1
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Toews S, Wacker A, Faison EM, Duchardt-Ferner E, Richter C, Mathieu D, Bottaro S, Zhang Q, Schwalbe H. The 5'-terminal stem-loop RNA element of SARS-CoV-2 features highly dynamic structural elements that are sensitive to differences in cellular pH. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:7971-7986. [PMID: 38842942 PMCID: PMC11260494 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
We present the nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) solution structure of the 5'-terminal stem loop 5_SL1 (SL1) of the SARS-CoV-2 genome. SL1 contains two A-form helical elements and two regions with non-canonical structure, namely an apical pyrimidine-rich loop and an asymmetric internal loop with one and two nucleotides at the 5'- and 3'-terminal part of the sequence, respectively. The conformational ensemble representing the averaged solution structure of SL1 was validated using NMR residual dipolar coupling (RDC) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) data. We show that the internal loop is the major binding site for fragments of low molecular weight. This internal loop of SL1 can be stabilized by an A12-C28 interaction that promotes the transient formation of an A+•C base pair. As a consequence, the pKa of the internal loop adenosine A12 is shifted to 5.8, compared to a pKa of 3.63 of free adenosine. Furthermore, applying a recently developed pH-differential mutational profiling (PD-MaP) approach, we not only recapitulated our NMR findings of SL1 but also unveiled multiple sites potentially sensitive to pH across the 5'-UTR of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Toews
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Hesse 60438, Germany
- Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Hesse 60438, Germany
| | - Anna Wacker
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Hesse 60438, Germany
- Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Hesse 60438, Germany
| | - Edgar M Faison
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC27599, USA
| | - Elke Duchardt-Ferner
- Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Hesse 60438, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Hesse 60438, Germany
| | - Christian Richter
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Hesse 60438, Germany
- Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Hesse 60438, Germany
| | - Daniel Mathieu
- Bruker BioSpin GmbH, Ettlingen, Baden-Württemberg 76275, Germany
| | - Sandro Bottaro
- Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC27599, USA
| | - Harald Schwalbe
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Hesse 60438, Germany
- Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Hesse 60438, Germany
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2
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Vianney YM, Dierks D, Weisz K. Structural Differences at Quadruplex-Duplex Interfaces Enable Ligand-Induced Topological Transitions. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2309891. [PMID: 38477454 PMCID: PMC11200018 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202309891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Quadruplex-duplex (QD) junctions, which represent unique structural motifs of both biological and technological significance, have been shown to constitute high-affinity binding sites for various ligands. A QD hybrid construct based on a human telomeric sequence, which harbors a duplex stem-loop in place of a short lateral loop, is structurally characterized by NMR. It folds into two major species with a (3+1) hybrid and a chair-type (2+2) antiparallel quadruplex domain coexisting in a K+ buffer solution. The antiparallel species is stabilized by an unusual capping structure involving a thymine and protonated adenine base AH+ of the lateral loop facing the hairpin duplex to form a T·AH+·G·C quartet with the interfacial G·C base pair at neutral pH. Addition and binding of Phen-DC3 to the QD hybrid mixture by its partial intercalation at corresponding QD junctions leads to a topological transition with exclusive formation of the (3+1) hybrid fold. In agreement with the available experimental data, such an unprecedented discrimination of QD junctions by a ligand can be rationalized following an induced fit mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoanes Maria Vianney
- Institut für BiochemieUniversität GreifswaldFelix‐Hausdorff‐Str. 4D‐17489GreifswaldGermany
| | - Dorothea Dierks
- Institut für BiochemieUniversität GreifswaldFelix‐Hausdorff‐Str. 4D‐17489GreifswaldGermany
| | - Klaus Weisz
- Institut für BiochemieUniversität GreifswaldFelix‐Hausdorff‐Str. 4D‐17489GreifswaldGermany
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3
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Barth KM, Hiller DA, Strobel SA. The Impact of Second-Shell Nucleotides on Ligand Specificity in Cyclic Dinucleotide Riboswitches. Biochemistry 2024:10.1021/acs.biochem.3c00586. [PMID: 38329042 PMCID: PMC11306416 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.3c00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Ligand specificity is an essential requirement for all riboswitches. Some variant riboswitches utilize a common structural motif, yet through subtle sequence differences, they are able to selectively respond to different small molecule ligands and regulate downstream gene expression. These variants discriminate between structurally and chemically similar ligands. Crystal structures provide insight into how specificity is achieved. However, ligand specificity cannot always be explained solely by nucleotides in direct contact with the ligand. The cyclic dinucleotide variant family contains two classes, cyclic-di-GMP and cyclic-AMP-GMP riboswitches, that were distinguished based on the identity of a single nucleotide in contact with the ligand. Here we report a variant riboswitch with a mutation at a second ligand-contacting position that is promiscuous for both cyclic-di-GMP and cyclic-AMP-GMP despite a predicted preference for cyclic-AMP-GMP. A high-throughput mutational analysis, SMARTT, was used to quantitatively assess thousands of sites in the first- and second-shells of ligand contact for impacts on ligand specificity and promiscuity. In addition to nucleotides in direct ligand contact, nucleotides more distal from the binding site, within the J1/2 linker and the terminator helix, were identified that impact ligand specificity. These findings provide an example of how nucleotides outside the ligand binding pocket influence the riboswitch specificity. Moreover, these distal nucleotides could be used to predict promiscuous sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M. Barth
