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Madrigal-Valverde M, Loiola MVG, de Freitas Júnior JE, Santiago MR, Dantas LL, Menezes AA, de Matos Brandão Carneiro I, Xavier GM, Araujo EAB, Pereira JR, Bittencourt RF. Improving Milk Yield, Milk Quality, and Follicular Functionality Behavior in Dairy Cows from the Implementation of Microencapsulated Chili Pepper Supplements in Their Diets. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2361. [PMID: 39199895 PMCID: PMC11350710 DOI: 10.3390/ani14162361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluates the effect of including microencapsulated hot chili pepper (MHCP) in the diet of crossbred dairy cows on the volume and quality of milk and on ovarian morphofunctionality. Twenty-four crossbred females in their lactating period were used. The cows were divided into two experimental groups, a control (CT) and an MHCP -supplemented group (CP) given 1 g a day per animal of microencapsulated hot chili in concentrate for 42 days. Over seven weeks of daily milk production was measured, and sample milk was collected weekly for composition analysis. Animals were subject to an ovulation synchronization protocol on day 0 (D0), and an intravaginal progesterone (P4) implant, estradiol benzoate, and prostaglandin (PGF2α) were administered. On D8, the P4 implant was removed and PGF2α, equine chorionic gonadotropin, and estradiol cypionate were administered to the animals. The ovarian dynamics were evaluated in B mode and color Doppler. There were significant differences (p < 0.05) in the group X time interaction, the volume of milk produced, and the amount in kg/day of milk components. There was a higher percentage of vascularization in the preovulatory follicle in the CP group (p ≥ 0.10). The findings show that the inclusion of MHCP in the diet of dairy cows does influence their milk production and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Madrigal-Valverde
- Escuela de Agronomía, Campus Tecnológico Local San Carlos, Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, San Carlos, Alajuela 223-21001, Costa Rica
- Área Académica del Doctorado en Ciencias Naturales para el Desarrollo, Campus Tecnológico Local San Carlos, Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, San Carlos, Alajuela 223-21001, Costa Rica
- Doctorado en Ciencia Naturales de para el Desarrollo (DOCINADE), Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, Universidad Nacional, Universidad Estatal a Distancia, Costa Rica
| | - Marcus Vinicius Galvão Loiola
- Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Campus Ondina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, Brazil; (M.V.G.L.); (J.E.d.F.J.); (M.R.S.); (L.L.D.); (A.A.M.); (I.d.M.B.C.); (G.M.X.); (E.A.B.A.); (R.F.B.)
| | - José E. de Freitas Júnior
- Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Campus Ondina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, Brazil; (M.V.G.L.); (J.E.d.F.J.); (M.R.S.); (L.L.D.); (A.A.M.); (I.d.M.B.C.); (G.M.X.); (E.A.B.A.); (R.F.B.)
| | - Murilo R. Santiago
- Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Campus Ondina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, Brazil; (M.V.G.L.); (J.E.d.F.J.); (M.R.S.); (L.L.D.); (A.A.M.); (I.d.M.B.C.); (G.M.X.); (E.A.B.A.); (R.F.B.)
| | - Lara Lôbo Dantas
- Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Campus Ondina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, Brazil; (M.V.G.L.); (J.E.d.F.J.); (M.R.S.); (L.L.D.); (A.A.M.); (I.d.M.B.C.); (G.M.X.); (E.A.B.A.); (R.F.B.)
| | - Artur Azevedo Menezes
- Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Campus Ondina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, Brazil; (M.V.G.L.); (J.E.d.F.J.); (M.R.S.); (L.L.D.); (A.A.M.); (I.d.M.B.C.); (G.M.X.); (E.A.B.A.); (R.F.B.)
| | - Isabella de Matos Brandão Carneiro
- Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Campus Ondina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, Brazil; (M.V.G.L.); (J.E.d.F.J.); (M.R.S.); (L.L.D.); (A.A.M.); (I.d.M.B.C.); (G.M.X.); (E.A.B.A.); (R.F.B.)
| | - Gleice Mendes Xavier
- Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Campus Ondina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, Brazil; (M.V.G.L.); (J.E.d.F.J.); (M.R.S.); (L.L.D.); (A.A.M.); (I.d.M.B.C.); (G.M.X.); (E.A.B.A.); (R.F.B.)
| | - Endrigo Adonis Braga Araujo
- Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Campus Ondina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, Brazil; (M.V.G.L.); (J.E.d.F.J.); (M.R.S.); (L.L.D.); (A.A.M.); (I.d.M.B.C.); (G.M.X.); (E.A.B.A.); (R.F.B.)
| | | | - Rodrigo Freitas Bittencourt
- Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Campus Ondina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, Brazil; (M.V.G.L.); (J.E.d.F.J.); (M.R.S.); (L.L.D.); (A.A.M.); (I.d.M.B.C.); (G.M.X.); (E.A.B.A.); (R.F.B.)
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Morelli KG, Lourenço GG, Marangon VR, Feltrin IR, Imura Oshiro TS, Rodrigues da Silva IV, Pugliesi G. Use of Doppler ultrasonography for selection of recipients in embryo transfer programs in horses. Theriogenology 2023; 211:142-150. [PMID: 37634355 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2023.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate the impact of corpus luteum (CL) and uterine characteristics accessed by B-mode and Color-Doppler ultrasonography in recipient mares at the time of embryo transfer (ET) on pregnancy outcomes. Recipient mares (n = 110), between days 3-9 after spontaneous ovulation, received a fresh embryo. Immediately before ET, the reproductive system was assessed by transrectal palpation for the following parameters: uterine tone (0-3), CL echogenicity (0-6), CL type (homogeneous, trabecular or anechoic center), luteal area (cm2), uterine echogenicity (0-3), uterine edema (0-3), luteal blood perfusion (0-100%) and uterine blood perfusion (1-4). Additionally, a blood sample was collected by puncture of the jugular vein for plasma P4 dosage. Retrospectively, recipients were classified according to the luteal area (small [≤ 6 cm2] or large [> 6 cm2]), luteal blood perfusion (low [≤ 55%] or high [> 55%]), and plasma concentration of P4 (low ≤ 9.98 ng/mL or high > 9.98 ng/mL). Pregnancy diagnosis was performed at 12 and 30 days of gestation. Luteal blood perfusion was significantly higher (P = 0.04) in pregnant recipients (n = 83) than in non-pregnant recipients (n = 27). Overall P/ET was higher (P ≤ 0.02) in mares with high luteal blood perfusion and high P4. Luteal blood perfusion was the most adequate significant (P = 0.01) predictor of pregnancy compared with the luteal area and plasma P4 concentration. Only luteal blood perfusion showed a linear (P = 0.03) and cubic (P = 0.004) effect on P/ET. In conclusion, CL blood perfusion determined by color-Doppler can be used in real-time to select recipients with the greatest chance of maintaining pregnancy in equine ET programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Galhego Morelli
- USP - Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Duque de Caxias Norte 225, Jardim Elite, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil.
| | - Gilberto Guimarães Lourenço
- M.V. Haras Laglória - Médico Veterinário responsável pelo Haras Laglória, Fazenda Salgada, 00000 - RT-19, Itajara-Itaperuna, RJ, Brazil.
| | | | - Isabella Rio Feltrin
- UNESP - Botucatu - Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Distrito de Rubião Júnior, s/n - Rubião Junior, SP, 18618-970, Brazil.
| | - Thaís Sayuri Imura Oshiro
- USP - Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Duque de Caxias Norte 225, Jardim Elite, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil.
| | - Igor Vicente Rodrigues da Silva
- UNIPAC-JF, Faculdade Presidente Antonio Carlos, Juiz de Fora Av. Juiz de Fora, 1100, Granja Betânia, Juiz de Fora - MG, 36048-000, Brazil.
| | - Guilherme Pugliesi
- USP - Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Duque de Caxias Norte 225, Jardim Elite, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil.
