic values of ERR and IRR. CONCLUSION The file format of digital radiographs does not influence the diagnosis of ERR and IRR. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Digital radiographic images may be susceptible to computational factors; however, they can be stored in multiple file formats without affecting the diagnosis of dental root resorptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murilo Miranda-Viana
- Piracicaba Dental School, Department of Oral Diagnosis, University of Campinas, Avenida Limeira, 901, São Paulo, 13414-903, Piracicaba, Brazil.
| | - Daniela Verardi Madlum
- Piracicaba Dental School, Department of Oral Diagnosis, University of Campinas, Avenida Limeira, 901, São Paulo, 13414-903, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Nicolly Oliveira-Santos
- Piracicaba Dental School, Department of Oral Diagnosis, University of Campinas, Avenida Limeira, 901, São Paulo, 13414-903, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Hugo Gaêta-Araujo
- Piracicaba Dental School, Department of Oral Diagnosis, University of Campinas, Avenida Limeira, 901, São Paulo, 13414-903, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Francisco Haiter-Neto
- Piracicaba Dental School, Department of Oral Diagnosis, University of Campinas, Avenida Limeira, 901, São Paulo, 13414-903, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Matheus L Oliveira
- Piracicaba Dental School, Department of Oral Diagnosis, University of Campinas, Avenida Limeira, 901, São Paulo, 13414-903, Piracicaba, Brazil
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Madlum DV, Gaêta-Araujo H, Brasil DM, Lima CAS, Oliveira ML, Haiter-Neto F. Influence of the file format and transmission app on the radiographic diagnosis of caries lesions. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2021; 132:448-455. [PMID: 33386287 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2020.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the influence of the radiographic image file format and the transmission application (app) on the diagnosis of proximal caries lesions. STUDY DESIGN Twenty bitewing radiographs of 40 posterior human teeth placed in phantoms were acquired using the Digora Toto digital sensor. All images were exported as TIFF (Tagged Image File Format), BMP (Windows Bitmap), PNG (Portable Network Graphics), and JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) and transmitted online via WhatsApp and Messenger. Five examiners evaluated the radiographs with no online transmission and as transmitted through the 2 apps for the presence of proximal caries lesions using a 5-point scale. The reference standard for caries lesions was established using micro-computed tomography. Two-way analysis of variance compared values of sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (α = .05). The kappa test was used to assess intra- and interexaminer agreement. RESULTS Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve values showed no significant differences in the diagnosis of proximal caries lesions between the different image file formats (P ≥ .773) and transmission apps (P ≥ .608). Intraexaminer agreement was substantial (κ = 0.742) and interexaminer agreement was moderate (κ = 0.475). CONCLUSION The digital file format and transmission app did not influence the radiographic diagnosis of proximal caries lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Verardi Madlum
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Division of Oral Radiology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil.
| | - Hugo Gaêta-Araujo
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Division of Oral Radiology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Danieli Moura Brasil
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Division of Oral Radiology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Carlos Augusto Souza Lima
- Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic, Instituto de Pesquisas São Leopoldo Mandic, Division of Oral Radiology, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Matheus L Oliveira
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Division of Oral Radiology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Francisco Haiter-Neto
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Division of Oral Radiology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
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Provedel LF, Pimentel BNADS, Jesus TMD, Lacerda APS, Rubira-Bullen IRF, Sarmento VA. Effects of Image Compression on Linear Measurements of Digital Panoramic Radiographs. Braz Dent J 2016; 27:757-760. [DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440201601157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of panoramic radiographs obtained by digital system based on charge coupled device (CCD) and a phosphor storage plate (PSP) system with two different file formats, JPEG irreversible type and BMP. Linear measurements of artificial bony defects were made in dry mandibles with a digital caliper. Measures of digital panoramic radiographs were taken in ImageJ(r) software. Each measurement was performed twice by an experienced examiner. The intra-rater agreement was considered very strong (Pearson's correlation coefficient of 0.97). There was no significant difference between the linear measurements of dry mandibles, considered the gold standard, in relation to measurements obtained from digital radiographs (p=0.47). The error of these measures for the CCD was 1.04 mm (9.97%) for JPEG images and 1.03 mm (9.99%) for those with BMP format. For the PSP images, these values were 1.48 mm (14.94%) and 1.43 mm (14.43%), respectively. Although there was no statistical difference between the images with JPEG and BMP format, for both digital systems (p=1.00 for CCD and p=0.98 for PSP system), errors made on radiographs obtained by PSP system were significantly higher than those of CCD (p<0.05). The size of the files saved in JPEG was also significantly lower (p=0.005) compared with the files saved in BMP. It may be concluded that the digital radiographs, both saved in JPEG and BMP formats, are accurate, regardless the used digital system, and JPEG images are more suitable for teleradiology.