- Institute of Biomolecular Design and Discovery, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - David A. Hiller
- Institute of Biomolecular Design and Discovery, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Scott A. Strobel
- Institute of Biomolecular Design and Discovery, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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4
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Faison EM, Nallathambi A, Zhang Q. Characterizing Protonation-Coupled Conformational Ensembles in RNA via pH-Differential Mutational Profiling with DMS Probing. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:18773-18777. [PMID: 37582279 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
RNA molecules undergo conformational transitions in response to cellular and environmental stimuli. Site-specific protonation, a fundamental chemical property, can alter the conformational landscape of RNA to regulate their functions. However, characterizing protonation-coupled RNA conformational ensembles on a large scale remains challenging. Here, we present pH-differential mutational profiling (PD-MaP) with dimethyl sulfate probing for high-throughput detection of protonation-coupled conformational ensembles in RNA. We demonstrated this approach on microRNA-21 precursor (pre-miR-21) and recapitulated a previously discovered A+-G-coupled conformational ensemble. Additionally, we identified a secondary protonation event involving an A+-C mismatch. We validated the occurrence of both protonation-coupled ensembles in pre-miR-21 using NMR relaxation dispersion spectroscopy. Furthermore, the application of PD-MaP on a library of well-annotated human primary microRNAs uncovered widespread protonation-coupled conformational ensembles, suggesting their potentially broad functions in biology.
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5
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Landgraf T, Völklein AE, Fürtig B, Schwalbe H. The cotranscriptional folding landscape for two cyclic di-nucleotide-sensing riboswitches with highly homologous aptamer domains acting either as ON- or OFF-switches. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:6639-6655. [PMID: 35736222 PMCID: PMC9262584 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Riboswitches are gene regulatory elements located in untranslated mRNA regions. They bind inducer molecules with high affinity and specificity. Cyclic-di-nucleotide-sensing riboswitches are major regulators of genes for the environment, membranes and motility (GEMM) of bacteria. Up to now, structural probing assays or crystal structures have provided insight into the interaction between cyclic-di-nucleotides and their corresponding riboswitches. ITC analysis, NMR analysis and computational modeling allowed us to gain a detailed understanding of the gene regulation mechanisms for the Cd1 (Clostridium difficile) and for the pilM (Geobacter metallireducens) riboswitches and their respective di-nucleotides c-di-GMP and c-GAMP. Binding capability showed a 25 nucleotide (nt) long window for pilM and a 61 nt window for Cd1. Within this window, binding affinities ranged from 35 μM to 0.25 μM spanning two orders of magnitude for Cd1 and pilM showing a strong dependence on competing riboswitch folds. Experimental results were incorporated into a Markov simulation to further our understanding of the transcriptional folding pathways of riboswitches. Our model showed the ability to predict riboswitch gene regulation and its dependence on transcription speed, pausing and ligand concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Boris Fürtig
- Correspondence may also be addressed to Boris Fürtig.
| | - Harald Schwalbe
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +49 69 798 29737; Fax: +49 69 798 29515;
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6
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Structure and mechanism of the methyltransferase ribozyme MTR1. Nat Chem Biol 2022; 18:547-555. [PMID: 35301481 PMCID: PMC7612680 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-022-00976-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
RNA-catalysed RNA methylation was recently shown to be part of the catalytic repertoire of ribozymes. The methyltransferase ribozyme MTR1 catalyses the site-specific synthesis of 1-methyladenosine (m1A) in RNA, using O6-methylguanine (m6G) as methyl group donor. Here we report the crystal structure of MTR1 at a resolution of 2.8 Å, which reveals a guanine binding site reminiscent of natural guanine riboswitches. The structure represents the postcatalytic state of a split ribozyme in complex with the m1A-containing RNA product and the demethylated cofactor guanine. The structural data suggest the mechanistic involvement of a protonated cytidine in the methyl transfer reaction. A synergistic effect of two 2'-O-methylated ribose residues in the active site results in accelerated methyl group transfer. Supported by these results, it seems plausible that modified nucleotides may have enhanced early RNA catalysis and that metabolite-binding riboswitches may resemble inactivated ribozymes that have lost their catalytic activity during evolution.
