1
|
Piau TB, de Queiroz Rodrigues A, Paulini F. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) performance in ovarian function and applications in reproductive biotechnologies. Growth Horm IGF Res 2023; 72-73:101561. [PMID: 38070331 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2023.101561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
The role of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system has attracted close attention. The activity of IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) within the ovary has not been fully elucidated to date. These proteins bind to IGF with an equal, or greater, affinity than to the IGF1 receptor, thus being in the main position to regulate IGF signalling, in addition to extending the half-life of IGFs within the bloodstream and promoting IGF storage in specific tissue niches. IGF1 has an important part in cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Considering the importance of IGFs in oocyte maturation, this review sought to elucidate aspects including: IGF production mechanisms; constituent members of their family and their respective functions; the role that these factors play during folliculogenesis, together with their functions during oocyte maturation and apoptosis, and their performance during luteal development. This review also explores the role of IGFs in biotechnological applications, focusing specifically on animal genetic gain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tathyana Benetis Piau
- University of Brasília, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Physiological Sciences, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Aline de Queiroz Rodrigues
- University of Brasília, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Physiological Sciences, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Paulini
- University of Brasília, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Physiological Sciences, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
New Aspects of Corpus Luteum Regulation in Physiological and Pathological Conditions: Involvement of Adipokines and Neuropeptides. Cells 2022; 11:cells11060957. [PMID: 35326408 PMCID: PMC8946127 DOI: 10.3390/cells11060957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The corpus luteum is a small gland of great importance because its proper functioning determines not only the appropriate course of the estrous/menstrual cycle and embryo implantation, but also the subsequent maintenance of pregnancy. Among the well-known regulators of luteal tissue functions, increasing attention is focused on the role of neuropeptides and adipose tissue hormones—adipokines. Growing evidence points to the expression of these factors in the corpus luteum of women and different animal species, and their involvement in corpus luteum formation, endocrine function, angiogenesis, cells proliferation, apoptosis, and finally, regression. In the present review, we summarize the current knowledge about the expression and role of adipokines, such as adiponectin, leptin, apelin, vaspin, visfatin, chemerin, and neuropeptides like ghrelin, orexins, kisspeptin, and phoenixin in the physiological regulation of the corpus luteum function, as well as their potential involvement in pathologies affecting the luteal cells that disrupt the estrous cycle.
Collapse
|
3
|
Luo Y, Qiao X, Xu L, Huang G. Irisin: circulating levels in serum and its relation to gonadal axis. Endocrine 2022; 75:663-671. [PMID: 35040046 PMCID: PMC8888466 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-022-02981-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Irisin is an exercise-induced myokine/adipokine in mice and humans that plays an important role in 'browning' of white adipose tissue and has shown great potential as a treatment for some metabolic diseases, such as obesity, insulin resistance, and inflammation. The circulating irisin level is reported to be associated with exercise, obesity, diet, diseases, and exposure to different pharmacological agents. Several studies have attempted to characterize the role of irisin in PCOS and other reproductive diseases, but contradictory results have been reported. Our previous study showed that irisin may serve further functions in folliculogenesis and fertility. In this review, we present the current knowledge on the physiology of irisin and its role in gonadal axis. Firstly, we describe irisin circulating levels and speculate on the potential mechanisms involved in irisin secretion and regulation. Then, we focus on the irisin levels in PCOS, and explore the relationships between, BMI, insulin resistance, and hyperandrogenism. Finally, we present the results from animal interventional studies and in vitro experiments to investigate the relationship between irisin and gonadal axis, indicating its novel effects on reproduction and fertility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunyao Luo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Human Embryo Engineering, Chongqing Reproduction and Genetics Institute, Chongqing Health Center for women and Children, No.64 Jin Tang Street, Yu Zhong District, Chongqing, 400013, China