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Clark ZL, Ruebel ML, Schall PZ, Karl KR, Ireland JJ, Latham KE. Follicular Hyperstimulation Dysgenesis: New Explanation for Adverse Effects of Excessive FSH in Ovarian Stimulation. Endocrinology 2022; 163:bqac100. [PMID: 35833461 PMCID: PMC9342683 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
High follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) doses during ovarian stimulation protocols for assisted reproductive technologies (ART) are detrimental to ovulatory follicle function and oocyte quality. However, the mechanisms are unclear. In a small ovarian reserve heifer model, excessive FSH doses lead to phenotypic heterogeneity of ovulatory size follicles, with most follicles displaying signs of premature luteinization and a range in severity of abnormalities. By performing whole transcriptome analyses of granulosa cells, cumulus cells, and oocytes from individual follicles of animals given standard or excessive FSH doses, we identified progressive changes in the transcriptomes of the 3 cell types, with increasing severity of follicular abnormality with the excessive doses. The granulosa and cumulus cells each diverged progressively from their normal phenotypes and became highly similar to each other in the more severely affected follicles. Pathway analysis indicates a possible dysregulation of the final stages of folliculogenesis, with processes characteristic of ovulation and luteinization occurring concurrently rather than sequentially in the most severely affected follicles. These changes were associated with disruptions in key pathways in granulosa and cumulus cells, which may account for previously reported reduced estradiol production, enhanced progesterone and oxytocin production and diminished ovulation rates. Predicted deficiencies in oocyte survival, stress response, and fertilization suggest likely reductions in oocyte health, which could further compromise oocyte quality and ART outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaramasina L Clark
- Reproductive and Developmental Sciences Program and the Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Meghan L Ruebel
- Reproductive and Developmental Sciences Program and the Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- USDA-ARS Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center 15 Children’s Way Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
| | - Peter Z Schall
- Reproductive and Developmental Sciences Program and the Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Human Genetics, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kaitlin R Karl
- Reproductive and Developmental Sciences Program and the Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - James J Ireland
- Reproductive and Developmental Sciences Program and the Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Keith E Latham
- Reproductive and Developmental Sciences Program and the Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Spicer LJ, Evans JR, Schreiber NB. Hormone regulation of thrombospondin-1 mRNA in porcine granulosa cells in vitro. Anim Reprod Sci 2022; 244:107048. [PMID: 35914333 PMCID: PMC10867812 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2022.107048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Thrombospondin-1 (THBS1) is involved in the process of angiogenesis and is down-regulated by insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) in porcine granulosa cells (GC), but what other hormones regulate GC THBS1 and its role in follicular growth is unclear. Thus, six experiments were conducted to determine the influence of other hormones on THBS1 gene expression in porcine GC, and to determine if THBS1 mRNA changes during follicular development. For Exp. 1-5, small (1-5 mm) follicles from ovaries of abattoir gilts were aspirated, GC collected and treated with FSH, IGF1, fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9), Sonic hedgehog (SHH), estradiol, cortisol, and/or prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). FSH, IGF1 and FGF9 each decreased (P < 0.05) THBS1 mRNA abundance. Alone, PGE2 increased (P < 0.05) THBS1 mRNA abundance. PGE2 significantly attenuated the FSH-induced inhibition of THBS1 mRNA expression. Estradiol, cortisol, and SHH had no effect on THBS1 mRNA abundance. In Exp. 6, small (1-3 mm), medium (4-6 mm) and large (7-14 mm) follicles were aspirated to measure abundance of THBS1 mRNA in GC which did not differ (P > 0.10) between small and medium-sized follicles but was threefold greater (P < 0.05) in large compared to small or medium follicles. We hypothesize that the inhibitory effects of FSH, IGF1 and FGF9 on the antiangiogenic gene THBS1 could contribute to promoting angiogenesis in the developing follicle, while stimulation of THBS1 mRNA by PGE2 may help reduce angiogenesis during the preovulatory period when PGE2 and THBS1 mRNA are at their greatest levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon J Spicer
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
| | - John R Evans
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Nicole B Schreiber
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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Fontes PLP, Oosthuizen N. Applied Use of Doppler Ultrasonography in Bovine Reproduction. FRONTIERS IN ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fanim.2022.912854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of Doppler ultrasonography to quantify blood vascularization in reproductive organs has increased over the past decade. Doppler technology has predominantly been explored in research settings to evaluate uterine blood flow and to assess follicular and luteal blood perfusion. Recent research has also explored the use of Doppler technology in applied reproductive management for both the beef and dairy industries and has focused on the use of luteal color Doppler ultrasonography to evaluate embryo transfer recipients and perform early pregnancy diagnosis. Although significant progress has been made and current literature indicates a strong potential for the applied use of Doppler ultrasonography to increase reproductive efficiency in the cattle industry, uptake of this technology is still currently limited. This review summarizes the recent developments in the applied use of color Doppler ultrasonography for reproductive management in both beef and dairy cattle herds.
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The Role of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors in PGF2α-Induced Luteolysis in the Bovine Corpus Luteum. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12121542. [PMID: 35739878 PMCID: PMC9219485 DOI: 10.3390/ani12121542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The corpus luteum (CL) is responsible for progesterone (P4) secretion. In the absence of pregnancy, luteolysis occurs, which leads to a reduction in P4 production, followed by the structural regression of the CL. In cows, prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) is the main luteolytic factor. It is also an endogenous ligand for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), which are important factors regulating mammalian reproductive function. However, the mechanisms of action of PPAR isoforms, i.e., PPARα, PPARδ and PPARγ, in the luteolytic pathways in cattle are still not fully understood. The aim of this in vitro study was to determine the expression of PPAR isoforms in the bovine CL throughout the estrous cycle, and their involvement in PGF2α-induced processes related to luteolysis. The obtained results indicate that the expression of PPARs changes in the bovine CL throughout the estrous cycle; moreover, PGF2α affects its expression. This study provides evidence that PPARγ, among all examined PPAR isoforms, could be involved in the regulation of PGF2α-induced luteolysis in cattle, and PPARs may affect CL regression at multiple sites. These results help to widen the knowledge of the mechanisms of luteal regression in the bovine CL. Abstract The participation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) in ovarian function in cattle is still not fully understood. The aim of this in vitro study was to determine: (i) the immunolocalization, mRNA expression and tissue concentration of PPARα, PPARδ and PPARγ in the bovine corpus luteum (CL) (n = 40) throughout the estrous cycle, and (ii) the involvement of PPAR in PGF2α-induced processes related to luteolysis. CL (n = 9) explants were cultured in the presence of PPAR antagonists (10−5 M) in combination with or without PGF2α receptor antagonist (10−5 M) and PGF2α (10−6 M). The mRNA and protein expression of PPARs was evaluated through qPCR, IHC, and ELISA, respectively. The results showed that PPAR mRNA and protein expression differed according to the luteal stages. PGF2α upregulated PPARδ and PPARγ mRNA expression in the bovine CL in vitro, whereas PPARγ increased the inhibitory effect of PGF2α by decreasing progesterone secretion and the mRNA expression of hydroxy-delta-5-steroid dehydrogenase, 3 β- and steroid delta-isomerase 1 (HSD3B1) in the CL explants; mRNA transcription of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was increased. The obtained results indicate that the mRNA and protein expression of PPARs changes in the bovine CL throughout the estrous cycle and under the influence of PGF2α. We suggest that isoform γ, among all examined PPARs, could be a factor involved in the regulation of PGF2α-induced processes related to luteolysis in the bovine CL. Further studies are needed to understand the role of PPAR in luteal regression in the CL of cattle.
