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Tay Z, Kim HJ, Ho JS, Olivo M. A Magnetic Particle Imaging Approach for Minimally Invasive Imaging and Sensing With Implantable Bioelectronic Circuits. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2024; 43:1740-1752. [PMID: 38157469 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2023.3348149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Minimally-invasive and biocompatible implantable bioelectronic circuits are used for long-term monitoring of physiological processes in the body. However, there is a lack of methods that can cheaply and conveniently image the device within the body while simultaneously extracting sensor information. Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI) with zero background signal, high contrast, and high sensitivity with quantitative images is ideal for this challenge because the magnetic signal is not absorbed with increasing tissue depth and incurs no radiation dose. We show how to easily modify common implantable devices to be imaged by MPI by encapsulating and magnetically-coupling magnetic nanoparticles (SPIOs) to the device circuit. These modified implantable devices not only provide spatial information via MPI, but also couple to our handheld MPI reader to transmit sensor information by modulating harmonic signals from magnetic nanoparticles via switching or frequency-shifting with resistive or capacitive sensors. This paper provides proof-of-concept of an optimized MPI imaging technique for implantable devices to extract spatial information as well as other information transmitted by the implanted circuit (such as biosensing) via encoding in the magnetic particle spectrum. The 4D images present 3D position and a changing color tone in response to a variable biometric. Biophysical sensing via bioelectronic circuits that take advantage of the unique imaging properties of MPI may enable a wide range of minimally invasive applications in biomedicine and diagnosis.
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Heating of Large Endovascular Stents and Stent Grafts in Magnetic Particle Imaging-Influence of Measurement Parameters and Isocenter Distance. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2023; 46:392-399. [PMID: 36513764 PMCID: PMC10014652 DOI: 10.1007/s00270-022-03324-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) is a tomographic imaging modality with the potential for cardiovascular applications. In this context, the extent to which stents are heated should be estimated from safety perspective. Furthermore, the influence of the measurement parameters and stent distance to the isocenter of the MPI scanner on stent heating were evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Nine different endovascular stents and stent grafts were tested in polyvinyl-chloride tubes. The stents had diameters from 10 to 31 mm, lengths between 25 and 100 mm and were made from stainless steel, nitinol or cobalt-chromium. The temperature differences were recorded with fiber-optic thermometers. All measurements were performed in a preclinical commercial MPI scanner. The measurement parameters were varied (drive field strengths: 3, 6, 9, 12 mT and selection field gradients: 0, 1.25 and 2.5 T/m). Furthermore, measurements with different distances to the scanner's isocenter were performed (100 to 0 mm). RESULTS All stents showed heating (maximum 53.1 K, minimum 4.6 K). The stent diameter directly correlated with the temperature increase. The drive field strength influenced the heating of the stents, whereas the selection field gradient had no detectable impact. The heating of the stents decreased with increasing distance from the scanner's isocenter and thus correlated with the loss of the scanner's magnetic field. CONCLUSION Stents can cause potentially harmful heating in MPI. In addition to the stent diameter and design, the drive field strength and the distance to the MPI scanner's isocenter must be kept in mind as influencing parameters.
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Wegner F, Lüdtke-Buzug K, Cremers S, Friedrich T, Sieren MM, Haegele J, Koch MA, Saritas EU, Borm P, Buzug TM, Barkhausen J, Ahlborg M. Bimodal Interventional Instrument Markers for Magnetic Particle Imaging and Magnetic Resonance Imaging—A Proof-of-Concept Study. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12101758. [PMID: 35630979 PMCID: PMC9148153 DOI: 10.3390/nano12101758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to develop instrument markers that are visible in both magnetic particle imaging (MPI) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The instrument markers were based on two different magnetic nanoparticle types (synthesized in-house KLB and commercial Bayoxide E8706). Coatings containing one of both particle types were fabricated and measured with a magnetic particle spectrometer (MPS) to estimate their MPI performance. Coatings based on both particle types were then applied on a segment of a nonmetallic guidewire. Imaging experiments were conducted using a commercial, preclinical MPI scanner and a preclinical 1 tesla MRI system. MPI image reconstruction was performed based on system matrices measured with dried KLB and Bayoxide E8706 coatings. The bimodal markers were clearly visible in both methods. They caused circular signal voids in MRI and areas of high signal intensity in MPI. Both the signal voids as well as the areas of high signal intensity were larger than the real marker size. Images that were reconstructed with a Bayoxide E8706 system matrix did not show sufficient MPI signal. Instrument markers with bimodal visibility are essential for the perspective of monitoring cardiovascular interventions with MPI/MRI hybrid systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Wegner
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 23562 Luebeck, Germany; (M.M.S.); (J.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-451-500-17001
| | - Kerstin Lüdtke-Buzug
- Institute of Medical Engineering, University of Luebeck, 23538 Luebeck, Germany; (K.L.-B.); (T.F.); (M.A.K.); (T.M.B.); (M.A.)