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Baksi BG, Fidler A. Fractal analysis of periapical bone from lossy compressed radiographs: a comparison of two lossy compression methods. J Digit Imaging 2012; 24:993-8. [PMID: 21465294 DOI: 10.1007/s10278-011-9383-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of two lossy image compression methods on fractal dimension (FD) calculation. Ten periapical images of the posterior teeth with no restorations or previous root canal therapy were obtained using storage phosphor plates and were saved in TIF format. Then, all images were compressed with lossy JPEG and JPEG2000 compression methods at five compression levels, i.e., 90, 70, 50, 30, and 10. Compressed file sizes from all images and compression ratios were calculated. On each image, two regions of interest (ROIs) containing healthy trabecular bone in the posterior periapical area were selected. The FD of each ROI on the original and compressed images was calculated using differential box counting method. Both image compression and analysis were performed by a public domain software. Altogether, the FD of 220 ROIs was calculated. FDs were compared using ANOVA and Dunnett tests. The FD decreased gradually with compression level. A statistically significant decrease of the FD values was found for JPEG 10, JPEG2000 10, and JPEG2000 30 compression levels (p < 0.05). At comparable file sizes, the JPEG induced a smaller FD difference. In conclusion, lossy compressed images with appropriate compression level may be used for FD calculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Güniz Baksi
- School of Dentistry, Department of Oral Diagnosis and Radiology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.
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RAMPRASAD P, NAGARAJ HC, PARASURAM MK, SHUBHA M. MULTI RESOLUTION BASED IMAGE REGISTRATION TECHNIQUE FOR MATCHING DENTAL X-RAYS. J MECH MED BIOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219519409003085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a new technique to assess the bone formation after periapical dental surgery. The proposed technique consists of two main stages: image registration and spectral subtraction stages. Image registration is used to avoid projection errors produced due to nonstandardization of X-ray scanners. Wavelet coefficients are used instead of grey values for registering the images. Coarse to fine strategy with four levels of resolutions is used to speed up the process. The second stage is the spectral subtraction stage. It is used to yield the difference image between pre- and post-operative images which represents the bone gain or bone loss with light and dark areas, respectively. Algorithm has been applied on a number of pre- and post-surgery intra oral periapical (IOP) dental X-ray images. Mean and root mean square error (RMSE) are computed to assess the quality of registration technique. The technique presented here is compared with grey level based method; results show that proposed technique outperforms conventional grey level method based on dyadic sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. RAMPRASAD
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, NMAMIT, Nitte, India
| | - H. C. NAGARAJ
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, NMIT, Bangalore, India
| | - M. K. PARASURAM
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, NMAMIT, Nitte, India
| | - M. SHUBHA
- SDM College of Dental Sciences, Dharwad, India
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Caldas MDP, Ramos-Perez FMDM, de Almeida SM, Haiter-Neto F. Comparative evaluation among different materials to replace soft tissue in oral radiology studies. J Appl Oral Sci 2010; 18:264-7. [PMID: 20857005 PMCID: PMC5349056 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-77572010000300012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to establish which materials afford better simulation of
soft tissues in Oral Radiology studies. Material and Methods The sample was composed of four materials in eleven different thicknesses to
simulate the soft tissues of the face. The mean values of the relative amounts of
radiographic contrast of the materials were determined and compared to a gold
standard value, which was obtained from 20 patients who were referred to have
periapical radiographs taken of the left mandibular molars. Data were subjected to
statistical analysis with Dunnett's test (p<0.05). Results The mean value of the relative amounts of contrast encountered in the patients was
0.47, with a range between 0.36 and 0.64 for all 44 material/thickness
combinations. The majority of the tested materials showed values close to those of
the patients’ tissues, without statistically significant differences among them.