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Comparison of superovulatory responses to a standardized hormonal superstimulation protocol among three indigenous breeds of sheep in Brazil. Small Rumin Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2022.106703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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8
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Clark ZL, Karl KR, Ruebel ML, Latham KE, Ireland JJ. Excessive follicle-stimulating hormone during ovarian stimulation of cattle may induce premature luteinization of most ovulatory-size follicles†. Biol Reprod 2022; 106:968-978. [PMID: 35084014 PMCID: PMC9113431 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioac021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
High follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) doses during ovarian stimulation are detrimental to ovulatory follicle function and decrease live birth rate in cattle and women. However, the mechanism whereby excessive FSH causes ovarian dysfunction is unknown. This study tested the hypothesis that excessive FSH during ovarian stimulation induces premature luteinization of ovulatory-size follicles. Small ovarian reserve heifers were injected twice daily for 4 days with 70 IU (N = 7 heifers) or 210 IU (N = 6 heifers) Folltropin-V [commercial FSH-enriched preparation of porcine pituitary glands with minor (<1%) luteinizing hormone (LH) contamination, cpFSH]. Ovulatory-size (≥10 mm) follicles were excised from ovaries after the last cpFSH injection and hormone concentrations in follicular fluid (FF) were determined using ELISA. Luteinization was monitored by assessing cumulus cell-oocyte complex (COC) morphology and measuring concentrations of estradiol (E), progesterone (P), and oxytocin (O) in FF. COCs were classified as having compact (cCOC) or expanded (eCOC) cumulus cell layers, and as estrogen-active (E:P in FF ≥1), estrogen-inactive (EI, E:P in FF ≤1 > 0.1), or extreme-estrogen-inactive (EEI, E:P in FF ≤0.1). A high proportion (72%) of ovulatory-size follicles in 210 IU, but not 70 IU, dose heifers displayed eCOCs. The high doses also produced higher proportions of EI or EEI follicles which had lower E:P ratio and/or E but higher P and/or O concentrations compared with the 70 IU dose heifers. In conclusion, excessive cpFSH doses during ovarian stimulation may induce premature luteinization of most ovulatory-size follicles in heifers with small ovarian reserves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaramasina L Clark
- Reproductive and Developmental Sciences Program, Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Kaitlin R Karl
- Reproductive and Developmental Sciences Program, Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Meghan L Ruebel
- Reproductive and Developmental Sciences Program, Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Keith E Latham
- Reproductive and Developmental Sciences Program, Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - James J Ireland
- Correspondence: Molecular Reproductive Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. Tel: +1517 432 1384; E-mail:
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9
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Miura R, Matsumoto N, Haneda S, Matsui M. Influence of ipsilateral coexistence of the first wave dominant follicle and corpus luteum on ovarian dynamics and plasma sex steroid hormone concentrations in lactating dairy cows treated with human chorionic gonadotropin. J Reprod Dev 2020; 66:265-269. [PMID: 32269198 PMCID: PMC7297639 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2019-146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the effect of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) treatment 5 days after estrus on ovarian dynamics and plasma progesterone (P4) and estradiol (E2) concentrations when the first-wave dominant follicle (DF) was ipsilateral or contralateral to the corpus luteum (CL) in lactating dairy cows. Seventy cows were divided into two groups: (1) ipsilateral group (IG; n = 37), in which the first-wave DF was ipsilateral to the CL, and (2) contralateral group (CG; n = 33), in which the first-wave DF was contralateral to the CL. IG and CG were further subdivided into two groups: non-treatment group (IG, n = 18; CG, n = 19), and hCG treatment group: administrated 1500 IU of hCG 5 days after estrus (IG, n = 19; CG, n = 14). Blood sampling and ovarian examination were performed at 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 13 days after estrus. Mean diameter of the first-wave DF on Day 9 tended (P = 0.067) to be larger in IG than in CG in the non-treatment group. Mean diameter of CL and plasma P4 and E2 concentrations did not differ between IG and CG in the non-treatment and hCG treatment groups. Accessory CL development did not differ between IG and CG in the hCG treatment group. Our findings indicate that CL development and plasma P4 and E2 concentrations were not affected by the existence of the first-wave DF; however, first-wave DF development was affected by the existence of a CL in the same ovary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryotaro Miura
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | | | - Shingo Haneda
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Motozumi Matsui
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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10
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Díaz PU, Belotti EM, Notaro US, Salvetti NR, Leiva CJM, Durante LI, Marelli BE, Stangaferro ML, Ortega HH. Hemodynamic changes detected by Doppler ultrasonography in the ovaries of cattle during early development of cystic ovarian disease. Anim Reprod Sci 2019; 209:106164. [PMID: 31514938 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2019.106164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A common reproductive disease in dairy cattle is Cystic Ovarian Disease. To study its development, there was use of an experimental model of follicular persistence to detect hemodynamic changes occurring in ovaries by using Doppler ultrasonography. After estrous synchronization, control cows received no additional treatment and were evaluated at proestrus (CG), whereas treated cows (PG) received sub-luteal doses of progesterone for 15 days and were evaluated at proestrus, and after 0, 5, 10 and 15 days of follicular persistence. Spectral Doppler was used to evaluate blood flow in the ovarian artery, and power Doppler for evaluation of blood flow in the ovarian parenchyma and follicular wall of persistent and dominant preovulatory follicles. Findings using power Doppler signals indicated there were no differences between groups in the parenchyma of both right (P = 0.455) and left (P = 0.762) ovaries. In contrast, power Doppler signals of blood flow were less in walls of persistent follicles from day 0 to 15 when there was follicular persistence than in dominant follicles of the CG (P < 0.001). Blood flow in ovarian arteries was less (P < 0.05) in diastolic velocity and time averaged maximum velocity in all PG groups than in the CG. Peak systolic velocity was less (P < 0.05) in all PG than in the CG, with the exception of P15 (P > 0.05). These findings indicate there are marked changes in blood irrigation area of walls of persistent follicles during the 15 days of follicular persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- P U Díaz
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL) / Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - E M Belotti
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL) / Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - U S Notaro
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL) / Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - N R Salvetti
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL) / Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - C J M Leiva
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL) / Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - L I Durante
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL) / Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - B E Marelli
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL) / Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - M L Stangaferro
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - H H Ortega
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL) / Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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11
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Gaur M, Purohit GN. Follicular dynamics and colour Doppler vascularity evaluations of follicles and corpus luteum in relation to plasma progesterone during the oestrous cycle of Surti buffaloes. Reprod Domest Anim 2019; 54:585-594. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.13400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitesh Gaur
- Department of Veterinary Gynecology and ObstetricsCollege of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Navania, VallabhnagarRajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Bikaner Rajasthan India
| | - Govind Narayan Purohit
- Department of Veterinary Gynecology and Obstetrics College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner, Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Bikaner Rajasthan India
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12