| | - Sjef Cremers
- Nano4Imaging, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; (S.C.); (P.B.)
| | - Thomas Friedrich
- Institute of Medical Engineering, University of Luebeck, 23538 Luebeck, Germany; (K.L.-B.); (T.F.); (M.A.K.); (T.M.B.); (M.A.)
- Fraunhofer Research Institution for Individualized and Cell-Based Medical Engineering IMTE, 23562 Luebeck, Germany
| | - Malte M. Sieren
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 23562 Luebeck, Germany; (M.M.S.); (J.B.)
| | - Julian Haegele
- Zentrum für Radiologie und Nuklearmedizin, 04103 Dormagen, Germany;
| | - Martin A. Koch
- Institute of Medical Engineering, University of Luebeck, 23538 Luebeck, Germany; (K.L.-B.); (T.F.); (M.A.K.); (T.M.B.); (M.A.)
| | - Emine U. Saritas
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey;
- National Magnetic Resonance Research Center (UMRAM), Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Paul Borm
- Nano4Imaging, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; (S.C.); (P.B.)
| | - Thorsten M. Buzug
- Institute of Medical Engineering, University of Luebeck, 23538 Luebeck, Germany; (K.L.-B.); (T.F.); (M.A.K.); (T.M.B.); (M.A.)
- Fraunhofer Research Institution for Individualized and Cell-Based Medical Engineering IMTE, 23562 Luebeck, Germany
| | - Joerg Barkhausen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 23562 Luebeck, Germany; (M.M.S.); (J.B.)
| | - Mandy Ahlborg
- Institute of Medical Engineering, University of Luebeck, 23538 Luebeck, Germany; (K.L.-B.); (T.F.); (M.A.K.); (T.M.B.); (M.A.)
- Fraunhofer Research Institution for Individualized and Cell-Based Medical Engineering IMTE, 23562 Luebeck, Germany
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Ramos‐Sebastian A, Gwak S, Kim SH. Multimodal Locomotion and Active Targeted Thermal Control of Magnetic Agents for Biomedical Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2103863. [PMID: 35060366 PMCID: PMC8895130 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202103863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic microrobots can be miniaturized to a nanometric scale owing to their wireless actuation, thereby rendering them ideal for numerous biomedical applications. As a result, nowadays, there exist several mechano-electromagnetic systems for their actuation. However, magnetic actuation is not sufficient for implementation in biomedical applications, and further functionalities such as imaging and heating are required. This study proposes a multimodal electromagnetic system comprised of three pairs of Helmholtz coils, a pair of Maxwell coils, and a high-frequency solenoid to realize multimodal locomotion and heating control of magnetic microrobots. The system produces different configurations of magnetic fields that can generate magnetic forces and torques for the multimodal locomotion of magnetic microrobots, as well as generate magnetic traps that can control the locomotion of magnetic swarms. Furthermore, these magnetic fields are employed to control the magnetization of magnetic nanoparticles, affecting their magnetic relaxation mechanisms and diminishing their thermal properties. Thus, the system enables the control of the temperature increase of soft-magnetic materials and selective heating of magnetic microrobots at different positions, while suppressing the heating properties of magnetic nanoparticles located at undesired areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Ramos‐Sebastian
- Department of Electronics Convergence EngineeringWonkwang UniversityIksan54538Republic of Korea
- Present address:
Department of Convergence Technology EngineeringJeonbuk National UniversityJeonju54896Republic of Korea
| | - So‐Jung Gwak
- Department of Chemical EngineeringWonkwang UniversityIksan54538Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Kim
- Department of Electronics Convergence EngineeringWonkwang UniversityIksan54538Republic of Korea
- Wonkwang Institute of Materials Science and TechnologyWonkwang UniversityIksan54538Republic of Korea
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Navigation of a magnetic micro-robot through a cerebral aneurysm phantom with magnetic particle imaging. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14082. [PMID: 34234207 PMCID: PMC8263782 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93323-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral aneurysms are potentially life threatening and nowadays treated by a catheter-guided coiling or by a neurosurgical clipping intervention. Here, we propose a helically shaped magnetic micro-robot, which can be steered by magnetic fields in an untethered manner and could be applied for a novel coiling procedure. This is shown by navigating the micro-robot through an additively manufactured phantom of a human cerebral aneurysm. The magnetic fields are applied with a magnetic particle imaging (MPI) scanner, which allows for the navigation and tomographic visualization by the same machine. With MPI the actuation process can be visualized with a localization accuracy of 0.68 mm and an angiogram can be acquired both without any radiation exposure. First in-vitro phantom experiments are presented, showing an idea of a robot conducted treatment of cerebral aneurysms.