| | - Xiaoyong Qiao
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Regulation Laboratory West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangzhi Xu
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Regulation Laboratory West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guoning Huang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Human Embryo Engineering, Chongqing Reproduction and Genetics Institute, Chongqing Health Center for women and Children, No.64 Jin Tang Street, Yu Zhong District, Chongqing, 400013, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang J, Chen Q, Du D, Wu T, Wen J, Wu M, Zhang Y, Yan W, Zhou S, Li Y, Jin Y, Luo A, Wang S. Can ovarian aging be delayed by pharmacological strategies? Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:817-832. [PMID: 30674710 PMCID: PMC6366956 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Aging has been regarded as a treatable condition, and delaying aging could prevent some diseases. Ovarian aging, a special type of organ senescence, is the earliest-aging organ, as ovaries exhibit an accelerated rate of aging with characteristics of gradual declines in ovarian follicle quantity and quality since birth, compared to other organs. Ovarian aging is considered as the pacemaker of female body aging, which drives the aging of multiple organs of the body. Hence, anti-ovarian aging has become a research topic broadly interesting to both biomedical scientists and pharmaceutical industry. A marked progress has been made in exploration of possible anti-ovarian agents or approaches, such as calorie restriction mimetics, antioxidants, autophagy inducers etc., over the past years. This review is attempted to discuss recent advances in the area of anti-ovarian aging pharmacology and to offer new insights into our better understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying ovarian aging, which might be informative for future prevention and treatment of ovarian aging and its related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Dingfu Du
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Tong Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jingyi Wen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Meng Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Su Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Jin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Aiyue Luo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shixuan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Otte MV, Moreira F, Bianchi I, Oliveira J, Mendes RE, Haas CS, Anciuti AN, Rovani MT, Gasperin BG, Lucia T. Effects of supplying omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids to gilts after weaning on metabolism and ovarian gene expression. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:374-384. [PMID: 30371788 PMCID: PMC6313109 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 PUFA may benefit sow reproductive performance, but effects on weaned gilts are unknown. This study evaluated the effects of supplementing omega-3 PUFA to gilts after weaning on growth, metabolic markers, and gene expression of steroidogenic enzymes and hormone receptors. For 52 d, gilts in the control group were fed 100 g/d of regular diets, whereas gilts in the omega-3 group were fed 75 g/d of such diets plus 25 g/d of the microalgae Schizochytium sp. (3.5 g/d of omega-3 PUFA; n = 8 gilts/group). Blood samples were collected at day 0, day 21, and day 52. Total serum cholesterol levels were lower for the omega-3 group than for the control group (P < 0.05), but high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels were reduced at day 52 for both groups (P < 0.05). Gilts in the omega-3 group presented lower feed intake, better feed conversion, and less-intense immunolabeling for leptin and its receptor in the cytoplasm of oocytes included in primordial/primary follicles than gilts in the control group (P < 0.05). The expression of genes coding for cholesterol side-chain cleavage and aromatase enzymes and the LH receptor in follicular cells was lower for supplemented gilts (P < 0.05). Compared with controls, supplemented gilts presented decreased serum cholesterol levels and better feed conversion, but leptin presence and gene expression for steroidogenic enzymes and for the LH receptor were lower at ovarian level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina V Otte
- ReproPel, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Capão do Leão, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Ivan Bianchi
- Instituto Federal Catarinense, Araquari, SC, Brazil
| | | | | | - Cristina S Haas
- ReproPel, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Capão do Leão, RS, Brazil