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Peri-follicular blood flow in the follicle from which ovulation occurs in cows. Anim Reprod Sci 2018; 198:154-159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2018.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Troisi A, Orlandi R, Maranesi M, Dall'Aglio C, Brecchia G, Parillo F, Boiti C, Zerani M, Polisca A. Intra-ovarian dynamic blood flow in pseudopregnant rabbits during prostaglandin F2α-induced luteolysis. Reprod Domest Anim 2018; 54:176-183. [PMID: 30187583 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we evaluated the dynamic changes of intra-ovarian blood flow, by real-time colour-coded and pulsed Doppler ultrasonography, as well as the immunopresence of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) receptor (FP) and peripheral plasma progesterone concentrations in pseudopregnant rabbit after PGF2α treatments at either early- (4 days) and mid-luteal (9 days) stages. During the pre-treatment observation interval of one hour, the ovarian blood flows showed a fluctuating pattern. Independently of luteal stage, PGF2α administration caused a fourfold decline in the blood flow within 40 min that was followed 50 min later by a reactive hyperaemia that lasted several hours, while the resistive index showed an opposite trend. Twenty-four hour later, the blood flow was one half that measured before PGF2α injection. At day 4 of pseudopregnancy, PGF2α did not affect peripheral plasma progesterone concentrations, but at day 9, it caused functional luteolysis as progesterone levels declined 6 hr later to reach basal values after 24 hr. The changes in the ovarian blood flows of pseudopregnant rabbits receiving PGF2α were accompanied by simultaneous changes in the resistance index. This biphasic response in the blood flow and vascular resistances likely reflects reactive hyperaemia following vasoconstriction. By immunohistochemistry, strong positive immune reaction for FP was detected in the cytoplasm of endothelial cells of ovarian arteries, veins and capillaries. In conclusion, these results suggest that PGF2α could acutely regulate the ovarian blood flow of pseudopregnant rabbits, even if there is no evidence of a blood flow reduction anticipating luteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Troisi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Riccardo Orlandi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Cecilia Dall'Aglio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Gabriele Brecchia
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Parillo
- Scuola di Bioscienze e Medicina veterinaria, Università di Camerino, Matelica, Italy
| | - Cristiano Boiti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Massimo Zerani
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Scuola di Bioscienze e Medicina veterinaria, Università di Camerino, Matelica, Italy
| | - Angela Polisca
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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14
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Pugliesi G, de Melo GD, Ataíde GA, Pellegrino CAG, Silva JB, Rocha CC, Motta IG, Vasconcelos JLM, Binelli M. Use of Doppler ultrasonography in embryo transfer programs: feasibility and field results. Anim Reprod 2018; 15:239-246. [PMID: 34178147 PMCID: PMC8202456 DOI: 10.21451/1984-3143-ar2018-0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The intensive use of Doppler ultrasonography in several studies in the last decade allowed
the characterization of vascular perfusion and the estimation of function of the reproductive
organs and tissues along the estrous cycle and pregnancy in cattle. We aim to discuss the possibility
of using Doppler imaging and to explore the potential of its inclusion in reproductive programs
in cattle industry. Recent studies in dairy and beef cows indicated a high accuracy and sensitivity
when Doppler ultrasonography is used to evaluate corpus luteum function and to diagnosis
pregnancy between days 20 and 22. Moreover, resynchronization programs starting 5 to 7 days
after timed embryo transfer (FTET) coupled with early pregnancy diagnosis were developed
for beef cattle, and have been implemented in commercial embryo transfer programs. These
strategies allow a reduction in the interval between two FTET from ≈ 40 to 24 days and
may improve the gains in reproductive efficiency when compared to traditional programs than
begin resynchronization after the pregnancy diagnosis at 30 days. A second alternative to
use Doppler imaging is the evaluation of luteal blood perfusion at the time of embryo transfer
for selection of recipients with greater receptivity potential. This may increases fertility
in FTET, as embryos would not be transferred to females with non-functional CL, and in cases
with recipients surplus, females with higher receptivity would be prioritized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Pugliesi
- Departamento de Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Dalmaso de Melo
- Departamento de Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Gilmar Arantes Ataíde
- Departamento de Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Cecília Constantino Rocha
- Departamento de Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Igor Garcia Motta
- Departamento de Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Mario Binelli
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainsville, FL, USA
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15
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de Tarso SGS, Gastal GDA, Bashir ST, Gastal MO, Apgar GA, Gastal EL. Follicle vascularity coordinates corpus luteum blood flow and progesterone production. Reprod Fertil Dev 2018; 29:448-457. [PMID: 28442057 DOI: 10.1071/rd15223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Colour Doppler ultrasonography was used to compare the ability of preovulatory follicle (POF) blood flow and its dimensions to predict the size, blood flow and progesterone production capability of the subsequent corpus luteum (CL). Cows (n=30) were submitted to a synchronisation protocol. Follicles ≥7mm were measured and follicular wall blood flow evaluated every 12h for approximately 3.5 days until ovulation. After ovulation, cows were scanned daily for 8 days and similar parameters were evaluated for the CL. Blood samples were collected and plasma progesterone concentrations quantified. All parameters were positively correlated. Correlation values ranged from 0.26 to 0.74 on data normalised to ovulation and from 0.31 to 0.74 on data normalised to maximum values. Correlations between calculated ratios of both POF and CL in data normalised to ovulation and to maximum values ranged from moderate (0.57) to strong (0.87). Significant (P<0.0001) linear regression analyses were seen in all comparisons. In conclusion, higher correlations were observed between the dimensions of POF and/or CL and blood flow of both structures, as well as POF and/or CL blood flow with plasma progesterone concentrations of the resultant CL. These findings indicate that follicle vascularity coordinates CL blood flow and progesterone production in synchronised beef cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G S de Tarso
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition, Southern Illinois University, 1205 Lincoln Drive, MC 4417, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - G D A Gastal
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition, Southern Illinois University, 1205 Lincoln Drive, MC 4417, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - S T Bashir
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition, Southern Illinois University, 1205 Lincoln Drive, MC 4417, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - M O Gastal
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition, Southern Illinois University, 1205 Lincoln Drive, MC 4417, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - G A Apgar
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition, Southern Illinois University, 1205 Lincoln Drive, MC 4417, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - E L Gastal
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition, Southern Illinois University, 1205 Lincoln Drive, MC 4417, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
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Russo M, Luise L, Rossi P, Lo Grasso F, Cocchia N, Catone G. Ultrasonographic appearance of early embryonic mortality in buffalo(Bubalus bubalis). ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2009.s2.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Russo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Veterinarie, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Italy
| | - Luise Luise
- Dipartimento di Scienze Zootecniche ed Ispezione degli Alimenti, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Italy
| | - Pasquale Rossi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Zootecniche ed Ispezione degli Alimenti, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Italy
| | - Filippo Lo Grasso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Zootecniche ed Ispezione degli Alimenti, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Italy
| | - Natascia Cocchia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Veterinarie, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Catone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Camerino, Italy
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17
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The effect of cooling management on blood flow to the dominant follicle and estrous cycle length at heat stress. Theriogenology 2016; 86:626-34. [PMID: 27025442 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The use of ultrasound imaging for the examination of reproductive organs has contributed substantially to the fertility management of dairy cows around the world. This method has many advantages such as noninvasiveness and immediate availability of information. Adding Doppler index to the ultrasound imaging examination, improved the estimation of blood volume and flow rate to the ovaries in general and to the dominant follicle in particular. The aim of this study was to examine changes in the blood flow to the dominant follicle and compare them to the follicular development throughout the cycle. We further set out to examine the effects of different types of cooling management during the summer on the changes in blood flow to the dominant follicle. For this purpose, 24 Israeli-Holstein dairy cows, under heat stress, were randomly assigned one of two groups: one was exposed to five cooling sessions per day (5CS) and the other to eight cooling sessions per day (8CS). Blood flow to the dominant follicle was measured daily using Doppler index throughout the estrous cycle. No differences in the preovulatory dominant follicle diameter were detected between the two cooling management regimens during the cycle. However, the length of the first follicular wave was significantly longer, whereas the second follicular wave was nonsignificantly shorter in the 5CS group as compared to the 8CS group. In addition, no difference in blood flow was found during the first 18 days of the cycle between the two groups. However, from Day 20 until ovulation a higher rate of blood flow was measured in the ovaries of cows cooled 8 times per day as compared to the 5CS group. No differences in progesterone levels were noted. Finally, the estrous cycle length was shorter in the 8CS group as compared to the 5CS group. Our data suggest that blood flow to the dominant follicle and estrous cycle length is affected by heat stress. Using the appropriate cooling management during heat stress can enhance the blood flow to the ovary and may contribute to improved fertility in dairy cows.