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Magnetic particle imaging for artifact-free imaging of intracranial flow diverter stents: A phantom study. Phys Med 2021; 88:65-70. [PMID: 34192659 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2021.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI) is a new, background- and radiation-free tomographic imaging method that enables near real-time imaging of superparamagnetic iron-oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) with high temporal and spatial resolution. This phantom study aims to investigate the potential of MPI for visualization of the stent lumen in intracranial flow diverters (FD). METHODS Nitinol FD of different dimensions (outer diameter: 3.5 mm, 4.0 mm, 5.5 mm; total length: 22-40 mm) were scanned in vascular phantoms in a custom-built MPI scanner (in-plane resolution: ~ 2 mm, field of view: 65 mm length, 29 mm diameter). Phantoms were filled with diluted (1:50) SPION tracer agent Ferucarbotran (10 µmol (Fe)/ml; NaCL). Each phantom was measured in 32 different projections (overall acquisition time per image: 3200 ms, 5averages). After image reconstruction from raw data, two radiologists assessed image quality using a 5-point Likert scale. The signal intensity profile was measured using a semi-automatic evaluation tool. RESULTS MPI visualized the lumen of all FD without relevant differences between the stented vessel phantom and the reference phantom. At 3.5 mm image quality was slightly inferior to the larger diameters. The FD themselves neither generated an MPI signal nor did they lead to relevant imaging artifacts. Ratings of both radiologists showed no significant difference, interrater reliability was good (ICC 0.84). A quantitative evaluation of the signal intensity profile did not reveal any significant differences (p > 0.05) either. CONCLUSION MPI visualizes the lumen of nitinol FD stents in vessel phantoms without relevant stent-induced artifacts.
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Grzyska U, Friedrich T, Sieren MM, Stahlberg E, Oechtering TH, Ahlborg M, Buzug TM, Frydrychowicz A, Barkhausen J, Haegele J, Wegner F. Heating of an Aortic Stent for Coarctation Treatment During Magnetic Particle Imaging and Magnetic Resonance Imaging-A Comparative In Vitro Study. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2021; 44:1109-1115. [PMID: 33723668 PMCID: PMC8189960 DOI: 10.1007/s00270-021-02795-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate heating of a redilatable stent for the treatment of aortic coarctation in neonates and small children in the new imaging modality magnetic particle imaging and established magnetic resonance imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS The cobalt-chromium stent (BabyStent, OSYPKA AG, Rheinfelden, Germany) has a stent design which allows for redilatation and adjustment of the diameter from 6 to 16 mm for a use in aortic coarctation. The stent loses its radial integrity while opening at predetermined breaking points at a diameter of 14 mm or 16 mm, respectively. We measured the temperature increase in the stent at different diameters during 7-min magnetic particle imaging and magnetic resonance imaging scans with fiber optic thermometers under static conditions surrounded by air. In magnetic particle imaging, stents with diameters from 6 to 16 mm were tested while in magnetic resonance imaging only stents with diameters of 6 mm and 14 mm were investigated exemplarily. RESULT In magnetic particle imaging, the measured temperature differences increased up to 4.7 K with growing diameters, whereas the opened stents with discontinuous struts at 14 and 16 mm showed only minimal heating of max. 0.5 K. In contrast to magnetic particle imaging, our measurements showed no heating of the stents during magnetic resonance imaging under identical conditions. CONCLUSION The BabyStent did show only slight heating in magnetic particle imaging and no detectable temperature increase in magnetic resonance imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Grzyska
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Thomas Friedrich
- Institute of Medical Engineering, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Fraunhofer Research Institution for Individualized and Cell-Based Medical Engineering, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Malte M Sieren
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Erik Stahlberg
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Thekla H Oechtering
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Mandy Ahlborg
- Institute of Medical Engineering, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Fraunhofer Research Institution for Individualized and Cell-Based Medical Engineering, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Thorsten M Buzug