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7
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Hur JH, Kang CY, Lee S, Parveen N, Yu J, Shamim A, Yoo W, Ghosh A, Bae S, Park CJ, Kim KK. AC-motif: a DNA motif containing adenine and cytosine repeat plays a role in gene regulation. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:10150-10165. [PMID: 34469538 PMCID: PMC8464069 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
I-motif or C4 is a four-stranded DNA structure with a protonated cytosine:cytosine base pair (C+:C) found in cytosine-rich sequences. We have found that oligodeoxynucleotides containing adenine and cytosine repeats form a stable secondary structure at a physiological pH with magnesium ion, which is similar to i-motif structure, and have named this structure ‘adenine:cytosine-motif (AC-motif)’. AC-motif contains C+:C base pairs intercalated with putative A+:C base pairs between protonated adenine and cytosine. By investigation of the AC-motif present in the CDKL3 promoter (AC-motifCDKL3), one of AC-motifs found in the genome, we confirmed that AC-motifCDKL3 has a key role in regulating CDKL3 gene expression in response to magnesium. This is further supported by confirming that genome-edited mutant cell lines, lacking the AC-motif formation, lost this regulation effect. Our results verify that adenine-cytosine repeats commonly present in the genome can form a stable non-canonical secondary structure with a non-Watson–Crick base pair and have regulatory roles in cells, which expand non-canonical DNA repertoires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hwan Hur
- Department of Precision Medicine, Graduate Schoold of Basic Medical Science (GSBMS), Institute for Anti-microbial Resistance Research and Therapeutics, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Young Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Nazia Parveen
- Department of Precision Medicine, Graduate Schoold of Basic Medical Science (GSBMS), Institute for Anti-microbial Resistance Research and Therapeutics, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyeon Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Amen Shamim
- Department of Precision Medicine, Graduate Schoold of Basic Medical Science (GSBMS), Institute for Anti-microbial Resistance Research and Therapeutics, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.,Centre of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Wanki Yoo
- Department of Precision Medicine, Graduate Schoold of Basic Medical Science (GSBMS), Institute for Anti-microbial Resistance Research and Therapeutics, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ambarnil Ghosh
- Department of Precision Medicine, Graduate Schoold of Basic Medical Science (GSBMS), Institute for Anti-microbial Resistance Research and Therapeutics, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangsu Bae
- Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Chin-Ju Park
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Kyu Kim
- Department of Precision Medicine, Graduate Schoold of Basic Medical Science (GSBMS), Institute for Anti-microbial Resistance Research and Therapeutics, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.,Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea
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8
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Heldmaier FV, Coughlan NJA, Haack A, Huard R, Guna M, Schneider BB, Le Blanc JCY, Campbell JL, Nooijen M, Hopkins WS. UVPD spectroscopy of differential mobility-selected prototropic isomers of protonated adenine. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:19892-19900. [PMID: 34525152 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02688g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two prototropic isomers of adenine are formed in an electrospray ion source and are resolved spatially in a differential mobility spectrometer before detection in a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. Each isomer is gated in CV space before being trapped in the linear ion trap of the modified mass spectrometer, where they are irradiated by the tuneable output of an optical parametric oscillator and undergo photodissociation to form charged fragments with m/z 119, 109, and 94. The photon-normalised intensity of each fragmentation channel is measured and the action spectra for each DMS-gated tautomer are obtained. Our analysis of the action spectra, aided by calculated vibronic spectra and thermochemical data, allow us to assign the two signals in our measured ionograms to specific tautomers of protonated adenine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorella Villanueva Heldmaier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada. .,Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Neville J A Coughlan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada. .,Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Alexander Haack
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada. .,Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Rebecca Huard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada. .,Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Mircea Guna
- SCIEX, Four Valley Drive, Concord, Ontario, L4K 4V8, Canada
| | | | | | - J Larry Campbell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada. .,Bedrock Scientific Inc., Milton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marcel Nooijen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - W Scott Hopkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada. .,Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada.,Centre for Eye and Vision Research, Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, Hong Kong.,Watermine Innovation, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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9