| | - Andreia N Anciuti
- ReproPel, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Capão do Leão, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Bernardo G Gasperin
- ReproPel, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Capão do Leão, RS, Brazil
| | - Thomaz Lucia
- ReproPel, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Capão do Leão, RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Metabolic and reproductive parameters in prepubertal gilts after omega-3 supplementation in the diet. Anim Reprod Sci 2016; 170:178-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
7
|
Sirotkin AV, Mertin D, Süvegová K, Harrath AH, Kotwica J. Aging influences steroid hormone release by mink ovaries and their response to leptin and IGF-I. Biol Open 2016; 5:174-7. [PMID: 26794607 PMCID: PMC4823990 DOI: 10.1242/bio.016436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of our study was to understand whether ovarian steroid hormones, and their response to the metabolic hormones leptin and IGF-I leptin, could be involved in the control of mink reproductive aging via changes in basal release of ovarian progesterone and estradiol. For this purpose, we compared the release of progesterone and estradiol by ovarian fragments isolated from young (yearlings) and old (3-5 years of age) minks cultured with and without leptin and IGF-I (0, 1, 10 or 100 ng/ml). We observed that isolated ovaries of older animals produced less progesterone but not less estradiol than the ovaries of young animals. Leptin addition stimulated estradiol release by the ovarian tissue of young animals but inhibited it in older females. Leptin did not influence progesterone output by the ovaries of either young or older animals. IGF-I inhibited estradiol output in young but not old animals, whereas progesterone release was inhibited by IGF-I irrespective of the animal age. Our observations demonstrate the involvement of both leptin and IGF-I in the control of mink ovarian steroid hormones release. Furthermore, our findings suggest that reproductive aging in minks can be due to (a) reduction in basal progesterone release and (b) alterations in the response of estradiol but not of progesterone to leptin and IGF-I. Summary: Both leptin and IGF-I are involved in the control of mink ovarian steroid hormone release. Reproductive aging can be due to (a) reduction in basal progesterone release and (b) alterations in the response of estradiol but not of progesterone to leptin and IGF-I.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Sirotkin
- Department of Zoology and Anthropology, Constantine the Philosopher University, Nitra 949 74, Slovakia Department of Genetics and Reproduction, Research Institute of Animal Production, Lužianky 949 59, Slovakia
| | - Dušan Mertin
- Department of Genetics and Reproduction, Research Institute of Animal Production, Lužianky 949 59, Slovakia
| | - Karin Süvegová
- Department of Genetics and Reproduction, Research Institute of Animal Production, Lužianky 949 59, Slovakia
| | - Abdel Halim Harrath
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jan Kotwica
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn 10-747, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rak A, Drwal E, Wróbel A, Gregoraszczuk EŁ. Resistin is a survival factor for porcine ovarian follicular cells. Reproduction 2015; 150:343-55. [PMID: 26159832 DOI: 10.1530/rep-15-0255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we demonstrated the expression of resistin in the porcine ovary, the regulation of its expression and its direct effect on ovarian steroidogenesis. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of resistin on cell proliferation and apoptosis in a co-culture model of porcine granulosa and theca cells. First, we analysed the effect of resistin at 1 and 10 ng/ml alone or in combination with FSH- and IGF1 on ovarian cell proliferation with an alamarBlue assay and protein expression of cyclins A and B using western blot. Next, the mRNA and protein expression of selected pro-apoptotic and pro-survival regulators of cell apoptosis, caspase-9, -8 and -3 activity and DNA fragmentation using real time PCR, western blot, fluorescent assay and an ELISA kit, respectively, were analysed after resistin treatment. Furthermore, we determined the effect of resistin on the protein expression of ERK1/2, Stat and Akt kinase. Using specific inhibitors of these kinases, we also checked caspase-3 activity and protein expression. We found that resistin, at both doses, has no effect on cell proliferation. The results showed that resistin decreased pro-apoptotic genes, which was confirmed on protein expression of selected factors. We demonstrate an inhibitory effect of resistin on caspase activity and DNA fragmentation. Finally, resistin stimulated phosphorylation of the ERK1/2, Stat and Akt and kinases inhibitors reversed resistin action on caspase-3 activity and protein expression to control. All of these results showed that resistin has an inhibitory effect on porcine ovarian cell apoptosis by activation of the MAPK/ERK, JAK/Stat and Akt/PI3 kinase signalling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Rak