- Institute of Medical Engineering, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Fraunhofer Research Institution for Individualized and Cell-Based Medical Engineering, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Alex Frydrychowicz
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Joerg Barkhausen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Julian Haegele
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
- Zentrum für Radiologie und Nuklearmedizin Rheinland, Dormagen, Germany
| | - Franz Wegner
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
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Magnetic Particle Imaging: Artifact-Free Metallic Stent Lumen Imaging in a Phantom Study. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2019; 43:331-338. [PMID: 31578634 DOI: 10.1007/s00270-019-02347-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To illustrate the potential of magnetic particle imaging (MPI) for stent lumen imaging in comparison with clinical computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MATERIALS AND METHODS Imaging of eight tracer-filled, stented vessel phantoms and a tracer-filled, non-stented reference phantom for each diameter was performed on a preclinical MPI scanner: eight commercially available coronary stents of different dimensions (diameter: 3-4 mm; length: 11-38 mm) and materials (stainless steel, platinum-chromium) were implanted into silicone vessel phantoms. For comparison, all vessel phantoms were also visualized by MRI and CT. Two radiologists assessed the images regarding stent-induced artifacts using a 5-point grading scale. RESULTS The visualization of all stented vessel phantoms was achieved without stent-induced artifacts with MPI. In contrast, MRI and CT images revealed multiform stent-induced artifacts. CONCLUSION Given its clinical introduction, MPI has the potential to overcome the disadvantages of MRI and CT concerning the visualization of the stent lumen.
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Madubuonu N, Aisida SO, Ali A, Ahmad I, Zhao TK, Botha S, Maaza M, Ezema FI. Biosynthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles via a composite of Psidium guavaja-Moringa oleifera and their antibacterial and photocatalytic study. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2019; 199:111601. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Wu LC, Zhang Y, Steinberg G, Qu H, Huang S, Cheng M, Bliss T, Du F, Rao J, Song G, Pisani L, Doyle T, Conolly S, Krishnan K, Grant G, Wintermark M. A Review of Magnetic Particle Imaging and Perspectives on Neuroimaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2019; 40:206-212. [PMID: 30655254 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a5896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic particle imaging is an emerging tomographic technique with the potential for simultaneous high-resolution, high-sensitivity, and real-time imaging. Magnetic particle imaging is based on the unique behavior of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles modeled by the Langevin theory, with the ability to track and quantify nanoparticle concentrations without tissue background noise. It is a promising new imaging technique for multiple applications, including vascular and perfusion imaging, oncology imaging, cell tracking, inflammation imaging, and trauma imaging. In particular, many neuroimaging applications may be enabled and enhanced with magnetic particle imaging. In this review, we will provide an overview of magnetic particle imaging principles and implementation, current applications, promising neuroimaging applications, and practical considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Wu
- From the Departments of Bioengineering (L.C.W.)
| | - Y Zhang
- Radiology (Y.Z., H.Q., S.H., M.W.)
| | - G Steinberg
- Neurosurgery (G.S., M.C., T.B., F.D., G.G.).,Neuroradiology Section, Radiology (J.R., G.S., L.P.)
| | - H Qu
- Radiology (Y.Z., H.Q., S.H., M.W.)
| | - S Huang
- Radiology (Y.Z., H.Q., S.H., M.W.).,Chongqing Medical University (S.H.), Traditional Chinese Medicine College, Chongqing, China
| | - M Cheng
- Neurosurgery (G.S., M.C., T.B., F.D., G.G.)
| | - T Bliss
- Neurosurgery (G.S., M.C., T.B., F.D., G.G.)
| | - F Du
- Neurosurgery (G.S., M.C., T.B., F.D., G.G.)
| | - J Rao
- Neuroradiology Section, Radiology (J.R., G.S., L.P.)
| | - G Song
- From the Departments of Bioengineering (L.C.W.)
| | - L Pisani
- Neuroradiology Section, Radiology (J.R., G.S., L.P.)
| | - T Doyle
- Pediatrics (T.D.), Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - S Conolly
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences (S.C.), University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - K Krishnan
- Departments of Materials Sciences and Engineering and Physics (K.K.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - G Grant
- Neurosurgery (G.S., M.C., T.B., F.D., G.G.)