The values of only three materials/ thickness combinations differed statistically
from those of the patients’ tissues. Conclusions Based on the results of the present study, it may be concluded that except for
utility wax (4 mm and 8 mm) and water (4 mm), all materials tested at different
thickness could be used as soft tissue substitute materials in Oral Radiology
studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria de Paula Caldas
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
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Van Der Meer DT, Brumit PC, Schrader BA, Dove SB, Senn DR. Root Morphology and Anatomical Patterns in Forensic Dental Identification: A Comparison of Computer-Aided Identification with Traditional Forensic Dental Identification*. J Forensic Sci 2010; 55:1499-503. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2010.01492.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Miguens SAQ, Veeck EB, Fontanella VRC, da Costa NP. A Comparison between Panoramic Digital and Digitized Images to Detect Simulated Periapical Lesions Using Radiographic Subtraction. J Endod 2008; 34:1500-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2008.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2008] [Revised: 09/07/2008] [Accepted: 09/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kamburoğlu K, Tsesis I, Kfir A, Kaffe I. Diagnosis of artificially induced external root resorption using conventional intraoral film radiography, CCD, and PSP: an ex vivo study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 106:885-91. [PMID: 18547837 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2008.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2007] [Revised: 12/29/2007] [Accepted: 01/02/2008] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare diagnosis of artificially induced external root resorption cavities using conventional intraoral film radiography (Kodak Insight), CCD sensor (Sopix wireless) and PSP sensor (Orex Digident). STUDY DESIGN Two mandibles were obtained from cadavers and teeth extracted from their alveolus. Artificial external root resorptions were simulated using ISO 0.5 mm, 0.8 mm, and 1.2 mm diameter round burs by drilling to the entire depth in different locations at the cervical, middle, and apical thirds of the proximal and buccal root surfaces of 6 teeth in increasing order. Conventional and digital radiographs were obtained from 3 different views of each tooth in 3 steps (small = 0.5 mm; medium = 0.8 mm; and large = 1.2 mm diameter round burs). Three observers examined all images for the presence of resorption cavities. In the first session, each image was evaluated separately; in the second, examiners had access to all views. Data were statistically analyzed using 4-way analysis of variance. Pair-wise comparison between receptors, projection views, size, and location were made by Tukey test. RESULTS Higher proportions of correct readings were obtained with the conventional film (Kodak Insight) and CCD receptor compared with the PSP receptor used in this study (PSP < CCD <or= Film; P < .001). Best results were obtained when examiners had access to all views. Most difficult locations in determining true diagnosis were the apical regions. Highest correct readings were obtained at the proximal cervical regions. CONCLUSION Conventional intraoral film and CCD sensor produced similar results in diagnosing simulated external root resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kivanç Kamburoğlu
- Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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Freitas P, Yaedú RYF, Rubira-Bullen IRF, Escarpinati M, Vieira MC, Schiabel H, Lauris JR. Reproducibility of pixel values for two photostimulable phosphor plates in consecutive standardized scannings. Braz Oral Res 2006; 20:207-13. [PMID: 17119702 DOI: 10.1590/s1806-83242006000300005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2005] [Accepted: 05/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to determine the reproducibility of the pixel values obtained with the Digora system (Soredex, Finland). Exposures were standardized, with variation in exposure and scanning time of two photostimulable phosphor plates containing a stepwedge image. The smallest variation in pixel values ranged from 50 to 75%, with the widest variations being observed in less dense steps. A significant difference in pixel values was observed in terms of X-ray exposure and scanning times and between the two plates themselves (ANOVA, p < 0.01). Using the present methodology, the reproducibility of pixel values was not satisfactory for the tested white photostimulable plates. This wide variation in digitalization might be influenced by the amount of X-rays that sensitized the plates. It may be important to establish the reproducibility of the pixel values in quantitative studies using digital image.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Freitas
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry at Bauru, University of São Paulo
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