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18
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Ginther OJ. How ultrasound technologies have expanded and revolutionized research in reproduction in large animals. Theriogenology 2014; 81:112-25. [PMID: 24274416 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Gray-scale ultrasonic imaging (UI) was introduced in 1980 and initially was used to examine clinically the reproductive tract of mares. By 1983 in mares and 1984 in heifers/cows, UI had become a tool for basic research. In each species, transrectal gray-scale UI has been used extensively to characterize follicle dynamics and investigate the gonadotropic control and hormonal role of the follicles. However, the use of transrectal UI has also disclosed and characterized many other aspects of reproduction in each species, including (1) endometrial echotexture as a biological indicator of circulating estradiol concentrations, (2) relative location of the genital tubercle for fetal gender diagnosis by Days 50 to 60, and (3) timing of follicle evacuation during ovulation. Discoveries in mares include (1) embryo mobility wherein the spherical conceptus (6-16 mm) travels to all parts of the uterus on Days 11 to 15, (2) how one embryo of a twin set eliminates the other without self-inflicted damage, and (3) serration of the granulosum of the preovulatory follicle opposite to the future rupture site as an indicator of imminent ovulation. Studies with color-Doppler UI have shown that vascular perfusion of the endometrium follows the equine embryo back and forth between uterine horns and follows the expansion of the bovine allantochorion throughout each horn. In heifers, blood flow in the CL increases during the ascending portion of an individual pulse of PGF2α metabolite and then decreases. These examples highlight the power of UI in reproduction research. Without UI, it is likely that these and many other findings would still be unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- O J Ginther
- Eutheria Foundation, Cross Plains, Wisconsin, USA; Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
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19
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Plasma steroid hormone concentrations and blood flow of the ovarian structures of the female dromedary (Camelus dromedarius) during growth, dominance, spontaneous ovulation, luteinization and regression of the follicular wave. Anim Reprod Sci 2014; 148:137-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Ginther O, Rakesh H, Hoffman M. Blood flow to follicles and CL during development of the periovulatory follicular wave in heifers. Theriogenology 2014; 82:304-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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21
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Characterization of follicle and CL development in beef heifers using high resolution three-dimensional ultrasonography. Theriogenology 2014; 81:407-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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22
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Herd monitoring to optimise fertility in the dairy cow: making the most of herd records, metabolic profiling and ultrasonography (research into practice). Animal 2014; 8 Suppl 1:185-98. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731114000597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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23
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EL-Sherry T, Derar R, Bakry R. Changes in blood flow in ovine follicles and serum concentration of estradiol 17 beta (E2) and nitric oxide (NO) around the time of ovulation in Ossimi ewes. Anim Reprod Sci 2013; 138:188-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2013.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2011] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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Bergeron LH, Nykamp SG, Brisson BA, Madan P, Gartley CJ. An evaluation of B-mode and color Doppler ultrasonography for detecting periovulatory events in the bitch. Theriogenology 2013; 79:274-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2012.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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25
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Moonmanee T, Navanukraw C, Aiumlamai S, Jarukamjorn K, Thammasiri J, Redmer DA. Quantitative vascularity of antral follicle in Bos indicus using Factor VIII immunolocalization. Livest Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2012.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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26
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Quintela LA, Barrio M, Peña AI, Becerra JJ, Cainzos J, Herradón PG, Díaz C. Use of ultrasound in the reproductive management of dairy cattle. Reprod Domest Anim 2012; 47 Suppl 3:34-44. [PMID: 22681297 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2012.02032.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The significant decrease in fertility observed in dairy cattle during the last few decades and increasing requirements by the farmers have made a regular control of reproduction indispensable to urgently identify and solve potential problems affecting reproductive efficiency. Traditionally, the main diagnostic methods used for reproductive control in cattle included rectal palpation, inspection of vaginal discharge and vaginoscopy. Since the 1990 s, the use of ultrasound (US) has become a common diagnostic method as a result of the new advances made in the development of US scans: smaller size, high level of autonomy, high image quality and accessible prices. Ultrasound improves accuracy in the diagnoses of stages of the oestrous cycle, ovarian and uterine pathologies, and pregnancy diagnosis. In addition, it facilitates the diagnosis of alterations during pregnancy (embryo mortality, foetal malformations, etc.) and helps determining foetal sex from day 55 of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Quintela
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain.
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27
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Rizzo A, Mutinati M, Minoia G, Spedicato M, Pantaleo M, Sciorsci RL. The impact of oxytocin on the hemodynamic features of the milk vein in dairy cows: a Color Doppler investigation. Res Vet Sci 2012; 93:983-8. [PMID: 22370294 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript investigates, by Color Doppler ultrasonography, the basal hemodynamic features of the left cranial epigastric vein (milk vein) of 210 Holstein-Friesian cows, throughout lactation. Blood velocity, diameter, blood flow of the milk vein (before and after milking) and milk production detected in cows administered oxytocin were compared with the same parameters found in untreated cows. Blood velocity tended to decrease throughout lactation as did milk production, whereas both diameters and blood flows tended to increase towards the end of the study. All the four parameters showed higher values in the treated cows than in the untreated ones. This study provides a detailed picture of the hemodynamic features of the milk vein of the dairy cows throughout lactation and suggest that oxytocin may exert a vasodilatory effect, in vivo, at least on the cranial epigastric vein of the dairy cow.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rizzo
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Strada p.le per Casamassima, km 3, 70010 Valenzano (Bari), Italy
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28
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The balance of proangiogenic and antiangiogenic VEGFA isoforms regulate follicle development. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 349:635-47. [PMID: 22322423 PMCID: PMC3429770 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1330-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) has been extensively studied because of its role in follicular development and is a principal angiogenic factor essential for angiogenesis. Since vascularization of the theca layer increases as follicles progress in size through preantral and antral stages, VEGFA might influence follicle growth via the regulation of angiogenesis. However, VEGFA might also influence follicular development through nonangiogenic mechanisms, since its expression has been localized in nonvascular follicles and cells. Alternative mRNA splicing of eight exons from the VEGFA gene results in the formation of various VEGFA isoforms. Each isoform has unique properties and is identified by the number of amino acids within the mature protein. Proangiogenic isoforms (VEGFA_XXX) are encoded by exon 8a, whereas a sister set of isoforms (VEGFA_XXXB) with antiangiogenic properties is encoded by exon 8b. The antiangiogenic VEGFA_XXXB isoforms comprise the majority of VEGFA expressed in most tissues, whereas expression of the proangiogenic VEGFA isoforms is upregulated in tissues undergoing active angiogenesis. Although proangiogenic and antiangiogenic isoforms can now be distinguished from one another, many studies evaluating VEGFA in ovarian and follicular development up to now have not differentiated proangiogenic VEGFA from antiangiogenic VEGFA. Experiments from our laboratory indicate that proangiogenic VEGFA promotes follicle recruitment and early follicular development and antiangiogenic VEGFA inhibits these processes. The balance of proangiogenic versus antiangiognic VEGFA isoforms is thus of importance during follicle development. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the way that this balance regulates follicular formation and progression.