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Bakenecker AC, Ahlborg M, Debbeler C, Kaethner C, Buzug TM, Lüdtke-Buzug K. Magnetic particle imaging in vascular medicine. Innov Surg Sci 2018; 3:179-192. [PMID: 31579782 PMCID: PMC6604583 DOI: 10.1515/iss-2018-2026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) is a new medical imaging technique that enables three-dimensional real-time imaging of a magnetic tracer material. Although it is not yet in clinical use, it is highly promising, especially for vascular and interventional imaging. The advantages of MPI are that no ionizing radiation is necessary, its high sensitivity enables the detection of very small amounts of the tracer material, and its high temporal resolution enables real-time imaging, which makes MPI suitable as an interventional imaging technique. As MPI is a tracer-based imaging technique, functional imaging is possible by attaching specific molecules to the tracer material. In the first part of this article, the basic principle of MPI will be explained and a short overview of the principles of the generation and spatial encoding of the tracer signal will be given. After this, the used tracer materials as well as their behavior in MPI will be introduced. A subsequent presentation of selected scanner topologies will show the current state of research and the limitations researchers are facing on the way from preclinical toward human-sized scanners. Furthermore, it will be briefly shown how to reconstruct an image from the tracer materials' signal. In the last part, a variety of possible future clinical applications will be presented with an emphasis on vascular imaging, such as the use of MPI during cardiovascular interventions by visualizing the instruments. Investigations will be discussed, which show the feasibility to quantify the degree of stenosis and diagnose strokes and traumatic brain injuries as well as cerebral or gastrointestinal bleeding with MPI. As MPI is not only suitable for vascular medicine but also offers a broad range of other possible applications, a selection of those will be briefly presented at the end of the article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C. Bakenecker
- Institute of Medical Engineering, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Mandy Ahlborg
- Institute of Medical Engineering, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Christina Debbeler
- Institute of Medical Engineering, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Christian Kaethner
- Institute of Medical Engineering, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Thorsten M. Buzug
- Institute of Medical Engineering, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
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12
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Zhou XY, Tay ZW, Chandrasekharan P, Yu EY, Hensley DW, Orendorff R, Jeffris KE, Mai D, Zheng B, Goodwill PW, Conolly SM. Magnetic particle imaging for radiation-free, sensitive and high-contrast vascular imaging and cell tracking. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2018; 45:131-138. [PMID: 29754007 PMCID: PMC6500458 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) is an emerging ionizing radiation-free biomedical tracer imaging technique that directly images the intense magnetization of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIOs). MPI offers ideal image contrast because MPI shows zero signal from background tissues. Moreover, there is zero attenuation of the signal with depth in tissue, allowing for imaging deep inside the body quantitatively at any location. Recent work has demonstrated the potential of MPI for robust, sensitive vascular imaging and cell tracking with high contrast and dose-limited sensitivity comparable to nuclear medicine. To foster future applications in MPI, this new biomedical imaging field is welcoming researchers with expertise in imaging physics, magnetic nanoparticle synthesis and functionalization, nanoscale physics, and small animal imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Y Zhou
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States; UC Berkeley - UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, United States.
| | - Zhi Wei Tay
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States; UC Berkeley - UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, United States
| | - Prashant Chandrasekharan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Elaine Y Yu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States; UC Berkeley - UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, United States
| | - Daniel W Hensley
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States; UC Berkeley - UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, United States
| | - Ryan Orendorff
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States; UC Berkeley - UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, United States
| | - Kenneth E Jeffris
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - David Mai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Bo Zheng
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | | | - Steven M Conolly
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
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13
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Wegner F, Buzug TM, Barkhausen J. Take a Deep Breath - Monitoring of Inhaled Nanoparticles with Magnetic Particle Imaging. Theranostics 2018; 8:3691-3692. [PMID: 30026876 PMCID: PMC6037023 DOI: 10.7150/thno.27454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI) is a new imaging modality based on the visualization of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (SPIONs) using magnetic fields. The potential of MPI was recently evaluated in numerous ex vivo and in vivo studies and the technique can now be considered as an established preclinical imaging modality with a promising perspective of clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Wegner
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Thorsten M. Buzug
- Institute of Medical Engineering, University of Lübeck, Building 64, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Joerg Barkhausen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
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14