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Keller H, Kruse K, Averhoff B, Duchardt-Ferner E, Wöhnert J. NMR resonance assignments for the GSPII-C domain of the PilF ATPase from Thermus thermophilus in complex with c-di-GMP. BIOMOLECULAR NMR ASSIGNMENTS 2019; 13:361-366. [PMID: 31372934 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-019-09906-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The natural transformation system of the thermophilic bacterium Thermus thermophilus is one of the most efficient DNA transport systems in terms of DNA uptake rate and promiscuity. The DNA transporter of T. thermophilus plays an important role in interdomain DNA transfer in hot environments. PilF is the traffic ATPase that provides the energy for the assembly of the DNA translocation machinery and the functionally linked type IV pilus system in T. thermophilus. In contrast to other known traffic ATPases, the N-terminal region of PilF harbors three consecutive domains with homology to general secretory pathway II (GSPII) domains. These GSPII-like domains influence pilus assembly, twitching motility and transformation efficiency. A structural homolog of the PilF GSPII-like domains, the N-terminal domain of the traffic ATPase MshE from Vibrio cholerae, was recently crystallized in complex with the bacterial second messenger c-di-GMP. In order to study the consequences of c-di-GMP binding on the three-dimensional architecture of PilF, we initiated structural studies on the PilF GSPII-like domains. Here, we present the 1H, 13C and 15N chemical shift assignments for the isolated PilF GSPII-C domain from T. thermophilus in complex with c-di-GMP. In addition, the structural dynamics of the complex was investigated in an {1H},15N-hetNOE experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Keller
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt/M, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany.
- Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe University Frankfurt/M, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Kerstin Kruse
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt/M, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Beate Averhoff
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt/M, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Elke Duchardt-Ferner
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt/M, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
- Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe University Frankfurt/M, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jens Wöhnert
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt/M, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany.
- Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe University Frankfurt/M, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany.
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10
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Neißner K, Keller H, Duchardt-Ferner E, Hacker C, Kruse K, Averhoff B, Wöhnert J. NMR resonance assignments for the GSPII-B domain of the traffic ATPase PilF from Thermus thermophilus in the apo and the c-di-GMP-bound state. BIOMOLECULAR NMR ASSIGNMENTS 2019; 13:383-390. [PMID: 31432400 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-019-09911-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The PilF protein from the thermophilic bacterium Thermus thermophilus is a traffic ATPase powering the assembly of the DNA translocation machinery as well as of type 4 pili. Thereby PilF mediates the natural transformability of T. thermophilus. PilF contains a C-terminal ATPase domain and three N-terminal domains with partial homology to so-called general secretory pathway II (GSPII) domains. These three GSPII domains (GSPII-A, GSPII-B and GSPII-C) are essential for pilus assembly and twitching motility. They show varying degrees of sequence homology to the N-terminal domain of the ATPase MshE from Vibrio cholerae which binds the bacterial second messenger molecule c-di-GMP. NMR experiments demonstrate that the GSPII-B domain of PilF also binds c-di-GMP with high affinity and forms a 1:1 complex in slow exchange on the NMR time scale. As a prerequisite for structural studies of c-di-GMP binding to the GSPII-B domain of T. thermophilus PilF we present here the NMR resonance assignments for the apo and the c-di-GMP bound state of GSPII-B. In addition, we map the binding site for c-di-GMP on the GSPII-B domain using chemical shift perturbation data and compare the dynamics of the apo and the c-di-GMP-bound state of the GSPII-B domain based on {1H},15N-hetNOE data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Neißner
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt/M., Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany.
- Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe-University Frankfurt/M., Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Heiko Keller
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt/M., Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
- Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe-University Frankfurt/M., Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Elke Duchardt-Ferner
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt/M., Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
- Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe-University Frankfurt/M., Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Carolin Hacker
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt/M., Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
- Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe-University Frankfurt/M., Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Kerstin Kruse
- Molecular Microbiology and Bioenergetics, Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt/M., Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Beate Averhoff
- Molecular Microbiology and Bioenergetics, Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt/M., Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jens Wöhnert
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt/M., Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany.
- Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe-University Frankfurt/M., Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany.