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KAWASHIMA C, MATSUI M, SHIMIZU T, KIDA K, MIYAMOTO A. Nutritional Factors That Regulate Ovulation of the Dominant Follicle During the First Follicular Wave Postpartum in High-producing Dairy Cows. J Reprod Dev 2012; 58:10-6. [DOI: 10.1262/jrd.11-139n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chiho KAWASHIMA
- Field Center of Animal Science and Agriculture, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Motozumi MATSUI
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Takashi SHIMIZU
- Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Katsuya KIDA
- Field Center of Animal Science and Agriculture, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Akio MIYAMOTO
- Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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30
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Nitric oxide concentrations, estradiol-17β progesterone ratio in follicular fluid, and COC quality with respect to perifollicular blood flow in cows. Anim Reprod Sci 2012; 130:9-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2011.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Merkwitz C, Lochhead P, Tsikolia N, Koch D, Sygnecka K, Sakurai M, Spanel-Borowski K, Ricken AM. Expression of KIT in the ovary, and the role of somatic precursor cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 46:131-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proghi.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Neglia G, Vecchio D, Russo M, Di Palo R, Pacelli C, Comin A, Gasparrini B, Campanile G. Efficacy of PGF2α on Pre-ovulatory Follicle and Corpus Luteum Blood Flow. Reprod Domest Anim 2011; 47:26-31. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2011.01794.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Fortune JE, Yang MY, Muruvi W. In vitro and in vivo regulation of follicular formation and activation in cattle. Reprod Fertil Dev 2011; 23:15-22. [PMID: 21366976 DOI: 10.1071/rd10250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The establishment of a stockpile of non-growing, primordial follicles and its gradual depletion through activation of primordial follicles are essential processes for female fertility. However, the mechanisms that regulate follicle formation, the activation of primordial follicles to begin growth and the primary-to-secondary follicle transition are poorly understood, especially in domestic animals and primates. The authors' laboratory is engaged in studying early stages of follicular development in cattle and this review summarises the progress to date. Bovine follicles begin to form in fetal ovaries around the beginning of the second trimester of pregnancy (about Day 90), but the first activated, primary follicles do not appear until after Day 140. Bovine fetal ovaries produce steroids and production is highest during the first trimester. In vitro, oestradiol and progesterone inhibit follicle formation and acquisition by newly formed follicles of the capacity to activate. Meiotic arrest of the oocyte in the diplotene stage of first prophase does not occur until after follicle formation and is correlated with acquisition of the capacity to activate. This may explain the gap between follicle formation and appearance of the first activated follicles. Once capacity to activate has been acquired, it seems likely that activation in vivo is controlled by the balance between stimulators and inhibitors of activation. Insulin and kit ligand stimulate and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) inhibits activation in vitro. Few bovine follicles transition from the primary to the secondary stage in vitro, but this transition is increased by medium supplements, testosterone and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne E Fortune
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Pancarcı Ş, Güngör Ö, Atakişi O, Çiğremiş Y, Arı U, Bollwein H. Changes in follicular blood flow and nitric oxide levels in follicular fluid during follicular deviation in cows. Anim Reprod Sci 2011; 123:149-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2011.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Revised: 12/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Aslan S, Arslanbas D, Beindorff N, Bollwein H. Effects of Induction of Ovulation with GnRH or hCG on Follicular and Luteal Blood Flow in Holstein-Friesian Heifers. Reprod Domest Anim 2011; 46:781-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2010.01741.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Stimulation of the largest subordinate follicle by intrafollicular treatment with insulin-like growth factor 1 is associated with inhibition of the dominant follicle in heifers. Theriogenology 2010; 74:194-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2009] [Revised: 01/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Hayashi KG, Ushizawa K, Hosoe M, Takahashi T. Differential genome-wide gene expression profiling of bovine largest and second-largest follicles: identification of genes associated with growth of dominant follicles. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2010; 8:11. [PMID: 20132558 PMCID: PMC2833166 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-8-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine follicular development is regulated by numerous molecular mechanisms and biological pathways. In this study, we tried to identify differentially expressed genes between largest (F1) and second-largest follicles (F2), and classify them by global gene expression profiling using a combination of microarray and quantitative real-time PCR (QPCR) analysis. The follicular status of F1 and F2 were further evaluated in terms of healthy and atretic conditions by investigating mRNA localization of identified genes. METHODS Global gene expression profiles of F1 (10.7 +/- 0.7 mm) and F2 (7.8 +/- 0.2 mm) were analyzed by hierarchical cluster analysis and expression profiles of 16 representative genes were confirmed by QPCR analysis. In addition, localization of six identified transcripts was investigated in healthy and atretic follicles using in situ hybridization. The healthy or atretic condition of examined follicles was classified by progesterone and estradiol concentrations in follicular fluid. RESULTS Hierarchical cluster analysis of microarray data classified the follicles into two clusters. Cluster A was composed of only F2 and was characterized by high expression of 31 genes including IGFBP5, whereas cluster B contained only F1 and predominantly expressed 45 genes including CYP19 and FSHR. QPCR analysis confirmed AMH, CYP19, FSHR, GPX3, PlGF, PLA2G1B, SCD and TRB2 were greater in F1 than F2, while CCL2, GADD45A, IGFBP5, PLAUR, SELP, SPP1, TIMP1 and TSP2 were greater in F2 than in F1. In situ hybridization showed that AMH and CYP19 were detected in granulosa cells (GC) of healthy as well as atretic follicles. PlGF was localized in GC and in the theca layer (TL) of healthy follicles. IGFBP5 was detected in both GC and TL of atretic follicles. GADD45A and TSP2 were localized in both GC and TL of atretic follicles, whereas healthy follicles expressed them only in GC. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that global gene expression profiling of F1 and F2 clearly reflected a difference in their follicular status. Expression of stage-specific genes in follicles may be closely associated with their growth or atresia. Several genes identified in this study will provide intriguing candidates for the determination of follicular growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Go Hayashi
- Reproductive Biology Research Unit, Division of Animal Science, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba 305-8602, Japan
| | - Koichi Ushizawa
- Reproductive Biology Research Unit, Division of Animal Science, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba 305-8602, Japan
| | - Misa Hosoe
- Reproductive Biology Research Unit, Division of Animal Science, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba 305-8602, Japan
| | - Toru Takahashi
- Reproductive Biology Research Unit, Division of Animal Science, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba 305-8602, Japan
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Robinson RS, Woad KJ, Hammond AJ, Laird M, Hunter MG, Mann GE. Angiogenesis and vascular function in the ovary. Reproduction 2009; 138:869-81. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-09-0283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian function is dependent on the establishment and continual remodelling of a complex vascular system. This enables the follicle and/or corpus luteum (CL) to receive the required supply of nutrients, oxygen and hormonal support as well as facilitating the release of steroids. Moreover, the inhibition of angiogenesis results in the attenuation of follicular growth, disruption of ovulation and drastic effects on the development and function of the CL. It appears that the production and action of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) is necessary at all these stages of development. However, the expression of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) in the cow is more dynamic than that of VEGFA with a dramatic upregulation during the follicular–luteal transition. This upregulation is then likely to initiate intense angiogenesis in the presence of high VEGFA levels. Recently, we have developed a novel ovarian physiological angiogenesis culture system in which highly organised and intricate endothelial cell networks are formed. This system will enable us to elucidate the complex inter-play between FGF2 and VEGFA as well as other angiogenic factors in the regulation of luteal angiogenesis. Furthermore, recent evidence indicates that pericytes might play an active role in driving angiogenesis and highlights the importance of pericyte–endothelial interactions in this process. Finally, the targeted promotion of angiogenesis may lead to the development of novel strategies to alleviate luteal inadequacy and infertility.