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology of ReproductionInstitute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Cracow, Poland
| | - Eliza Drwal
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology of ReproductionInstitute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Cracow, Poland
| | - Anna Wróbel
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology of ReproductionInstitute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Cracow, Poland
| | - Ewa Łucja Gregoraszczuk
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology of ReproductionInstitute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Cracow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Moreira F, Gheller SMM, Mondadori RG, Varela Júnior AS, Corcini CD, Lucia T. Presence of Leptin and Its Receptor in the Hypothalamus, Uterus and Ovaries of Swine Females Culled with Distinct Ovarian Statuses and Parities. Reprod Domest Anim 2014; 49:1074-8. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F Moreira
- ReproPel; Faculdade de Veterinária; Universidade Federal de Pelotas; Pelotas RS Brazil
| | - SMM Gheller
- ReproPel; Faculdade de Veterinária; Universidade Federal de Pelotas; Pelotas RS Brazil
| | - RG Mondadori
- Instituto de Biologia; Universidade Federal de Pelotas; Pelotas RS Brazil
| | - AS Varela Júnior
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande; Rio Grande RS Brazil
| | - CD Corcini
- ReproPel; Faculdade de Veterinária; Universidade Federal de Pelotas; Pelotas RS Brazil
| | - T Lucia
- ReproPel; Faculdade de Veterinária; Universidade Federal de Pelotas; Pelotas RS Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Moreira F, Corcini C, Mondadori R, Gevehr-Fernandes C, Mendes F, Araújo E, Lucia T. Leptin and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in oocytes of sows and gilts. Anim Reprod Sci 2013; 139:89-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2013.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
11
|
Gregoraszczuk EŁ, Rak-Mardyła A. Supraphysiological leptin levels shift the profile of steroidogenesis in porcine ovarian follicles toward progesterone and testosterone secretion through increased expressions of CYP11A1 and 17β-HSD: a tissue culture approach. Reproduction 2013; 145:311-7. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-12-0269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Evidence from both clinical and animal studies suggests that exposure to excess androgens results in cyst formation. The present in vitro study assessed the effects of supraphysiological concentrations of leptin (20 and 40 ng/ml) on progesterone (P4), androstenedione androstendione (A4), testosterone and estradiol (E2) secretion by ELISA and the expression of CYP11A1, CYP17, 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD) and CYP19 by western blot to answer the question of whether leptin could be independent risk factor for cyst formation in pigs. Small- and medium-sized ovarian follicles were collected from prepubertal and cycling pigs. Increased P4 and testosterone secretions were observed in both small- and medium-sized follicles in prepubertal and cycling animals whereas there was no change in E2 secretion. Leptin treatment resulted in an increase in CYP11A1 and 17β-HSD protein expression but had no effect on CYP17 and CYP19 expression in follicles of either size from prepubertal and cycling pigs. Results of presented data suggest that leptin in elevated doses, by stimulatory effect on CYP11A1 and 17β-HSD protein expression resulting in elevated P4 and testosterone secretions could be an independent risk factor for cyst formation in both prepubertal and cycling pigs.
Collapse
|
12
|
Expression of leptin and its receptor genes in the ovarian follicles of cycling and early pregnant pigs. Animal 2013; 7:109-17. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731112001103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
13
|
Siawrys G, Smolinska N. Direct in vitro effect of LH and steroids on leptin gene expression and leptin secretion by porcine luteal cells during the mid-luteal phase of the estrous cycle. Reprod Biol 2012; 12:317-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
14
|
BRÜSSOW KP, SCHNEIDER F, TUCHSCHERER A, EGERSZEGI I, RÁTKY J. Comparison of Luteinizing Hormone, Leptin and Progesterone Levels in the Systemic Circulation (Vena jugularis) and near the Ovarian Circulation (Vena cava caudalis) during the Oestrous Cycle in Mangalica and Landrace Gilts. J Reprod Dev 2008; 54:431-8. [DOI: 10.1262/jrd.20069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jozsef RÁTKY
- Research Institute for Animal Breeding and Nutrition
| |
Collapse
|