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Herz S, Vogel P, Dietrich P, Kampf T, Rückert MA, Kickuth R, Behr VC, Bley TA. Magnetic Particle Imaging Guided Real-Time Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty in a Phantom Model. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2018; 41:1100-1105. [PMID: 29663052 DOI: 10.1007/s00270-018-1955-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the potential of real-time magnetic particle imaging (MPI) to guide percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) of vascular stenoses in a phantom model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Experiments were conducted on a custom-built MPI scanner. Vascular stenosis phantoms consisted of polyvinyl chloride tubes (inner diameter 8 mm) prepared with a centrally aligned cable tie to form ~ 50% stenoses. MPI angiography for visualization of stenoses was performed using the superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle-based contrast agent Ferucarbotran (10 mmol (Fe)/l). Balloon catheters and guidewires for PTA were visualized using custom-made lacquer markers based on Ferucarbotran. Stenosis dilation (n = 3) was performed by manually inflating the PTA balloon with diluted Ferucarbotran. An online reconstruction framework was implemented for real-time imaging with very short latency time. RESULTS Visualization of stenosis phantoms and guidance of interventional instruments in real-time (4 frames/s, ~ 100 ms latency time) was possible using an online reconstruction algorithm. Labeling of guidewires and balloon catheters allowed for precise visualization of instrument positions. CONCLUSION Real-time MPI-guided PTA in a phantom model is feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Herz
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacherstrasse 6, 97080, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Patrick Vogel
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacherstrasse 6, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Experimental Physics V, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Dietrich
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacherstrasse 6, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Kampf
- Department of Experimental Physics V, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin A Rückert
- Department of Experimental Physics V, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ralph Kickuth
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacherstrasse 6, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Volker C Behr
- Department of Experimental Physics V, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten A Bley
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacherstrasse 6, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
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15
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Wegner F, Friedrich T, Panagiotopoulos N, Valmaa S, Goltz JP, Vogt FM, Koch MA, Buzug TM, Barkhausen J, Haegele J. First heating measurements of endovascular stents in magnetic particle imaging. Phys Med Biol 2018; 63:045005. [PMID: 29334079 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aaa79c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Franz Wegner
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
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16
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Rahmer J, Wirtz D, Bontus C, Borgert J, Gleich B. Interactive Magnetic Catheter Steering With 3-D Real-Time Feedback Using Multi-Color Magnetic Particle Imaging. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2017; 36:1449-1456. [PMID: 28287965 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2017.2679099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) is an emerging tomographic method that enables sensitive and fast imaging. It does not require ionizing radiation and thus may be a safe alternative for tracking of devices in the catheterization laboratory. The 3-D real-time imaging capabilities of MPI have been demonstrated in vivo and recent improvements in fast online image reconstruction enable almost real-time data reconstruction and visualization. Moreover, based on the use of different magnetic particle types for catheter visualization and blood pool imaging, multi-color MPI enables reconstruction of separate images for the catheter and the vessels from simultaneously measured data. While these are important assets for interventional imaging, MPI field generators can furthermore apply strong forces on a magnetic catheter tip. It is the aim of this paper to give a first demonstration of the combination of real-time multi-color MPI with online reconstruction and interactive field control for the application of forces on a magnetic catheter model in a phantom experiment.
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17
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Knopp T, Gdaniec N, Möddel M. Magnetic particle imaging: from proof of principle to preclinical applications. Phys Med Biol 2017; 62:R124-R178. [PMID: 28398219 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aa6c99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tomographic imaging has become a mandatory tool for the diagnosis of a majority of diseases in clinical routine. Since each method has its pros and cons, a variety of them is regularly used in clinics to satisfy all application needs. Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) is a relatively new tomographic imaging technique that images magnetic nanoparticles with a high spatiotemporal resolution in a quantitative way, and in turn is highly suited for vascular and targeted imaging. MPI was introduced in 2005 and now enters the preclinical research phase, where medical researchers get access to this new technology and exploit its potential under physiological conditions. Within this paper, we review the development of MPI since its introduction in 2005. Besides an in-depth description of the basic principles, we provide detailed discussions on imaging sequences, reconstruction algorithms, scanner instrumentation and potential medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Knopp
- Section for Biomedical Imaging, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße, Hamburg, Germany. Institute for Biomedical Imaging, Hamburg University of Technology, Schwarzenbergstraße, Hamburg, Germany
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18