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39
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Matsui M, Miyamoto A. Evaluation of ovarian blood flow by colour Doppler ultrasound: Practical use for reproductive management in the cow. Vet J 2009; 181:232-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2007] [Revised: 12/21/2007] [Accepted: 02/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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40
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Relationships between ovarian blood flow and ovarian response to eCG-treatment of dairy cows. Anim Reprod Sci 2009; 113:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2008.05.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2008] [Revised: 05/16/2008] [Accepted: 05/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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41
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Russo M, Vecchio D, Neglia G, Pacelli C, Prandi A, Gasparrini B, Zicarelli L, D’Occhio MJ, Campanile G. Corpus luteum Function and Pregnancy Outcome in Buffaloes during the Transition Period from Breeding to Non-Breeding Season. Reprod Domest Anim 2009; 45:988-91. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2009.01472.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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42
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Jordan A, Herzog K, Ulbrich SE, Beindorff N, Honnens A, Krüger L, Miyamoto A, Bollwein H. Genital blood flow and endometrial gene expression during the preovulatory period after Prostaglandin F(2alpha)-induced luteolysis in different luteal phases in cows. J Reprod Dev 2009; 55:309-15. [PMID: 19305127 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.20140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the hypothesis that follicular and uterine perfusion as well as endometrial gene expression during the ovulatory period differs after induction of luteolysis during the 1(st) follicular wave compared with the 2(nd) wave or in intact cycle. Nine healthy non-lactating Holstein-Friesian cows were examined during three estrous cycles. A prostaglandin F(2alpha) analogue (PGF) was administered randomly either on Day 7 (1(st) wave cycle) or Day 11 (2(nd) wave cycle) after detection of ovulation (=Day 1). No hormonal treatment was used in the intact cycle with spontaneous ovulation. Transrectal Doppler sonography was conducted daily after PGF injection and in the intact cycle beginning on Day 18 of the estrous cycle until ovulation. Follicular blood flow (FBF) was determined by measuring the maximum area of colour pixels on digitalized images of the follicles. Uterine blood flow was quantified by the time-averaged maximum velocity (UTAMV) and pulsatility index (PI) in both uterine arteries. Blood flow measurements were carried out on Days -1 and 0. Endometrial biopsy specimens were taken on Day 1 and analyzed for the gene expressions of estrogen, progesterone, oxytocin and VEGF receptors and eNOS and iNOS using RT-PCR. The interval from PGF injection to ovulation was shorter (P<0.05) in 1(st) wave cycles than in 2(nd) wave cycles. On Days 0 and -1, FBF was greater (P<0.05) in 1(st) wave cycles than in intact and 2(nd) wave cycles. On Day -1, UTAMV was greater (P<0.05) in 1(st) wave cycles than in intact and 2(nd) wave cycles. There were no differences (P>0.05) in FBF and UTAMV values between 2(nd) wave and intact cycles. No differences (P>0.05) were detected in the gene expressions of endometrial receptors and enzymes between intact, 1(st) and 2(nd) wave cycles. The results show that follicular and uterine perfusion during the ovulatory phase are higher after induction of luteolysis during the 1(st) follicular wave compared with the 2(nd) wave or intact cycle. There were no effects on endometrial gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Jordan
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover
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43
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Hayashi KG, Matsui M, Shimizu T, Sudo N, Sato A, Shirasuna K, Tetsuka M, Kida K, Schams D, Miyamoto A. The absence of corpus luteum formation alters the endocrine profile and affects follicular development during the first follicular wave in cattle. Reproduction 2008; 136:787-97. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-07-0480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We previously established a bovine experimental model showing that the corpus luteum (CL) does not appear following aspiration of the preovulatory follicle before the onset of LH surge. Using this model, the present study aimed to determine the profile of follicular development and the endocrinological environment in the absence of CL with variable nadir circulating progesterone (P4) concentrations during the oestrous cycle in cattle. Luteolysis was induced in heifers and cows and they were assigned either to have the dominant follicle aspirated (CL-absent) or ovulation induced (CL-present). Ultrasound scanning to observe the diameter of each follicle and blood collection was performed from the day of follicular aspiration or ovulation and continued for 6 days. The CL-absent cattle maintained nadir circulating P4throughout the experimental period and showed a similar diameter between the largest and second largest follicle, resulting in co-dominant follicles. Oestradiol (E2) concentrations were greater in the CL-absent cows than in the CL-present cows at day −1, day 1 and day 2 from follicular deviation. The CL-absent cows had a higher basal concentration, area under the curve (AUC), pulse amplitude and pulse frequency of LH than the CL-present cows. After follicular deviation, the CL-absent cows showed a greater basal concentration, AUC and pulse amplitude of growth hormone (GH) than the CL-present cows. These results suggest that the absence of CL accompanying nadir circulating P4induces an enhancement of LH pulses, which involves the growth of the co-dominant follicles. Our results also suggest that circulating levels of P4and E2affect pulsatile GH secretion in cattle.
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44
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Mihm M, Evans ACO. Mechanisms for Dominant Follicle Selection in Monovulatory Species: A Comparison of Morphological, Endocrine and Intraovarian Events in Cows, Mares and Women. Reprod Domest Anim 2008; 43 Suppl 2:48-56. [PMID: 18638104 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2008.01142.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Mihm
- Division of Cell Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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45
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Korzekwa AJ, Jaroszewski JJ, Woclawek-Potocka I, Bah MM, Skarzynski DJ. Luteolytic effect of prostaglandin F 2 alpha on bovine corpus luteum depends on cell composition and contact. Reprod Domest Anim 2008; 43:464-72. [PMID: 18282218 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2007.00936.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin F(2 alpha) (PGF(2 alpha)) is a main luteolytic factor in vivo; however, its direct luteolytic influence on steroidogenic cells of bovine corpus luteum (CL) is controversial and not fully understood. The aim of the study was to clarify PGF(2 alpha) action on bovine CL in different in vivo and in vitro conditions and to examine whether the contact among all main types of CL cells is necessary for luteolytic PGF(2 alpha) action. In experiment 1, the bovine CL (day 15 of the oestrous cycle) was perfused using in vivo microdialysis system with dinoprost (an analogue of PGF(2 alpha)) for 0.5 h. Dinoprost caused a short-time increase in progesterone (P4), whose concentration decreased thereafter (at 6-, 10-, 12- and 24-h after treatment). In experiment 2, the direct effect of PGF(2 alpha) on P4 accumulation in CL steroidogenic cells cultured in monolayer (day 15 of the cycle) was determined. PGF(2 alpha) after 24 h of incubation increased P4 accumulation in steroidogenic CL cells. In experiment 3 steroidogenic, endothelial CL and immune cells (day 15 of the cycle) were incubated with PGF(2 alpha) in cocultures for 24 h in glass tubes and the levels of P4, stable metabolites of nitric oxide (NO) and leukotriene (LT) C(4) were determined. Although PGF(2 alpha) treatment increased P4 secretion in homogeneous steroidogenic CL cell culture, the decrease in P4 secretion in cocultures of all types of CL cells was observed. The secretion of NO and LTC(4) increased after the treatment of PGF(2 alpha) both in pure cultures of CL cells and in cocultures. The interactions between endothelial and immune cells with steroidogenic CL cells are needed for luteolytic PGF(2 alpha) action within the bovine CL. Our results indicate that the cell coculture model, including the main types of CL cells, is the most approximate to study PGF(2 alpha) role in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Korzekwa
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, PAS, Olsztyn, Poland
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46
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Abstract
The development of Doppler processing extended the scope of sonographic imaging from an anatomical to a physiological basis. This technique became established as a clinical tool in human gynaecology. For example, it has been discussed that the implantation of an embryo is influenced by the uterine blood flow. In cows, this uterine blood flow was investigated, using surgically implanted Doppler ultrasonic or electromagnetic blood flow probes prior to the introduction of colour Doppler sonography in bovine medicine. Therefore, the aims of our studies were to use transrectal Doppler sonography for the non-invasive measurement of uterine and ovarian blood flow in cows and to determine changes in genital perfusion during the oestrous cycle, pregnancy and puerperium, respectively. The results of our studies show that transrectal flow imaging can be used to obtain blood flow velocity waveforms from the uterine arteries at any time during the oestrous cycle, pregnancy and puerperium. During all these phases, characteristic changes in the uterine blood flow could be observed. This uterine blood flow was low during diestrus and high during proestrus and oestrus. During pregnancy, an exponential rise in uterine blood supply could be detected. There was a positive relationship between the uterine blood flow volume (BFV) at the end of gestation and the birth weight of calves. During puerperium, the uterine BFV declined tremendously, especially during the first week after birth. In cows, with pathological disturbances of the pueperium a delayed decrease in the uterine BFV was observed. Characteristic alterations occurred also in the luteal blood flow during the oestrous cycle, which were highly related to those of the progesterone levels. Furthermore, it has been detected by the colour Doppler technique that there is no decrease, but an increase of the luteal blood flow at the beginning of luteolysis in cows. Another group has found that there are close relationships between the LH-surge and the follicular blood flow before ovulation. In conclusion, these studies show that transrectal colour Doppler sonography is a useful technique for the investigation of the genital blood flow and provides new information about physiological changes of the genital organs during, all reproductive phases. The influence of the genital blood flow on fertility in cows needs to be examined further in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Herzog
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany.