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11
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Fuchs E, Falschlunger C, Micura R, Breuker K. The effect of adenine protonation on RNA phosphodiester backbone bond cleavage elucidated by deaza-nucleobase modifications and mass spectrometry. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:7223-7234. [PMID: 31276590 PMCID: PMC6698743 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The catalytic strategies of small self-cleaving ribozymes often involve interactions between nucleobases and the ribonucleic acid (RNA) backbone. Here we show that multiply protonated, gaseous RNA has an intrinsic preference for the formation of ionic hydrogen bonds between adenine protonated at N3 and the phosphodiester backbone moiety on its 5'-side that facilitates preferential phosphodiester backbone bond cleavage upon vibrational excitation by low-energy collisionally activated dissociation. Removal of the basic N3 site by deaza-modification of adenine was found to abrogate preferential phosphodiester backbone bond cleavage. No such effects were observed for N1 or N7 of adenine. Importantly, we found that the pH of the solution used for generation of the multiply protonated, gaseous RNA ions by electrospray ionization affects phosphodiester backbone bond cleavage next to adenine, which implies that the protonation patterns in solution are at least in part preserved during and after transfer into the gas phase. Our study suggests that interactions between protonated adenine and phosphodiester moieties of RNA may play a more important mechanistic role in biological processes than considered until now.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Fuchs
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christoph Falschlunger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ronald Micura
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kathrin Breuker
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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12
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Thompson RD, Baisden JT, Zhang Q. NMR characterization of RNA small molecule interactions. Methods 2019; 167:66-77. [PMID: 31128236 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Exciting discoveries of naturally occurring ligand-sensing and disease-linked noncoding RNAs have promoted significant interests in understanding RNA-small molecule interactions. NMR spectroscopy is a powerful tool for characterizing intermolecular interactions. In this review, we describe protocols and approaches for applying NMR spectroscopy to investigate interactions between RNA and small molecules. We review protocols for RNA sample preparation, methods for identifying RNA-binding small molecules, approaches for mapping RNA-small molecule interactions, determining complex structures, and characterizing binding kinetics. We hope this review will provide a guideline to streamline NMR applications in studying RNA-small molecule interactions, facilitating both basic mechanistic understandings of RNA functions and translational efforts in developing RNA-targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhese D Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jared T Baisden
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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13
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Halder A, Vemuri S, Roy R, Katuri J, Bhattacharyya D, Mitra A. Evidence for Hidden Involvement of N3-Protonated Guanine in RNA Structure and Function. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:699-709. [PMID: 30775644 PMCID: PMC6372247 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Charged nucleobases have been found to occur in several known RNA molecules and are considered essential for their structure and function. The mechanism of their involvement is however not yet fully understood. Revelation of the role of N7-protonated guanine, in modulating the geometry and stability of noncanonical base pairs formed through its unprotonated edges [Watson-Crick (WC) and sugar], has triggered the need to evaluate the feasibility of similar roles of other protonated nucleobases [Halder et al., Phys Chem Chem Phys, 2015, 17, 26249]. In this context, N3 protonation of guanine makes an interesting case as its influence on the charge distribution of the WC edge is similar to that of N7 protonation, though its thermodynamic cost of protonation is significantly higher. In this work, we have carried out structural bioinformatics analyses and quantum mechanics-based calculations to show that N3 protonation of guanine may take place in a cellular environment, at least in the G:C W:W Trans and G:G W:H Cis base pairs. Our results provide a reasonable starting point for future investigations in order to address the larger mechanistic question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antarip Halder
- Center
for Computational Natural Sciences and Bioinformatics (CCNSB), International Institute of Information Technology,
Hyderabad (IIIT-H), Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500032, Telangana, India
| | - Saurabh Vemuri
- Center
for Computational Natural Sciences and Bioinformatics (CCNSB), International Institute of Information Technology,
Hyderabad (IIIT-H), Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500032, Telangana, India
| | - Rohit Roy
- Center
for Computational Natural Sciences and Bioinformatics (CCNSB), International Institute of Information Technology,
Hyderabad (IIIT-H), Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500032, Telangana, India
| | - Jayanth Katuri
- Center
for Computational Natural Sciences and Bioinformatics (CCNSB), International Institute of Information Technology,
Hyderabad (IIIT-H), Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500032, Telangana, India
| | - Dhananjay Bhattacharyya
- Computational
Science Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear
Physics (SINP), 1/AF,
Bidhannagar, Kolkata 700064, India
| | - Abhijit Mitra
- Center
for Computational Natural Sciences and Bioinformatics (CCNSB), International Institute of Information Technology,
Hyderabad (IIIT-H), Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500032, Telangana, India
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