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Vaalma S, Rahmer J, Panagiotopoulos N, Duschka RL, Borgert J, Barkhausen J, Vogt FM, Haegele J. Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI): Experimental Quantification of Vascular Stenosis Using Stationary Stenosis Phantoms. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0168902. [PMID: 28056102 PMCID: PMC5215859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI) is able to provide high temporal and good spatial resolution, high signal-to-noise ratio and sensitivity. Furthermore, it is a truly quantitative method as its signal strength is proportional to the concentration of its tracer, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIOs). Because of that, MPI is proposed to be a promising future method for cardiovascular imaging. Here, an interesting application may be the quantification of vascular pathologies like stenosis by utilizing the proportionality of the SPIO concentration and the MPI signal strength. In this study, the feasibility of MPI based stenosis quantification is evaluated based on this application scenario. Nine different stenosis phantoms with a normal diameter of 10 mm each and different stenoses of 1–9 mm and ten reference phantoms with a straight diameter of 1–10 mm were filled with a 1% Resovist dilution and measured in a preclinical MPI-demonstrator. The MPI signal intensities of the reference phantoms were compared to each other and the change of signal intensity within each stenosis phantom was used to calculate the degree of stenosis. These values were then compared to the known diameters of each phantom. As a second measurement, the 5 mm stenosis phantom was used for a serial dilution measurement down to a Resovist dilution of 1:3200 (0.031%), which is lower than a first pass blood concentration of a Resovist bolus in the peripheral arteries of an average adult human of at least about 1:1000. The correlation of the stenosis values based on MPI signal intensity measurements and based on the known diameters showed a very good agreement, proving the high precision of quantitative MPI in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Vaalma
- Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jürgen Rahmer
- Research Laboratories, Philips Technologie GmbH Innovative Technologies, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Panagiotopoulos
- Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Robert L. Duschka
- Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jörn Borgert
- Research Laboratories, Philips Technologie GmbH Innovative Technologies, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Barkhausen
- Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Florian M. Vogt
- Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Julian Haegele
- Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
- * E-mail:
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19
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Haegele J, Panagiotopoulos N, Cremers S, Rahmer J, Franke J, Duschka RL, Vaalma S, Heidenreich M, Borgert J, Borm P, Barkhausen J, Vogt FM. Magnetic Particle Imaging: A Resovist Based Marking Technology for Guide Wires and Catheters for Vascular Interventions. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2016; 35:2312-2318. [PMID: 27164580 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2016.2559538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) is able to provide high temporal and good spatial resolution, high signal to noise ratio and sensitivity. Furthermore, it is a truly quantitative method as its signal strength is proportional to the concentration of its tracer, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIOs), over a wide range practically relevant concentrations. Thus, MPI is proposed as a promising future method for guidance of vascular interventions. To implement this, devices such as guide wires and catheters have to be discernible in MPI, which can be achieved by coating already commercially available devices with SPIOs. In this proof of principle study the feasibility of that approach is demonstrated. First, a Ferucarbotran-based SPIO-varnish was developed by embedding Ferucarbotran into an organic based solvent. Subsequently, the biocompatible varnish was applied to a commercially available guidewire and diagnostic catheter for vascular interventional purposes. In an interventional setting using a vessel phantom, the coating proved to be mechanically and chemically stable and thin enough to ensure normal handling as with uncoated devices. The devices were visualized in 3D on a preclinical MPI demonstrator using a system function based image reconstruction process. The system function was acquired with a probe of the dried varnish prior to the measurements. The devices were visualized with a very high temporal resolution and a simple catheter/guide wire maneuver was demonstrated.
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20
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Haegele J, Vaalma S, Panagiotopoulos N, Barkhausen J, Vogt FM, Borgert J, Rahmer J. Multi-color magnetic particle imaging for cardiovascular interventions. Phys Med Biol 2016; 61:N415-26. [PMID: 27476675 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/61/16/n415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) uses magnetic fields to visualize the spatial distribution of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIOs). Guidance of cardiovascular interventions is seen as one possible application of MPI. To safely guide interventions, the vessel lumen as well as all required interventional devices have to be visualized and be discernible from each other. Until now, different tracer concentrations were used for discerning devices from blood in MPI, because only one type of SPIO could be imaged at a time. Recently, it was shown for 3D MPI that it is possible to separate different signal sources in one volume of interest, i.e. to visualize and discern different SPIOs or different binding states of the same SPIO. The approach was termed multi-color MPI. In this work, the use of multi-color MPI for differentiation of a SPIO coated guide wire (Terumo Radifocus 0.035″) from the lumen of a vessel phantom filled with diluted Resovist is demonstrated. This is achieved by recording dedicated system functions of the coating material containing solid Resovist and of liquid Resovist, which allows separation of their respective signal in the image reconstruction process. Assigning a color to the different signal sources results in a differentiation of guide wire and vessel phantom lumen into colored images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Haegele
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
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21