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47
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Beg MA, Ginther OJ. Follicle selection in cattle and horses: role of intrafollicular factors. Reproduction 2007; 132:365-77. [PMID: 16940278 DOI: 10.1530/rep.1.01233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The eminent event in follicle selection during a follicular wave in monovular species is diameter deviation, wherein one follicle continues to grow (developing dominant) and other follicles (subordinates) begin to regress. In cattle, the IGF system, oestradiol and LH receptors are involved in the intrafollicular events initiating deviation as indicated by the following: (1) concentrations of free IGF-I and oestradiol in the follicular fluid and number of LH receptors in the follicular wall increase more dramatically in the future dominant follicle than in the future subordinate follicles before the beginning of deviation and (2) ablation of the largest follicle (LF) or injection of recombinant human IGF (rhIGF)-I into the second LF at the expected beginning of deviation increases the concentrations of oestradiol in second LF before the expected beginning of deviation between second LF and third LF. In horses, an increase in free IGF-I, oestradiol, inhibin-A and activin-A is greater in the future dominant follicle than in other follicles before the beginning of deviation. However, free IGF-I is the only one of these four factors needed for the initiation of deviation in horses as indicated by the following: (1) ablation of LF at the expected beginning of deviation increases the concentrations of free IGF-I in second LF before the beginning of deviation between second LF and third LF but does not increase the other factors; (2) injection of rhIGF-I into second LF at the expected beginning of deviation causes second LF to continue to grow and become a codominant follicle and (3) injection of IGF-binding protein-3 into LF at the expected beginning of deviation causes LF to regress and second LF to become dominant. Thus, the dramatic changes in the IGF system in LF compared to other follicles before the beginning of deviation play a crucial role in the events that lead to the beginning of diameter deviation in both cattle and horses. Oestradiol and LH receptors also play a role in cattle. These intrafollicular events prepare the selected follicle for the decreasing availability of FSH and increasing availability of LH. The other follicles of the wave have the same future capability but do not have adequate time to attain a similar preparatory stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Beg
- Department of Animal Health and Biomedical Sciences, University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1656 Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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48
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Abstract
Central roles in reproductive biology (i.e., growth and development of the oocyte, steroidogenesis, and ovulation) are played by the ovarian dominant follicle (DF). The DF is different from other follicles because it can escape atresia (the fate of all other follicles), and if exposed to the LH surge, its cells will differentiate into the corpus luteum. The DF was originally studied by looking at the surface of ovary through a surgical approach. Current studies employ a less-invasive ultrasound technique to track the growth and development of the DF. Recruitment and selection, the processes that give rise to the DF, and dominance, the physiological state of the mature DF, are important areas of basic research. Results of these basic studies are easily translated into real-world problems in farm animal reproduction. Superovulation, for example, overrides the selection mechanism and increases the number of ovulations. Understanding the factors that affect the size of the recruited pool should increase success rates (i.e., number of collected embryos) for superovulation. In most animals, the DF is short-lived, existing for long enough to allow for the final maturation of the oocyte. Some DF become atretic because they mature during the luteal phase and are never exposed to the LH surge. For other DF, the LH surge redirects the DF toward its ultimate demise (i.e., luteinization, ovulation, and differentiation into the corpus luteum). The DF is managed pharmacologically within protocols for timed AI. When timed AI fails, there may be abnormal corpus luteum development and early embryonic loss; outcomes that are secondary to inadequate follicular cell maturation and incomplete oocyte capacitation in the DF. Future work on the DF will clarify its underlying biological functions so that a variety of needs in farm animal reproduction can be efficiently managed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Lucy
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211
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49
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Liu X, Hart EJ, Dai Q, Rawlings NC, Pierson RA, Bartlewski PM. Ultrasonographic image attributes of non-ovulatory follicles and follicles with different luteal outcomes in gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-treated anestrous ewes. Theriogenology 2007; 67:957-69. [PMID: 17178147 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2006.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2006] [Accepted: 11/17/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasonographic images are composed of multiple square picture elements called pixels. Quantitative changes in numerical pixel values (echotexture) determined by computer-assisted analysis of digital images reflect discrete changes in the microscopic structure and physiological status of ovarian antral follicles. The objective of the present study was to determine and compare the ultrasonographic attributes of non-ovulatory antral follicles that grew to an ostensibly ovulatory diameter (> or =5mm) and follicles with different luteal outcomes in response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in anestrous Western White Face ewes (n=34). All animals received GnRH injections (250ng i.v. every 2h for 24h) followed by a bolus injection of 125microg of GnRH i.v. Ovarian images obtained by repeated transrectal ultrasonography were digitized and subjected to computerized analyses to determine the changes in follicular size and echotexture of the follicular antrum and wall. At the beginning of GnRH treatment, follicles that formed inadequate corpora lutea following ovulation (ICL; n=22) had higher (P<0.001) pixel intensity of the central and peripheral antrum compared with non-ovulatory follicles (n=40). Pixel intensity of the central follicular antrum was greater (P<0.01) in follicles that formed ICL compared with follicles that formed normal (full-lifespan) CL post-treatment (NCL; n=20) and mean pixel heterogeneity of the follicular wall was greater (P<0.05) in non-ovulatory follicles compared with follicles that gave rise to NCL. At the time of GnRH bolus injection (i.e., induction of a synchronous LH surge), the mean diameter of non-ovulatory follicles was greater (P<0.01) than that of all ovulating follicles, and pixel heterogeneity of the central follicular antrum was lowest (P<0.05) in non-ovulatory follicles. The mean diameter of luteinized unovulated follicles (n=9) tended to be greater (P<0.10) at 2.5 and 3 days after emergence, and pixel intensity of the follicular wall was lower (P<0.05) compared with non-luteinized follicles (n=8) at 1.5 and 2.5 days after emergence (beginning of the growth from approximately 3mm onwards). In conclusion, ovarian antral follicles with different outcomes after GnRH treatment (in seasonally anestrous ewes) had distinctive ultrasonographic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont. N1G 2W1, Canada
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50
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Renaville B, Comin A, Fazzini U, Marchini E, Maiero S, Marchi V, Prandi A. Estrogen to progesterone ratio affects hormonal and lipid follicular fluid profiles in dairy cows. Reprod Med Biol 2007; 6:45-51. [PMID: 29699264 DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0578.2007.00164.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The present study described hormonal and lipids concentrations of follicles that develop under high progesterone plasmatic levels, mimicking the second follicular wave. Methods: All follicles were removed by aspiration in order to generate a new follicular wave. Follicular fluid was then obtained from either 3 day old follicles (F3) or 6 day old follicles (F6). This experimental protocol was carried out at 20 days and 90 days post-partum on Frisian dairy cows that had already returned to cyclicity. Results: Estrogen active follicles (ratio of estrogen to progesterone in follicular fluid higher than 1) have higher levels of VEGF, IGF-I and linoleic acid, and have lower levels of NEFA, oleic and arachidonic acid. Non-estrogen active follicular fluid concentrations of IGF-I and NEFA were similar to plasma concentrations. In contrast, estrogen active follicles showed higher IGF-I and lower NEFA levels than plasmatic ones that could be used to sustain follicular growth. Conclusions: The results show that estrogen active follicles might have their own metabolism. (Reprod Med Biol 2007; 6: 45-51).
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedicte Renaville
- Department of Food Science, Veterinary Physiology and Nutrition Laboratory, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Antonella Comin
- Department of Food Science, Veterinary Physiology and Nutrition Laboratory, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Uberto Fazzini
- Department of Food Science, Veterinary Physiology and Nutrition Laboratory, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Elena Marchini
- Department of Food Science, Veterinary Physiology and Nutrition Laboratory, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Stefano Maiero
- Department of Food Science, Veterinary Physiology and Nutrition Laboratory, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Vittorio Marchi
- Department of Food Science, Veterinary Physiology and Nutrition Laboratory, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Alberto Prandi
- Department of Food Science, Veterinary Physiology and Nutrition Laboratory, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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