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Salamon J, Hofmann M, Jung C, Kaul MG, Werner F, Them K, Reimer R, Nielsen P, vom Scheidt A, Adam G, Knopp T, Ittrich H. Magnetic Particle / Magnetic Resonance Imaging: In-Vitro MPI-Guided Real Time Catheter Tracking and 4D Angioplasty Using a Road Map and Blood Pool Tracer Approach. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156899. [PMID: 27249022 PMCID: PMC4889036 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose In-vitro evaluation of the feasibility of 4D real time tracking of endovascular devices and stenosis treatment with a magnetic particle imaging (MPI) / magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) road map approach and an MPI-guided approach using a blood pool tracer. Materials and Methods A guide wire and angioplasty-catheter were labeled with a thin layer of magnetic lacquer. For real time MPI a custom made software framework was developed. A stenotic vessel phantom filled with saline or superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MM4) was equipped with bimodal fiducial markers for co-registration in preclinical 7T MRI and MPI. In-vitro angioplasty was performed inflating the balloon with saline or MM4. MPI data were acquired using a field of view of 37.3×37.3×18.6 mm3 and a frame rate of 46 volumes/sec. Analysis of the magnetic lacquer-marks on the devices were performed with electron microscopy, atomic absorption spectrometry and micro-computed tomography. Results Magnetic marks allowed for MPI/MRI guidance of interventional devices. Bimodal fiducial markers enable MPI/MRI image fusion for MRI based roadmapping. MRI roadmapping and the blood pool tracer approach facilitate MPI real time monitoring of in-vitro angioplasty. Successful angioplasty was verified with MPI and MRI. Magnetic marks consist of micrometer sized ferromagnetic plates mainly composed of iron and iron oxide. Conclusions 4D real time MP imaging, tracking and guiding of endovascular instruments and in-vitro angioplasty is feasible. In addition to an approach that requires a blood pool tracer, MRI based roadmapping might emerge as a promising tool for radiation free 4D MPI-guided interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Salamon
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Martin Hofmann
- Section for Biomedical Imaging, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute for Biomedical Imaging, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Caroline Jung
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Gerhard Kaul
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Werner
- Section for Biomedical Imaging, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute for Biomedical Imaging, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kolja Them
- Section for Biomedical Imaging, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute for Biomedical Imaging, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rudolph Reimer
- Microscopy and Image Analysis, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter Nielsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Annika vom Scheidt
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Adam
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Knopp
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Section for Biomedical Imaging, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute for Biomedical Imaging, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Harald Ittrich
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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22
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Panagiotopoulos N, Duschka RL, Ahlborg M, Bringout G, Debbeler C, Graeser M, Kaethner C, Lüdtke-Buzug K, Medimagh H, Stelzner J, Buzug TM, Barkhausen J, Vogt FM, Haegele J. Magnetic particle imaging: current developments and future directions. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:3097-114. [PMID: 25960650 PMCID: PMC4411024 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s70488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) is a novel imaging method that was first proposed by Gleich and Weizenecker in 2005. Applying static and dynamic magnetic fields, MPI exploits the unique characteristics of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs). The SPIONs’ response allows a three-dimensional visualization of their distribution in space with a superb contrast, a very high temporal and good spatial resolution. Essentially, it is the SPIONs’ superparamagnetic characteristics, the fact that they are magnetically saturable, and the harmonic composition of the SPIONs’ response that make MPI possible at all. As SPIONs are the essential element of MPI, the development of customized nanoparticles is pursued with the greatest effort by many groups. Their objective is the creation of a SPION or a conglomerate of particles that will feature a much higher MPI performance than nanoparticles currently available commercially. A particle’s MPI performance and suitability is characterized by parameters such as the strength of its MPI signal, its biocompatibility, or its pharmacokinetics. Some of the most important adjuster bolts to tune them are the particles’ iron core and hydrodynamic diameter, their anisotropy, the composition of the particles’ suspension, and their coating. As a three-dimensional, real-time imaging modality that is free of ionizing radiation, MPI appears ideally suited for applications such as vascular imaging and interventions as well as cellular and targeted imaging. A number of different theories and technical approaches on the way to the actual implementation of the basic concept of MPI have been seen in the last few years. Research groups around the world are working on different scanner geometries, from closed bore systems to single-sided scanners, and use reconstruction methods that are either based on actual calibration measurements or on theoretical models. This review aims at giving an overview of current developments and future directions in MPI about a decade after its first appearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Panagiotopoulos
- Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Germany
| | - Robert L Duschka
- Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Germany
| | - Mandy Ahlborg
- Institute of Medical Engineering, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Gael Bringout
- Institute of Medical Engineering, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Graeser
- Institute of Medical Engineering, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | | | - Hanne Medimagh
- Institute of Medical Engineering, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jan Stelzner
- Institute of Medical Engineering, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Thorsten M Buzug
- Institute of Medical Engineering, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jörg Barkhausen
- Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Germany
| | - Florian M Vogt
- Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Germany
| | - Julian Haegele
- Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Germany
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